...resources available to fulfill society's limited wants. a.|True| b.|False| ANS: B PTS: 1 NAT: Financial theories, analysis, reporting, and markets LOC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost TOP: Economics | Scarcity and Choice 2. Economics is the study of choice under conditions of a.|demand| b.|supply| c.|scarcity| d.|opportunity| e.|abundance| ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 NAT: Financial theories, analysis, reporting, and markets LOC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost TOP: Economics | Scarcity and Choice 3. The study of economics would be superfluous if _____ did not exist. a.|demand| b.|capital| c.|corporations| d.|profit| e.|scarcity| ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 NAT: Financial theories, analysis, reporting, and markets LOC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost TOP: Economics | Scarcity and Choice 4. Which of the following disciplines is not a social science? a.|psychology| b.|mathematics| c.|economics| d.|political science| e.|sociology| ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 NAT: Financial theories, analysis, reporting, and markets LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics TOP: Economics | Scarcity and Choice 5. What does economics have in common with sociology? a.|Economics and sociology ask fundamentally the same questions.| b.|Economics and sociology use the same tools to analyze issues.| c.|Both are social sciences.| d.|What and how economists study is very similar to what and how sociologists study...
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...List of Contents Abstract Introduction Part: 1 Social Relevance of Accounting Information 1.1. Accounting Standards 1.2. Need for Accounting Standards Part 2: Types of Accounting Standards Rules Based Accounting Principle Based Accounting System Part: 3 Comparisons of Principle and Rules Based Accounting Standards Conceptual Framework Flexibility of Rules and Principles International Accounting Platform Comparability of Financial Statements Realistic Representation of Accounting Information Part:4 Findings of the Research Study Part :5 Conclusion Reference Appendix Appendix 1: Narration on Figure 1 - Qualities of Accounting Information Abstract The proposed research paper attempts to illustrate the importance of a global accounting system and the impact of standards on the global market, as well as, providing the means for comparable financial reporting for decision making by both investors and corporations. This research provides understanding about the major differences of a Rules-based and Principal Based Accounting Systems, including the benefits and drawbacks of such a shift. Proponents of principles-based accounting blame the Rules-Based Accounting System for the major accounting scandals. They believe that the Rules-Based system encourages the use of financial structuring to achieve desired accounting results, which will undermine the quality of financial reporting. Supporters of rules-based accounting argue that principles-based...
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...FASB is myth and truthfulness as defined by AICPA is a reality. Another researcher, Moore (2009) characterized the economic reality the FASB set out to show a myth. Other than that, Williams and Ravenscroft (2010) argue that decision usefulness as defined by FASB is since there is no way to any standard actually improves the prediction of cash flows. That is no empirical means is available to standard-setters to prove predictive ability either for any individual decision makers or for any mechanical method of economic prediction. Unlike standard-setting, auditing is the act of attesting to the veracity of something, an evidentiary process analogous to the legal process of gathering evidence to establish the ‘‘facts of the case.’’ Some countries use the term “truth” in their auditors’ reports. According to Myddelton (1995), under UK Companies Act, United Kingdom used “true and correct” from 1879 to 1947 and they changed to “true and fair view” after that. According to Chastney (1975), for Australia, they have used “true and fair” since issuance of the Financial Corporation Act of 1974. After a detailed comparison between many countries, a report shows that many problems occurred in implementing a term whether they should use “fairly present” or “true and correct”. So many efforts have been made to promote truthfulness but it still cannot eliminate the belief of others where fraud is still considered exist in financial reporting. According to Shaub and Fischer (2008), one of the...
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...International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting ISSN 2162-3082 2014, Vol. 4, No. 2 Causes of Tax Evasion in Pakistan: A case study on southern Punjab Waseem Ahmad Khan (Corresponding author) Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan E-mail: waseemkhan_hcbf@yahoo.com, Tel: +92-333-3133540 Prince Fawad Ahmad Student, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Accepted: October 15, 2014 DOI:10.5296/ ijafr.v4i2.6484 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ ijafr.v4i2.6484 Abstract Introduction: Tax evasion is main problem in Pakistan due to which Pakistan remains under a lot of stress. Tax evasion results in less revenue. Many causes have been discussed which play major role in tax evasion in Pakistan. It is a primary research. Literature review: Many authors have discussed impacts of tax evasion in different sectors of economy. Previously tax evasion cause major trouble in Tanzania & Greece. Methodology: A questioner has been filled by targeted population of 100 Professionals & Business students of Department of Management Sciences Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Questioner was consisted of 5 major parts i.e. Tax System, High rate, Go with the flow, Corrupt Govt. & Progressive taxation. Findings: Most of the population agrees that these causes play a vital role in the tax evasion in the Pakistan. Conclusion: Tax evasion is main problem of Pakistan which...
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...Transfer Pricing and Financial Reporting: some thoughts Messaoud Mehafdi This essay deals with the perennial transfer pricing (TP) puzzle and calls for the disclosure of TP information as a way of unravelling the puzzle in the new age of corporate governance and financial reporting transparency. Seen as a by-product of "managerial ambiguity by design" in large companies and labelled as a "perennial puzzle" , TP has over the years lived up to this cliché by creating complex management and tax problems with tremendous implications for supply chains and business ethics. TP is an increasingly dominant aspect of international production and exchange of goods and services and, in addition to the continuously changing arm's length regulations, interest in the public disclosure of TP information has been gaining momentum. TP is a multifaceted global business reality that arises from intra-firm trade of tangible and intangible products across the industrial spectrum, usually in large vertically integrated companies. For many transnational companies (TNCs), the inseparable twins of intra-firm trade and TP are a prized business and financial conduit, accounting for around 60% or $1.6 trillion of global trade. Intra-firm transfers are very significant in the global service sector in general and the financial sector in particular where they are the focus of new regulation. TP is therefore a key factor in creating complex supply chains and, in order to engage investor confidence in the knowledge-based...
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...Securities Markets and International Financial Reporting Standards Efficient Securities Markets and International Financial Reporting Standards Introduction As of January 2011 Canada’s publicly accountable enterprises (PAEs) will have to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as their accounting framework under which financial statements are prepared. This means the accounting standards Canada had been using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) will no longer apply. What will this mean for PAEs and their investors? Will there be more or less decision useful information and will securities markets become more efficient with Canada’s adoption of IFRS or is it the same business, just different accounting? Executive Summary Comparing financial statements internationally has become difficult as accounting rules and standards have evolved differently depending on the country due to history, culture, political influence and economics. That is why the IFRS have been created and currently there is almost 100 countries that adhere to IFRS standards. Canada too has decided it must join and in 2011 all Canadian PAE’s will report under IFRS. There are both pros and cons for investors who will be relying on financial information from companies that are using IFRS’s foundation. The adoptions of IFRS will likely cause recognition, measurement and presentation differences in a company’s financial statements. Although IFRS’s mandate is...
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...corporate statutes and not rigorously enforced. Reports rendered to local agencies are often unavailable to the public4. only listed companies have compulsory requrirements for FR at the federal level as specified by the SEC. | | | | Regulation environment:1. Dutch accounting presents several interesting paradoxes. The Dutch have relatively permissive statutory accounting and financial reporting requirements but very high professional practice stds. The Netherlands is a code law country, yet accounting is oriented toward fair presentation.2. Accounting and tax separate3. Dutch Civil Code includes 1970 Act of Annual Accounts. True and fair view required. | | STATUTORY CONTROL | | Regulatory environment:1. traditional society with strong cultural and religious roots.2. interdependence in personal and corporate relationships. (Low individualism)3. companies hold equity interest in each other, and often jointly own other firms. Eg. Keiretsu.4. Banks are often part of these industrial groups, there is a high degree of debt finance. Therefore, corporate managers must primary answer to banks and other financial institutions rather than shareholders.5. a strong bureaucratic control over business affairs and accounting. 6. Business culture a mixture of domestic and foreign.( German and US influential) | Regulation environment:1.china installed a highly centralized planned economy, reflecting Marxist principles and patterned after the system in the Soviet Union2.the state controlled the...
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...armaments on the standards, the framework will ensure the changes will be within its fundamental concepts and will not get to a personal or an inconsistent standard. ACCA has mentioned “the availability of a conceptual framework could lead to ‘principles-based’ system whereby accounting standards are developed from an agreed conceptual basis with specific objectives” (Team, 2015), which in other words, a consistency on the principle-based standards and agreed on a common ground. Without a sound conceptual framework, principle-based standards could lead to inconsistency for users internally (accounting practitioners) and externally (report readers); bias on the use of standards and standard settings, which leads to misdirection on financial statements; and the difficulty of future developments on the standard itself (not been bounded by any concepts or ideas. Conceptual framework can be seen as the “root” and the principles can be seen as the “tree”. The root has to be firm and stable in order to let the tree to grow and expand. Even the trunk grows taller and the branches spreads, it still connects to the root. 2. Why is it important that the IASB and FASB share a common conceptual framework? A: To...
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...Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Linda Flareau HCS/405 12/12/2011 Todd Brown Financial management of a medical care facility includes ethical standards and also reporting practices. The facilities have to report the financial information factually and fairly. With professional financial management and reporting practices, these facilities carry the high expectations to upholding ethical standards and behavior. The financial data helps to aid in the assessment of the timing, amounts, and uncertainties of flows of cash, and as well as furnishing data about the facilities economic resources, claims towards the resources, equity, and changes within the claims and resources. The manager’s most important challenge is to solving problems strategically. As to the development of a variety of academic disciplines, and to aid managers to responding to the challenge of developed problem solving, principles of management are categorized into a system of functions that are summarized as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. * Planning is the function of which the management that includes setting goals and determines the course of action to achieving these goals. Planning requires that managers be good decision makers and it requires them to be aware of environmental conditions that the organization is facing as well as forecast future conditions. Strategic planning includes competitive threats and opportunities, along with the weaknesses and strengths within the...
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...example the Chartered Accountant qualification (CA), and Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). Consequently; as I observe around the Finance department; their plans seems fixed as their numbers! They had it all planned from the moment they graduate. So what the Accountant exactly does? In simple words the Accountant; is some who manages the Accounting tasks; for the individuals or to the whole firm. The Accountant takes many tasks according to the company’s size and the Accountant's specialization; which mostly including the tasks of generating Finance Reports; Taxes and all Company’s Payrolls. The tasks itself can be different in small or large firms; in a small firm, an Accountant is mostly responsible for keeping all financial records. These records...
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...Accounting and its role in society Accounting is concerned with collecting, analysing and communicating economic information (Atrill & McLaney, 2004, p1). However in order to develop a broader understanding of accounting and the central role it plays in society, we need to consider it from a social perspective. Individuals in society coexist by establishing relationships with each other. Another way of viewing society is by segmenting it into different groups or arenas, for example the social, economic, organizational and political arenas (Kyriacou, 2007, Lecture 1, p4). In order to function effectively, these different arenas need to communicate and it is accounting information that facilitates this communication. According to Kyriacou (2007, Lecture 1, p5) accounting information serves many important purposes, for example assisting users in making informed decisions, in relation to the effective allocation of scarce resources. Therefore accounting information can be seen to be a potent influence in society, which affects everybody. This is illustrated by the National Coal Board case (Cooper et al, 1985, p10) were the measurement of accounting profit was used to justify the closure of coal pits, causing an impact on electricity prices, jobs and taxes. Accounting has a long history and as demonstrated by Hines (1988, p251-261) it is seen as being socially constructed i.e. it is practised by people for people and therefore it is more of an art rather than a science. Unlike...
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...Research Methodology Assignment THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) TO COMPANY’S VALUE IN PROPERTY AND REAL ESTATE COMPANY LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE Angga Arifiawan Sudibyo 041211332113 Accounting Department Faculty of Economic and Business Airlangga University Surabaya 2014 PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background In recent years, the demand of property is increasing significantly, especially in big cities like Jakarta and Surabaya. This massive amount of demand is a chance for companies in real estate industry to earn big profit. Some big players in these industries are already listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, they compete each other, develop and expand their business insanely to be going concern...
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...managing the triple bottom line - a process by which companies manage their financial, social and environmental risks, obligations and opportunities. These three impacts are sometimes referred to as profits, people and planet. There are a number of best practices that foster business sustainability, and help organizations move along the path from laggards to leaders. These practices include:• Stakeholder engagement: Organizations can learn from customers, employees and their surrounding community. Engagement is not only about pushing out messages, but understanding opposition, finding common ground and involving stakeholders in joint decision-making; • Environmental management systems: These systems provide the structures and processes that help embed environmental efficiency into a firm’s culture and mitigate risks. The most widely recognized standard worldwide is ISO 14001, but numerous other industry-specific and country-specific standards exist; • Reporting and disclosure: Measurement and control are at the heart of instituting sustainable practices. Not only can organizations collect and collate the information, they can also be entirely transparent with outsiders. The Global Reporting Initiative is one of many examples of well-recognized reporting standards; • Life cycle analysis: Those organizations wanting to take a large leap forward should systematically analyze the environmental and social impact of the products they use and produce through life cycle analysis, which...
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...Despite intense efforts to stamp out corruption, misappropriation of assets, and fraudulent financial reporting, it appears that fraud in its various forms is a problem that is increasing in frequency and severity. KPMG’s Fraud Survey 2003 documented a marked increase in overall fraud levels since its 1998 survey, with employee fraud by far the most common type of fraud. The 2003 survey also noted that fraudulent financial reporting had more than doubled from 1998. This trend is consistent with the unprecedented recent spate of large accounting frauds (Enron, WorldCom), as well as the increased number of accounting restatements and SEC enforcement actions in recent years. (See 2003 Annual Review of Financial Reporting Matters by the Huron Consulting Group and the SEC’s Report Pursuant to Section 704 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.) In response to the fraud problem, Congress and regulatory authorities have enacted tougher laws and increased enforcement actions. Organizations are implementing tighter controls and broader oversight. The auditing profession has adopted more rigorous auditing standards and procedures, and software developers are adding continuous monitoring features to back-office systems. It remains unclear whether these efforts are sufficient to mitigate the fraud problem. Many studies suggest fraud is more likely to occur when someone has an incentive (pressure) to commit fraud, weak controls or oversight provide an opportunity for the person to commit...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility by Your Name name of the module module number word count =1,519 Tutor/Professor Name University Name Department 16th December 2010 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide stakeholders with valuable information about the relationship between a given corporation and society; additionally these reports may serve as a public relations vehicle. CSR reports improve communication between a corporation and its local constituents as well as the greater society. CSR reports and accounting data combine to offer investors and other stakeholders a larger picture of a corporation’s strategy and financial condition. By merging the two, stakeholders have a better understanding of how a corporation’s social initiatives improve its overall health. For example, when energy conservation programs allow a corporation to cut spending costs and cause the development of a new product while at the same time increasing jobs the CSR report acts as a financial statement and a public image enhancer. CSR reports provide information that is valuable for different reasons to different people. Employees and prospective employees can decide which companies they want to work for based on safety information about the workplace contained in these reports. Corporate managers can use the reports to monitor how successful they are in attaining their stated goals. They can also examine the progress...
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