...Running Head: BONDS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA School of Advanced Management/Post Graduate Division Managerial Finance MBA 5002 Individual Assignment Title: Bonds, a Method of Finance Name and Identification Number: Jodiann Henry - 0416180 Lecturer: Kerwin Hamil Date: Saturday, April 11, 2015 A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of. MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION from the University of Technology, Jamaica. Running Head: BONDS For debt securities the issuer is obliged to repay and there is always recourse if he/she fails to honour those obligations; the main type of debt security is known as Bonds. Bonds are referred to as debt securities or debt instruments issued by a corporation or a government to raise money from the public. Its basic provisions generally entail a series of contractual interest payments, at a particular (fixed or variable) rate of interest (coupon) based on a stated par (face value) of the bond. As investing in bonds is considered less risky, people tend to invest with the objective of earning higher returns on their investments. Bonds can be traditional, zero coupon, typical or perpetual. Traditional bonds are purchased at face value, they pay face value at maturity and they pay regular interest. Zero coupon bonds pay no interest over their life. These bonds are purchased at a discount and pays face value at maturity. A typical bond purchased today...
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...Chapter 11 Managing Bond Portfolios 1. Duration can be thought of as a weighted average of the ‘maturities’ of the cash flows paid to holders of the perpetuity, where the weight for each cash flow is equal to the present value of that cash flow divided by the total present value of all cash flows. For cash flows in the distant future, present value approaches zero (i.e., the weight becomes very small) so that these distant cash flows have little impact, and eventually, virtually no impact on the weighted average. 2. A low coupon, long maturity bond will have the highest duration and will, therefore, produce the largest price change when interest rates change. 3. An intermarket spread swap should work. The trade would be to long the corporate bonds and short the treasuries. A relative gain will be realized when the rate spreads return to normal. 4. Change in Price = – (Modified Duration Change in YTM) Price = -Macaulay's Duration1+ YTM Change in YTM Price Given the current bond price is $1,050, yield to maturity is 6%, and the increase in YTM and new price, we can calculate D: $1,025 – $1,050 = – Macaulay's Duration1+ 0.06 0.0025 $1,050 D = 10.0952 5. d. None of the above. 6. The increase will be larger than the decrease in price. 7. While it is true that short-term rates are more volatile than long-term rates, the longer duration of the longer-term bonds makes their rates of return more volatile. The higher duration...
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...FIN/370 – Finance for Business Resource: Financial Management Create a list of definitions for the following terms and identify their roles in finance. See instructor policy for detailed directions. • Finance Finance is the study of how people and businesses manage and invest their money. The study of finance is the management and interpretation of information during the management of money. The study of finance helps firms address three basic questions regarding investments and cash flow. These are the following: 1.) what long-term investments the firm undertakes? 2.) How should the firm raise money to fund these investments? 3.) How can the firm best manage its cash flows as they arise in its day-to-day operations? (Titman, Keown, & Martin, Chapter 1, 2012). • Efficient market Efficient market is a market whose prices quickly respond to the announcement of new information (Titman, Keown, & Martin, Chapter 1, 2012). The stock market is an example of an efficient market. • Primary market Primary market is a part of the financial market where new security issues are initially bought and sold. In this market, firms receive money raised in the selling of their securities. They issue new securities to raise money that they can then use to help finance their businesses (Titman, Keown, & Martin, Chapter 2, 2012). * Secondary market Secondary market is the financial market where previously issued securities such as stocks and bonds are bought...
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...related to its degree of financial sector development. Developed countries’ experience suggests that strong government bond market creates favorable environment for the development of an efficient corporate bond market although it is not always essential for a country to develop a government securities market. The financial markets, pivotal point of financial sector, execute a crucial role within the global economic system such as attracting and allocating savings, setting interest rate and discovering the prices of financial assets (Rose, 2003). A well diversified financial sector is highly dependent on the extreme collaboration of financing from equity market, bond market, and banks. The government bond market forms the backbone of a modern securities market in both developed and developing countries. Bangladesh has not been blessed with the contribution of both Corporate and Government bonds and consequently experiences the poor economic growth. With the current financial structure, characterizing the dominating presence of commercial banks, particularly the State Owned Commercial Banks (SCBs), the debt market of Bangladesh is very small relative to other South Asian countries amounting only 5.5 percent of country’s GDP (Mujeri and Rahman 2008). It is in the light of above perspective; this report seeks to explore some prerequisites to a sustainable bond market by studying available literature, especially for the Government segment, and putting some instructions for the...
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...Financial Terminology Shawna Mullens FIN/ 370 October 28, 2011 Ruth Smith Finance- "Is the study of how people and businesses evaluate investments and raise capital to fund them" (Titman, Martin & Keown, 2011, p. 4). "The science that describes the management, creation and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and liabilities. Finance consists of financial systems, to include the public, private and government spaces, and the study of finance and financial instrument" (Investopedia, n.d., para. 1). "While finance is primarily about the management of money, a key component of finance is the management and interpretation of information" (Titman, Martin & Keown, 2011, p. 5). Finance role in finance is to help businesses understand how to make their money work for them and build on that. Also, how to protect their assets. Efficient market- "An investment theory that states it is impossible to "beat the market" because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to the EMH, stocks always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices" ( Investopedia, n.d., para. 1). Stock markets are an example of an efficient market. The role of an efficient market is when investors have the most current information to make the best choice at the present to make investments. Primary...
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...Secured And Unsecured Bonds Introduction Bonds may be secured or unsecured. To be secured is to be backed by collateral--the money or physical assets that a bond issuer must give to investors if the bond defaults. Securing ensures that capital will be available to pay the principal on a bond. Corporate bonds and municipal bonds may be secured or unsecured. Federal government bonds, however, are unsecured. You will learn first about some major types of secured bonds. After this, we will introduce unsecured bonds, also called debentures. Instead of securing them with some kind of collateral, the issuer "backs" these bonds with its creditworthiness. Secured Bonds Secured bonds are given names that reflect the type of collateral that backs them. Below are some major ones. Mortgage bonds are secured corporate bonds that are backed by real estate, although they may include equipment as well. They may cover all mortgageable property or just specific pieces. Because mortgage bond collateral provides a clear claim on a company’s assets, mortgage bonds are considered high-grade and safe from default. A trustee acting on behalf of bondholders holds the collateral; if the bond defaults, this trustee may foreclose for the bondholders. There are two types of mortgage bonds: first mortgage bonds and junior mortgage bonds. Should an issuer have to liquidate, first mortgage bonds are paid off before juniors are. To finance projects such as bridges, hospitals, and power plants, municipalities...
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...Working Paper 3/2010 Investment Climate Series Investment Climate in Bangladesh: Enhanced Role of the Capital Market Dr. Prashanta K. Banerjee Md. Mohiuddin Siddique Economic Research Group Working paper No: 3/2010 Investment Climate Series Investment Climate in Bangladesh: Enhanced Role of the Capital Market Authors Dr. Prashanta Kumer Banerjee1 Mohiuddin Siddique2 Mentors Mohammad Musa Ph.D3 Farook Chowdhury4 ECONOMIC RESEARCH GROUP JUNE 2010 1 Senior Associate Professor, Bangladesh Institute of Bank Management (BIBM), Dhaka 2 Associate Professor, BIBM, Dhaka 3 Professor of Finance, School of Business, United International University 4 Program Manager, BMB Mott MacDonald, Dhaka. Published By Economic Research Group (ERG), Dhaka, Bangladesh The papers in this series are published as part of contract under the Small Grants Program, implemented by ERG and BMB Mott MacDonald and supported by the Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund (BICF). BICF is managed by IFC, in partnership with the U.K. Department for International Development and the European Union. Details about the program can be found at http://www.ergonline.org/ifc/index_of_SGAPP.html © Dr. Prashanta Kumer Banerjee, Mohiuddin Siddique, 2010 This publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted for research and academic works without prior permission of the publisher or the author(s) but proper acknowledgement must be given...
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...1-1 A Modern Financial System—An Overview 1-2 Learning Objectives • Explain the functions of a financial system • The main types of financial institutions • Describe the main classes of financial instruments issued in a financial system • The flow of funds between savers / borrowers • Distinguish between various types of financial markets according to function • Appreciate the importance of globalisation • Understand the effects and consequences of a financial crisis on a financial system and economy 1-3 1 Functions of a Financial System • Money – Acts as medium of exchange – Solves the divisibility problem, i.e. where medium of exchange does not represent equal value for the p q parties to the transaction – Facilitates saving – Represents a store of wealth 1-4 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Role of markets – Facilitate exchange of goods and services by bringing opposite parties together establishing rates of exchange, i.e. prices • Financial Markets consist of: • Surplus units – Savers of funds available for lending • Deficit units – Borrowers of funds for capital investment and consumption 1-5 1.1 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) 1-6 2 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Financial instrument – Issued by a party raising funds, acknowledging a financial commitment and entitling the holder to specified future cash flows • Double coincidence of wants satisfied – A transaction between two parties that meets their...
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...Financing Proposal WU Shizhi 1155068485 Company background Property Holdings Ltd is a real estate owner and developer. The group is one of the largest property developers in China. It develops and sells residential properties. It also operates in hotel and commercial properties industry. Agile has land in Hainan, Shanghai, Nanjing, Changzhou, Chengdu, Xi’an, Chongqing, Shenyang, Tianjing, Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhongshan, Huizhou and Heyuan. Ownership structure 62% stock shares of the company are held by Top Coast Investment Ltd whose major shore holder is the family of the founder of Agile. The second largest shareholder JP Morgan Chase & Co holds 4.38%. Dimensional Fund Advisors Ltd and Blackrock hold 1.18% and 1.16% shares, respectively. The estimated public float is between 30% and 35%. Capital Structure The total assets account for RMB 124,367 million. The company owns short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings RMB 16,363 million and RMB 26,203 million. The shareholders’ equity is RMB 33,851 million. The company’s total debt accounts for 34.2% of total assets. Its net debt/total equity is 72.4% and debt/common stock is 125.8%. Benchmark against the comparables There are lots of property companies in China or listed companies in Hong Kong. However, the most comparable companies should be property companies operating in mainland China but list in Hong Kong. Thus, the eligible comparable companies are Country Garden, Evergrande, Longfor, China Aoyuan...
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...Corporate Bond What Does Corporate Bond Mean? A debt security issued by a corporation and sold to investors. The backing for the bond is usually the payment ability of the company, which is typically money to be earned from future operations. In some cases, the company's physical assets may be used as collateral for bonds. Corporate bonds are considered higher risk than government bonds. As a result, interest rates are almost always higher, even for top-flight credit quality companies. Investopedia explains Corporate Bond Corporate bonds are issued in blocks of $1,000 in par value, and almost all have a standard coupon payment structure. Corporate bonds may also have call provisions to allow for early prepayment if prevailing rates change. Corporate bonds, i.e. debt financing, are a major source of capital for many businesses along with equity and bank loans/lines of credit. Generally speaking, a company needs to have some consistent earnings potential to be able to offer debt securities to the public at a favorable coupon rate. The higher a company's perceived credit quality, the easier it becomes to issue debt at low rates and issue higher amounts of debt. Most corporate bonds are taxable with terms of more than one year. Corporate debt that matures in less than one year is typically called "commercial paper". Capital Markets What Does Capital Markets Mean? A market in which individuals and institutions trade financial securities. Organizations/institutions...
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...TBP 4322 Definition of financial system A financial system can be defined at the global, regional or firm specific level. The firm's financial system is the set of implemented procedures that track the financial activities of the company. On a regional scale, the financial system is the system that enables lenders and borrowers to exchange funds. The global financial system is basically a broader regional system that encompasses all financial institutions, borrowers and lenders within the global economy. The financial system in Sri Lanka comprises the major financial institutions, namely the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Licensed Commercial Banks (LCBs), Licensed Specialized Banks (LSBs), Licensed Finance Companies (LFCs), Specialized Leasing Companies (SLCs), Primary Dealers (PDs), Pension and Provident Funds, Insurance Companies, Rural Banks, Stock Brokers, Securities Market Intermediaries, Unit Trusts and Thrift and Credit Co-operative Societies; the major financial markets, such as the Foreign Exchange Market, Money Market, Capital Market and the informal financial market; and the financial infrastructure which is the legal framework related to the financial system and the payment and settlement. The nature of the financial institutions The banking sector in Sri Lanka, which comprises LCBs and LSBs, dominates the financial system and accounted for 58 per cent of the total assets of the financial system as at end December 2013. Banks play a central role within the financial...
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...STATUTORY & OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON LOANS & ADVANCES BANKING & FINANCIAL SERVICES TERMPAPER [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] 2013 12/11/2013 STATUTORY & OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON LOANS & ADVANCES Advances against bank's own shares: A bank cannot grant any loans and advances on the security of its own shares.( Section 20(1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) Advances to bank's Directors : Banks are prohibited from entering into any commitment for granting any loans or advances to or on behalf of any of its directors, or any company/firm in which any of its directors is interested as partner, manager, employee or guarantor (B.R Act (Section 20(1). ‘Loans & advances’ include, among others:- • Purchase of or discount of bills from directors and their concerns. • Issuance of guarantees and opening of L/Cs on behalf of the bank’s directors. Restrictions on Power to Remit Debts A banking company shall not, except with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank, remit in whole or in part any debt due to it by any of its directors or any firm or company in which the directors are having interest or partner or guarantor. (Sec. 20A of BR Act) Restrictions on Holding Shares in Companies Banks should not hold shares in any company except as provided...
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...Lecture Notes on MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Peter N. Ireland Department of Economics Boston College irelandp@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261.html Chapter 2: An Overview of the Financial System 1. Function of Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries 2. Structure of Financial Markets Debt and Equity Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Money and Capital Markets 3. Financial Instruments Money Market Instruments Capital Market Instruments 4. Role of Financial Intermediaries Transaction Costs and Economies of Scale Risk Sharing and Diversification Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 5. Types of Financial Intermediaries Depository Institutions (Banks) Contractual Savings Institutions Investment Intermediaries This chapter provides an overview of the financial system in the US economy by describing the various types of financial markets, financial instruments, and financial institutions or intermediaries that exist. 1 The chapter begins with a general statement that clarifies what function financial markets and financial intermediaries have in the economy as a whole. It then deals more specifically with: The structure of financial markets and the ways in which different types of financial markets can be distinguished. Here, it discusses debt versus equity markets, primary versus secondary markets, exchanges versus over-the-counter markets, and money versus capital markets. The various types of financial instruments, including...
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...Course Project – Part I AirJet Best Parts, Inc Student: Goldie Scarbrough Course: Finance Instructor: Professor Mike Woodard Date: 03/23/2013 Task 1: Assessing loan options for AirNet Best Parts, Inc The Company needs to finance $8,000,000 for a new factory in Mexico. The funds will be obtained through a commercial loan and by issuing corporate bonds. Here is some of the information regarding the APRs offered by two well-known commercial banks. Bank | APR | Number of Times Compounded | National First | Prime Rate + 6.75% | Semiannually | Regions Best | 13.17 | Monthly | 1. Assuming that AirJet Parts, Inc. is considering loans from National First and Regions Best, what are the EARs for these two banks? National First (Prime rate is 3.25%) +6.75% = 10% Semiannually EAR = (1+.10/2) ^2 – 1 which is 10.25 Regions Best Rate is 13.17% Monthly EAR = (1+.1317/12) ^12 – 1 which is 13.99% 2. Based on your calculations above: which of the two banks would you recommend and why? Explain your rationale. I think that between National First and Regions Best that National first offers the lower rate after computing the EAR. National first is also only compounded semiannually making it lower then Regions Best. The only thing I worry about it the prime rate changing because if it rises a lot then it could possibly become a higher interest rate them Regions best. At the time being if Air jets Best Inc. takes the National First option then that...
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...Draft, Aug 22, 2015 Finance 853 Debt, Money Instruments and Markets Syllabus Andrei Simonov / Room 321/ tel. 884-0455 / simonov@msu.edu “Debt, Money Instruments and Market” rounds out a portfolio of major topic areas in finance and will be of interest to any MBA student who is interested in either investment or corporate finance. This course provides students with a focused examination of the debt market. Topics examined include valuation, term structure of interest rates, derivatives of fixed income instruments, Treasury securities, 国库证券 corporate bonds 企业债券. The course should also be beneficial to students that want to pass CFA exams. Teaching material: 1. Course note package and additional materials online; 2. Textbook: Frank J. Fabozzi, Bond Markets, Analysis and Strategies, (Hardcover: 792 pages, Publisher: Prentice Hall; 6th, 7th, or 8th editions) Available in Spartan Bookstore. 3. Cases (case pack is available for sale at $ 36.71 in Spartan Bookstore in the International Center. a. Tombstones (HBS 5-213-085) b. Arbitrage in the Government Bond Market? [HBS Case 9-293-093] c. The Harvard Management Co. and Inflation-Protected Bonds (HBS Case 201053). #Relation, correlation between d. Cougars (HBS Case 295006). #How banks are making there money, how many moneys they make, is a good deal or not a good deal #Corporate finance course, simple liner relation Instructional methods: The course will be in a traditional lecture format...
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