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Finnish Population in the 19th Century

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SUOMEN VÄESTÖ JA ELINKEINOT 1800-LUVULLA

Ruotsi luovutti Haminan rauhassa vuonna 1809 Suomen Venäjälle ja alueliitoksen myötä Suomen asukasluku ylitti miljoonan ensimmäisen kerran.
1800-luvulla Suomen väestö lisääntyi Keski-Eurooppaa ja muita Pohjoismaita nopeammin, mutta lapsikuolleisuus oli korkealla, ja kulkutaudit riehuivat vuosisadan alussa. Pahimmat olivat isorokko, joka oli tullut Suomeen jo 1700-luvulla sekä kolera, joka saapui Suomeen 1831 Intiasta Venäjän kautta. Koleran aiheuttajasta ei ollut varmuutta, mutta sen epäiltiin johtuvan juomavedestä. Se koetteli varsinkin huonosti ravittua köyhälistöä, jotka epäilivät rikkaamman väen jopa myrkyttäneen kaivoja päästäkseen köyhistä eroon. Lääkärit väittivät ihmisten epäterveellisiä elintapoja taudin syyksi. Sairaalahoito oli vähäistä ja kuolleisuus sairaaloissa korkea, ja sen vuoksi ihmisiä piti viedä sairaalaan jopa pakkokeinoin. Suomen sodan aikana myös sukupuolitaudit lisääntyivät.
Vuonna 1825 rokotusta tehostettiin ja se vähensi selvästi lapsikuolleisuutta ja isorokon aiheuttamien kuolemantapausten määrää. Eniten kuolleisuutta kuitenkin laski puhtaan veden saanti sekä kotihygienian paraneminen ja ravinto monipuolistui. 1880-luvulle tultaessa Suomen väkiluku ylitti kahden miljoonan asukkaan rajan. Ehkäisyvälineet olivat Suomessa vähäisiä ja kalliita ja niiden saanti oli varsinkin maaseudulla hankalaa. Lisäksi niitä häpeiltiin, mikä hidasti yleistymistä. Kaupungeissa ei enää haluttu kolmea tai neljää lasta enempää, sekä myös kirkko ja uskonto esti perhesuunnittelua.
1850-luvulla olleen Krimin sodan (ns. ”Oolannin sota”) jälkeen Venäjä halusi vahvistaa Suomen lojaalisuutta poliittisin ja taloudellisin uudistuksin. Sodan aiheuttamat vahingot korvattiin ja taloutta alettiin elvyttää.
Maaseudulla karjaa pidettiin vähän, pääasiassa lannan saannin takia ja vähäinen maidontuotanto keskittyi kesäkauteen. Ihmiset pyrkivät valmistamaan kaikki mahdolliset elintarvikkeensa itse, esim. ruoan, vaatteet ja työkalut. Perunan viljely yleistyi hitaasti Suomessa 1700-luvun lopulta alkaen. Se mahdollisti suuremman väestönkasvun.
Pahimmat nälkävuodet koettiin 1860-luvulla lyhyen kesän vuoksi. Leipävilja ei riittänyt koko vuodeksi ja suomalaiset menivät kerjuulle levittäen samalla kulkutauteja. Ja kuolleisuus olikin huipussaan vuoden 1868 keväällä ja suurin osa ihmisistä menehtyi kulkutauteihin eikä niinkään nälkään.
1800-luvulla maatalous alkoi myös koneellistua. Merkittävä uudistus oli esim. puuauran korvaaminen rauta-auralla. Pelloilla alettiin myös kasvattaa heinää ja karja tuli vahvemmaksi ja tuottoisammaksi. Varakkaammat alkoivat myöskin ostamaan kemiallisia lannoitteita. Toinen uusi apuväline oli separaattori, jota käytettiin kerman erottamiseen maidosta. Maaseutu alkoi vaurastua puu- ja elintarvikekaupan ansiosta. Rahaa riitti sen verran, ettei kaikkea tarvinnut enää valmistaa itse, vaan pystyi ostamaan esim. tehdasvalmisteista kangasta. Maaseudun herrasväkeen kuuluivat säätyläiset, joita olivat esim. papiston edustajat ja aateliskartanoiden herrasväki. Pääosa maanomistajista oli talollisia eli talonpoikia, joilla oli perinnöllinen käyttöoikeus maahan. He saivat myös perustaa mailleen torppia ilman lisäveroa. Torppari sai oikeuden viljellä maata, jonka vuokra maksettiin maanomistajalle tuotteina sekö tekemällä päivätyötä. Mäkitupalaiset taasen olivat asuntotontin vuokraajia, joilla oli vain pieni peltotilkku. He asuivat itse rakentamassaan tuvassa ja saivat toimeentulonsa tilapäistöistä. Maaseudulla asui myös väkeä, joilla ei ollut omaa maata edes vuokralla. He olivat nuoria ja naimattomia piikoja ja renkejä, jotka asustivat talon tiloissa ja tekivät töitä isäntäperheelle. Kaikkein köyhimpiä maaseudun asukkaita olivat loiset. Heillä ei ollut omaa asuntoa, vaan he kiersivät talosta taloon ja tekivät tilapäisiä töitä.

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