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Chemistry behind Fireworks
Did you know that when you see a commercial fireworks display you are looking at chemistry in action. You may have asked yourself “I wonder what is going on to make all those pretty colors and patterns” It is controlled chaos!! I tell you. Let us break this down to the basic we will start with a typical shell. Starting at the bottom we have a lifting charge which contains good ole black powder. The lifting charge gets the party started by creating an explosion after it is ingnited by the fuse. An explosion occurs which produces hot rapidly expanding gases . This is an example of the “Law of Volumes” which is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. Since all the kenetic energy is contained in a tube the shell has no place to go but up. This is Newton’s third law in action which states (in laymans terms) “for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction”.
The next two stages in the process happen almost simultaniously the bursting charge, explodes out ward dispersing the pellets or stars which give us our colors and patterns. This happens when the ariel shell is at the apex of its climb via a time delay fuse.
Chemical Agents
Oxidizer, what is an oxidizer? The word "burning" describes the oxidation of a fuel in air. A campfire, for instance, uses oxygen from the air to turn wood (cellulose) into steam (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), among other things. So why do fireworks need an oxidizer? Simply because our atmosphere doesn't provide the chemicals with enough oxygen (O2) to sustain the rapid rate of burning that fireworks require in order to give off color, shoot into the air, or explode.
Fuels,The most commonly used fuel would be gunpowder, also commonly known in the pyrotechnic industry as black powder. The fuel source is also known as the reducing agent in a pyrotechnic device. Usually all fuels contain an organic element such as charcoal or thermite. The function of the fuel is to allow the device to burn or explode. The fuel starts off by losing electrons to an atom within the oxidizer and causes the oxidizer to release oxygen atoms. During this process, there are bonds that form between the fuel and the oxygen atoms which results in a stable compound. The activation energy required to start the combustion of this fuel-oxidizer compound is very low. When the combustion does start, a massive release of energy as the solid fuel-oxidizer mixture liquefies and vaporizes into the flame of the ignition and thus bringing the oxidizer closer to the flame to maximize the chances of reaction and continue the combustion.
Binders, Binders play an essential role in fireworks by holding together the mixture of the composition of the device (such as the fuel source, the oxidizing agent, etc.) in a paste like mixture. The most commonly used binder is a type of starch known as dextrin. Paron is sometimes used in binding but it is less common and only used in conjunction with effects that produce red and green lights because it enhances their colour.
Colors , Colors come from the different metals used in the pellets or “stars” as they are commonly called. Below is a list of colors and the chemicals used to make them. This list was taken from this site http://www.fireworks.com/fireworks-university/chemistry-fireworks/ Red | strontium salts, lithium salts lithium carbonate, Li2CO3 = red strontium carbonate, SrCO3 = bright red | Orange | calcium salts calcium chloride, CaCl2 calcium sulfate, CaSO4·xH2O, where x = 0,2,3,5 | Gold | incandescence of iron (with carbon), charcoal, or lampblack | Yellow | sodium compounds sodium nitrate, NaNO3 cryolite, Na3AlF6 | Electric White | white-hot metal, such as magnesium or aluminum barium oxide, BaO | Green | barium compounds + chlorine producer barium chloride, BaCl+ = bright green | Blue | copper compounds + chlorine producer copper acetoarsenite (Paris Green), Cu3As2O3Cu(C2H3O2)2 = blue copper (I) chloride, CuCl = turquoise blue | Purple | mixture of strontium (red) and copper (blue) compounds | Silver | burning aluminum, titanium, or magnesium powder or flakes |
Here is a list of some common componets and what they do. Taken from the same site. http://www.fireworks.com/fireworks-university/chemistry-fireworks/ Symbol | Name | Fireworks Usage | Al | Aluminum | Aluminum is used to produce silver and white flames and sparks. It is a common component of sparklers. | Ba | Barium | Barium is used to create green colors in fireworks, and it can also help stabilize other volatile elements. | C | Carbon | Carbon is one of the main components of black powder, which is used as a propellent in fireworks. Carbon provides the fuel for a firework. Common forms include carbon black, sugar, or starch. | Ca | Calcium | Calcium is used to deepen firework colors. Calcium salts produce orange fireworks. | Cl | Chlorine | Chlorine is an important component of many oxidizers in fireworks. Several of the metal salts that produce colors contain chlorine. | Cu | Copper | Copper compounds produce blue colors in fireworks. | Fe | Iron | Iron is used to produce sparks. The heat of the metal determines the color of the sparks. | K | Potassium | Potassium helps to oxidize firework mixtures. Potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, and potassium perchlorate are all important oxidizers. | Li | Lithium | Lithium is a metal that is used to impart a red color to fireworks. Lithium carbonate, in particular, is a common colorant. | Mg | Magnesium | Magnesium burns a very bright white, so it is used to add white sparks or improve the overall brilliance of a firework. | Na | Sodium | Sodium imparts a gold or yellow color to fireworks, however, the color is often so bright that it frequently masks other, less intense colors. | O | Oxygen | Fireworks include oxidizers, which are substances that produce oxygen in order for burning to occur. The oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates, or perchlorates. Sometimes the same substance is used to provide oxygen and color. | P | Phosphorus | Phosphorus burns spontaneously in air and is also responsible for some glow in the dark effects. It may be a component of a firework's fuel. | S | Sulfur | Sulfur is a component of black powder, and as such, it is found in a firework's propellant/fuel. | Sb | Antimony | Antimony is used to create firework glitter effects. | Sr | Strontium | Strontium salts impart a red color to fireworks. Strontium compounds are also important for stabilizing fireworks mixtures. | Ti | Titanium | Titanium metal can be burned as powder or flakes to produce silver sparks. | Zn | Zinc | Zinc is a bluish white metal that is used to create smoke effects for fireworks and other pyrotechnic devices. | | | | | | |
Last but not least, light and sound, Light travels faster than sound so we see the pretty colors first the we here the sound of the explosion.

References
Retrieved from www.fireworks.com/fireworks-university/chemistry-fireworks/
Retrieved April 17, 2014, from www.fireworks.com/fireworks-university/chemistry-fireworks

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