...Global connections in the past Rapid communication and price convergence rarely characterised global interactions before the late eighteenth century, when the unparalleled position of Britain made it a global Empire, as it dominated international trade and production, secured by its overwhelming military power . However, earlier interactions still generated effects linking economic and political changes around the globe – these changes were different but no less transformative than those accompanying the modern globalisation . Soon after Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497-1499), the Portuguese established commercial routes with pepper-trading states and opened factories across the world. Benefiting from its strong maritime power, Portugal managed to dominate the spice trade in the sixteenth century and was, according to many historians,...
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...learn about the unlikely and apparently rapid rise of The West during the 19th and 20th centuries, it’s important to understand the powerful empires of the early modern world between 1500 and 1800. Some readers may be surprised to learn about the wealth, thriving global trade, and dominant manufacturing production in Asia that held sway until at least the end of the 18th century. Throughout much of this era, Europe was, in contrast to Asia, an unimpressive backwater of small countries and kingdoms. But Europe’s “discovery” of the Americas and an ocean route to Asia, just before the year 1500, changed all that. The West gradually worked its way into the global economy and planted the seeds for its imperial rise and eventual dominance over most of the modern world. After 1500, world regions—such as West Africa, East Asia, and South America—fused together into one global trade system. For the first time in history, each region of the world now interacted with the others. For example, enslaved African labor was used in South American plantations to sell cheap sugar to Europe. Silver from Mexico bought loans for Spain, and that same silver ended up in China to buy silk or porcelain for Europeans. And so on. A new global system emerged, forged of uneven relationships, in which a small part of the world, Europe, successfully exploited the world’s human and natural resources to its advantage. This was Globalization 1.0. Historians disagree on exactly when European empires began to “rise”...
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...International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.[1] In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted...
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...Nicole Fontaine International Business Management Dr. Noonan May 7, 2015 The country of Panama is one of the most important regions of the world for the trade industry. Its geographic position has been the lifeline of the Panamanian economy since the discovery of the Isthmus of Panama by Rodrigo de Bastidas (Cite). The Isthmus of Panama is the narrow stretch of land that separates the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. This was controlled along with the rest of the country by Spain until 1821 when they became a part of Columbia. In the year 1903 Panama became an independent republic and it established its modern governmental system. The executive branch of government is led by a President and Vice-President whom are “democratically elected for a five year term by direct vote”(Cite). There are several key elements that keep Panama afloat economically. The most important factor in Panama’s economy is the Panama Canal. This is one of the largest civil engineering projects completed and allowed an alternative to the ever-sought after Northwest Passage. The country has several exports that help the economy but nothing that drives it significantly. There are also many imports that the country has been made available to because of their massive trade route. In addition, there are areas like the Colón Free Trade Zone where increased trade is encouraged and achieved. This paper will discuss these major factors in Panama’s economy as well as more variables that can affect the country in the...
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...use of several technologies. Examples of this would be the rise of empire independence of countries, the discovery of America in the 1940’s, and the industrial revolution in late 18th century Europe. Economy was being dominant mostly because of Europe’s leadership in the industrial revolution with basic inventions such as steam engine. The first theme of these period was the introduction of Americas into the full global economic system helped intensify regional trade which is the second theme of this period and also typically forwarded biological exchange between Americas and the rest of the world which are called Columbian exchange. And parts of this biological exchange included people (Slaves). The result of this biological exchange was improving global food supplies. The increase in interregional trade has many sides. Some as referred by scholars is a proto globalization indicating a direct link between the acceleration of now international contacts and more contemporary patterns. The variety of goods expanded, many societies became dependent on imported goods, trade routes shifted. The Atlantic became a major artery trade. Trade within the Mediterranean became less important. The third theme of this period is The use of gunpowder and other military assets to construct a new series of empires. Using military assets five great European cultures the Portuguese and the Spanish, the British the French and Dutch formed numerous overseas empires .These held territories include...
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...Northern and Western Indian Ocean.............................................................................4 Southeast Asia ..............................................................................................................4 Gulf of Guinea ...............................................................................................................4 Economic Risk ..................................................................................................................5 Prevention of Piracy (Currently Used Methods) ...............................................................5 Security .........................................................................................................................6 Strategic Route Selection ..............................................................................................6 Humanitarian .................................................................................................................6 Managing Attacks ..........................................................................................................7 Alternatives and Suggestions...
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...Global Exploration and global empires 1500-1700 Name: Institution: Course: Date: Slave trade was so evident in European countries because most Europeans would get Africans and sell them in European markets to work in their farms. They would be punished, beaten, overworked and also not well taken care of. Most of them died in the work places due to lack of energy and food. So they would not go on with the work. The Portuguese were people who were specialized in many different types of work like merchants, artisans, vendors and shoppers (David, 1987). They were very hardworking people such that by early morning they were moving towards the docks in Lisbon. Portugal built an empire based on commerce. This was in September 1600. The people who had arrived early had the opportunity of getting goods from the four continents; Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. Each of these countries provided different goods that arrived by ship in Portugal (Bland, 2001). Example of these goods are, wheat, ,glass, weapons, honey, ebony, coral, salt, coconut oil, and camphor, among others. Brazil supplied sugar and Brazil wood. There was massive competition for cargoes and profits between Italian city states like Venice and Genoa, and Muslim merchants (David, 1987). This stimulated the Europeans to look for overseas routes to the Indies and the spice lands. By this time, the Portuguese were looking for sea routes. ...
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...had traveled to the extent that trade routes were established and it opened up the eyes of each country and their opportunities. European nations would travel to the Americas and Africa hoping to gain land and other resources, while the Americas and Africa hoped to gain resources they could use for their own gain. Resources such as plants, foods, and animals are native to different lands around the world; over time, as cultures came into contact, it was inevitable for global interactions between Europe, the Americas, and Africa to arise. Without these cultures coming into contact, the expansion of each of these countries developments would not have happened. Between the 1400’s and 1800’s, European mariners had a series of expensive voyages that took them to all the earth’s waters. These voyages helped them discover the world’s geography, but helped them gain something much more. European merchants established a network of communication, transportation, and interaction. The reason behind establishing these networks was to search for basic resources and lands to grow cash crops, establish trade routes, and to expand the influence of Christianity. One European voyage that took place was by Amerigo Vespucci. He traveled to the coast of Brazil and sailed as far south as the Rio de la Plata. Vespucci describes the areas in great detail the outstanding things he saw as pleasing and things he saw as out of the ordinary. When Vespucci arrived the first thing he noticed was how pleasing...
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...Tour of the World Research Paper-India A Business Report on India A business partnership with at global level demands that the country chosen for business must promise the new business with growth, diversification profit. A lot has been said about the countries of the West regarding their age old stable systems and their efficiency at handling business. However, western markets are highly saturated and suffer from several issues, including sanctions, clandestine policies and reduced distribution of power. Newly developed or developing countries, on the other hand, have the potential to not only accommodate a new business in their markets. Amongst the top developing countries in the world, India is considered as one of the fastest developing economies (Thapar, 2002). It is also claimed that setting up a business in this economy is beneficial in terms of growth and profit. Research of information available in the market and the media is required to understand how and why India can be considered as an option of a new market for the purpose of expanding business. India is the seventh largest country in the world, the second most in population levels and the largest democracy in the world. The government system in the country is quasi-federal, which means that it has a bipartisan political system that is based on American federal government as well on the Westminster system of the United Kingdom which has followed a two house system. The states have their own...
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...1. 글로벌 생산력의 공간적 변화 (1) 2/24 Global Shift in GDP (1700~1950) 1700-1820-1870-1913-1950 1. 글로벌 생산력의 공간적 변화 (2) 3/24 주요 국가의 World GDP 기여도 변화 (1AD ~ 2008) 80% 70% 60% United Kingdom Italy Germany France United States Japan India China 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1900 1913 1940 1970 2008 1. 글로벌 생산력의 공간적 변화 (3) 4/24 국가별 GDP의 상대적 차이 (자료 : World Bank, 2009) 1. 글로벌 생산력의 공간적 변화 (4) 5/24 World Merchandise Trade Surpluses and Deficits Global Trade Triad 2. Global 무역 경로의 발달 (1) 6/24 Roman Road Network (AD 200) Atlantic Ocean Black Sea The Silk Road and Arab Sea Route (8th to 14th century) Mediterranean Ocean 500 km 2. Global 무역 경로의 발달 (2) 7/24 지리상의 발견, 대항해 시대(15~16c) 2. Global 무역 경로의 발달 (3) 8/24 World Trade Routes (1912) 2. Global 무역 경로의 발달 (4) 9/24 2. Global 무역 경로의 발달 (5) 동북아지역 컨테이너 해운 네트워크의 변화 1996 2006 10/24 3. 기술 발달/혁신이 국제물류에 미치는 영향 (1) 11/24 콘트라티에프 파동과 기술혁신 주기 Pace of innovation Water power Textiles Iron Steam Rail Steel Electricity Chemicals Internal-combustion engine Petrochemicals Electronics Aviation Digital networks Software New Media 1st Wave 1845 2nd Wave 1900 3rd Wave 1950 4th Wave 1990 5th Wave 1785 60 years 55 years 50 years 40 years 30 years 3. 기술 발달/혁신이 국제물류에 미치는 영향 (2) 12/24 건설/토목기술 발달에 따른 공간압축 효과 (수에즈, 파나마 운하) NORTH AMERICA...
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...Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread across the borders and frontiers of Afro-Eurasia, they integrated diverse peoples by means of a common religion. How is this topic related to Proliferating Difference? The spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam introduced new beliefs and practices to a wide variety of peoples. These beliefs and practices were often quite different from indigenous religions. In addition, indigenous beliefs and practices often changed the new religions as they adapted to local conditions. These changes frequently resulted in the development of different sects within the new religions. Unit Purpose ß Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam spread across borders and frontiers as a result of missionaries, pilgrims, and trade. Each of these three major world religions changed over time, and all served as elements of change in the societies where they were introduced. ß 1 ß Conversion to the three major world religions was facilitated by the ability of each to adapt to local circumstances. 2 Unit Content Overview The three major world religions — Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam — changed over time and were transmitted across cultures. This unit explores how missionaries, pilgrims, and converts served as elements of...
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...Scope and Challenges for Research in Management and Commerce in Globalized World By. Dr.P.G.K.Murthy * Dean , Fcaulty of Management , Gujarat Technological University Dean , Doctoral Studies Faculty of Management Parul University Parul Cumpus Vill : Limda . Tq. Waghodia Dist. Vadodara . Gujarat India E Mail : pgkmurthy2@gmail.com M.+91-9998036240 Abstract : In Globalized World of today wherein information and data are accessible through internet even at a remote village (if connected by internet bandwidth ) , scope for research in Management and Commerce is very wide open as never before . At the same time , as larger number of researchers both in India and abroad have access to information and data through internet , privileges of researchers at a few elite institutions are threatened . Due accessibility of data and information at click of mouse , speed of research gains great importance and is a major challenge to a researcher . This paper makes an attempt to look into scope and challenges of research in Commerce and Management while trying to identify different segments of research in both disciplines and also synergies between these closely related disciplines . ------------------------------------------------- Key words : Globalization , Commerce , Management . * Views expressed in are personal views and not that of the institutions with which the author is associated with . Scope and Challenges for Research in Management and Commerce...
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...Liberty Theological Seminary The Rise of Islam A Paper Submitted to Dr. John Nixon In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course History of Christianity 1 CHHI 520-B25 By Ryan R Kappel Student ID#: 24489882 March 4, 2012 Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement 3 II. Introduction 3 III. Trade 4 IV. Political Dominance 7 V. Monotheism 10 VI. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 Thesis Statement The rise of Islam is due in part to the cultural climate from its beginnings in the form of global trade advantages, political dominance, and monotheism. Introduction This paper will look into issues surrounding the rise of the religion of Islam. As the current fastest growing world religion, Islam has a history reaching back fourteen centuries. To learn what continues to drive this system of belief, it is essential to understand its roots. The heart of Islam’s beginning originates in Mohammad’s vision from God. Still, there must be more than this to drive such a powerful system. Why did Islam have its beginnings in the Arab world in the late sixth century? And further, why did the religion spread so rapidly? Are the factors internal or external? In other words, is growth to be attributed to Islam’s comprehensively sound teachings for all peoples? Or is the growth to be attributed to situations surrounding its origins? To analyze the internal factors would ultimately lead to whether or not God is the cause of the success of Islam. This is beyond...
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...split in Islam (D) Originated in India, with blend of Muslim and Hindu beliefs (E) Developed in Central America s a protest to Spanish-imposed Christianity 4. Which of the following decisions by the Portuguese most directly affected the Arab African cities of the east coast of Africa? (A) to trade only from coastal centers (B) to monopolize the Indian Ocean trade (C) to set up an African trading network that included the interior trade routes of the Sahara (D) to allow Christian missionaries to evangelize in the cities of the east coast (E) to start navigators’ school in Portugal 5. All of the following are common problems that the Muslim Empires of 1450-1750 shared EXCEPT: (A) Sunni-controlled governments whose power was seriously challenged by a Shiʻa minority (B) Inadequate transportation and systems for their armies (C) Unruly warrior elites that challenged government (D) Inadequate bureaucracies that could not adequately govern or keep in touch with citizens (E) The rise of the European rivals who ultimately built stronger militaries than they did 6. Which of the following European powers established hegemony over the Indian Ocean trade during the 16th century? (A) Dutch...
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................................... 7 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY ........................................................... 8 1.1 The Function of Shipping .................................................................................................. 8 1.2 The Structure of World Seaborne Trade and the Demand for Shipping Services....................... 8 1.3 The Ton-Mile as a Measurement of Demand for Shipping Services ....................................... 12 2. ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL COMMODITIES ON-BOARD SHIPS .................................................. 14 2.1 Crude Oil Seaborne Trade .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Other Challenges for Crude oil Transportation ................................................................... 16 2.3 Iron Ore Seaborne Trade ............................................................................................... 16 2.4 Coal Seaborne Trade ..................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Grain Seaborne Trade .................................................................................................... 21...
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