...psychoanalytic theory in this lesson. You will examine and compare developmental stages side by side and have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a quiz at the end. Example for Comparison Mary has a 3-month-old daughter. Mary bottle feeds her child and follows a strict schedule for feeding times. The child is not allowed to have a pacifier. Mary is an affectionate parent, and all of her child's needs are met. How could the actions that occur in the child's life now affect her later development? Similarities of Freud and Erikson Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory are two important psychoanalytic theories on human development that could be used to explain the developmental effects of this scenario. In this lesson, we will examine what these two theories have in common and how they differ. Erikson's theory followed Freud's and was based on many of Freud's ideas. Because of this, the two theories have similarities. Both theorists recognize the importance of the unconscious on development. They also both separate development into stages of a person's life and utilize similar age divisions for these developmental stages. Differences of Freud and Erikson However, there are several differences that exist between the names of the stages and the developmental issues that are encountered during each. Part of the reason for this is that each psychologist has his own unique view of what drives a person's development. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes...
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...hard to learn, but eventually it becomes incredibly simple to use. The easiest way to understand the Integral approach is to remember that it was created by a cross-cultural comparison of most of the known forms of human inquiry. The result was a type of comprehensive map of human capacities. After this map was created (by looking at all the available research and evidence), it was discovered that this integral map had five major aspects to it. By learning to use these five major aspects, any thinker can fairly easily adopt a more comprehensive, effective, and integrally informed approach to specific problems and their solutions—from psychology to ecology, from business to politics, from medicine to education. What are these five aspects? Technically they are referred to as "quadrants, levels, lines, states, and types." Of course, unless one has already learned the "word processing system," as it were, then these aspects won't make much sense. But they are indeed very simple and easy to use once one gets the hang of it. There is an important point about these five...
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...Transitions theory is a middle range nursing theory that centers on the process of individuals’ transitions (Meleis, 2010). Transitions theory is both descriptive and predictive as it describes the processes that individuals go through when they transition and it is predictive in that it states factors that determine if an individual undergoing a successful transition (Im, 2009; Meleis, 2010). The transitions framework is centered on five major concepts which include types and patterns of transitions, properties of transition experiences, transition conditions, process and outcome indicators, and nursing therapeutics (Meleis et al., 2000). DNP Integration All adolescents eventually transition from pediatric to adult healthcare; although...
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...08 Fall Test One, Take Home Test 1,2,3 Jamella Aljumail [JAljumail@mercycollege.edu] Mercy College of Ohio REL 250:01- Death, Dying, and Bereavement Dr. Karen Elliott, C.PP.S. September 15, 2013 Question 1: Chapter 3 discusses the understanding of death in the Native American, African, Mexican, Asian, Celtic, and Hawaiian cultures. Choose ONE of the cultures discussed and state specifically what, in that culture’s understanding of death, is particularly meaningful to you. Explain in detail WHY it is meaningful. Mexican cultures “joked about death and poke fun at it in their art, literature and music”. In early times Aztecs believed in the sacrificial rights. Aztecs believed that a person who was a sacrificial victim was known to be the “divine dead”. Mexicans also believed a way a person lives, that’s the way a person will die. “Tell me how you die and I will tell you who you are” (DeSpelder and Strickland, 2005). Mexicans decorate graves and death is apart of everyday life in the Mexican culture. Mexican cultures have a day to celebrate the dead called El Dia de los Muertos. The celebration begins the evening of November 1st and goes into the next morning. Mexican also believe that “shedding to many tears and excessive grief may make the pathway traveled by the dead slippery” (DeSpelder and Strickland, 2005). In Islam, we follow the Quran and the beliefs that the prophet passed on to us (it states in the hadith). In my Muslim belief that the prophet (peace...
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...Career Guidance Theories Career guidance theories provide insight into how individuals make career decisions and what influences impact on those decisions throughout the course of a person’s life. Most have derived from the different branches of psychology; personality, developmental, cognitive and social. More contemporary theories however consider the sociological influences on career journeys too. Most acknowledge the role of career guidance, although differ on opinion as to when, how often and the resulting impact of guidance. Career guidance practice is informed by theory. Theories are used to devise policies over careers education and guidance and to provide tools for evaluation and amendment of practices. In 1908 Parsons developed what is considered the first theory of vocational guidance. The ‘talent matching’ approach. Parsons based this theory on three ideas; (a) people are different, (b) jobs are different and (c) by studying both individual and jobs, it should be possible to match them up. This theory implies it is possible to measure individual talents and the skills required for particular jobs, assumes people perform best when matched to a job suited to their abilities and therefore assumes that career decision making is of a rational nature. Others have developed this theory, sometimes referred to as ‘person-environment fit’ or trait/factor further. Rodger (1952) developed a ‘seven point plan’ with matching at the centre of the process. He...
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...economic development. This dynamic serves as one of the basic foundations of the discipline itself as well as subsequent major schools of thought. Theories in International Economy have been founded on empirical observations on the economic conditions of a set of cases and are, as Robert Cox posits, critical of the circumstances from which certain politico-economic configurations emerge[1]. A contemporary theory that has surfaced in the last few decades is the developmental state theory which sought to explain the precipitous economic progress of East Asian states after the Second World War. Although the initial outcome of adopting developmental strategies among East Asian states have shown the theory’s potency as a basis for economic development policies, subsequent events especially the results of Southeast Asian attempts to pattern itself after developmental strategies have put into question the developmental state’s efficacy as a long-term arrangement. Specifically, the Philippines’ status as an “anti-developmental” state[2] serves as a channel for criticism of the developmental state theory through other IPE theories not only in terms of strategies and policies, but also in the deeper level of societal conflict and political structures. The origins of the Developmental State and its basic premises The literature on developmental state theory attributes its conception to Chalmers Johnson who argued in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle, that “Japan’s road...
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...Developmental Essay The development of mankind brings many assumptions and aspects that should be considered in order to understand how we as humans develop. In chapter 2 there are many developmental theories that are analyzed and compared to one another so we can grasp the different ideas that explain our development. There are five major theories that emphasize the development of mankind. These theories are the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson; the behaviorist theories of Pavlov and Skinner and the social learning theory of bandura; Piaget’s cognitive theory; Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory; and Bronfenbrenner’s biological context theory. Even though all of these theories are different and distinct from each other, they all provide a handout to the topic of development. When we look at development there are many theorist that stand by the discontinuous change, which means that our development occurs in distinct steps or stages. The men that fall under this category is Freud, Erikson, and Piaget. Freud’s psychosexual theory focuses on five different stages, in which pleasure, or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part. In Erickson’s psychosocial theory, he explains how society and culture both challenge and shapes us. He also breaks down development in age groups to create the different stages there is to follow when we rely and interact with society. The last stage theorist is Piaget, which brings the idea of the cognitive development...
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...unexpected events on patients/service users and their families. This unit enables you to gain understanding of different life stages and how people grow and develop. It requires you to reflect on the importance of a variety of factors and major life events on the development of individuals, and to consider the nature-nurture debate. The unit also allows you to gain an insight into the ageing process and to understand both positive and negative perspectives on ageing. Learning Outcomes On completion of this unit you should: 1. Understand human growth and development through the life stages 2. Understand how life factors and events may influence the development of the individual 3. Understand physical changes and psychological perspectives in relation to ageing HOW THIS UNIT WILL BE ASSESSED To reach Pass level, the evidence must show that the learner is able to: P1 describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development through the life stages P2 describe the potential influence of five (5) life factors on the development of individuals P3 describe the influence of two predictable and two unpredictable major Life events on the development of the individual P4 describe two (2) theories of ageing P5 describe physical and psychological changes caused by the ageing process To reach Merit level, the evidence must show that, in addition to the...
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...1 Developmental delays and the environment of learning needs of children LaKila Salter ECE 205 Prof. Dana Bux June 18, 2012 DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2 Although the early childhood education field recommends programs utilize what are known as Developmentally Appropriate Practices, it does not yet have the research base to promote any single curriculum model as “best.” In addition, no state government or federal entity mandates use of just one particular curriculum in their publicly funded preschool programs. Preschool curriculum models vary widely. Some may detail exactly what to teach. A single curriculum may not address all of the different areas of learning. Even if a curriculum fits a program’s philosophy and provides the needed amount and type of content, it might not be appropriate for the children enrolled. Not all curriculum models have been empirically evaluated or even based on a systematic and comprehensive review of research of how young children learn. In addition, no single curriculum or approach has been proven to be best for all preschool programs. (http://www.isbe.state.il.us/earlychi/pdf/preschool_curriculum.pdf) For example, preschool Palace Curriculum is an age-appropriate, complete 10 month preschool curriculum for ages 2 1/2-5 designed for daycares, preschools, and homeschooling families. The curriculum includes daily lesson plans, monthly planner, craft ideas, and printable...
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...people have a sense of being actively involved in shaping their lives. They follow developmental paths that are coherent interms of identifying and effectively pursuing long-term goals and, when necessary, disengaging from goals that are no longer attainable. Even when confronted with setbacks, disappointments, and failures, humans have a remarkable capacity to stay on course and maintain a sense of personal agency. Our approach to the regulation of life-span development focuses on the impressive adaptive capacity of individuals to optimize development across major changes in the life course. The past 15 years of conceptual and empirical work have shown that a central feature of adaptive capacity is the regulation of motivation. An individual’s developmental potential is won or lost by mastering the challenges of regulating motivational processes. This is accomplished by selecting, pursuing, and adapting developmental and personal goals to reflect changes in life-course opportunities, staying ahead of the game by anticipating emergent opportunities for goal pursuits, activating behavioral and motivational strategies of goal engagement, disengaging from goals that have become futile and too costly, and replacing them with more appropriate goals. In the early 1990s, we set out to capture these phenomena of adaptive regulation of development by proposing a life-span theory of control. This theory focused on the role of the individual as an active agent in life-span development...
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...Review on established theories in the areas of intellectual and social development A theoretical understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood (Neufeld & Mate, 2005). Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach, such as, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Eric Erikson and Jean Piaget. Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979 - 2005) founded the Ecological Systems Theory which provides an understanding of how the complex relationship between the infant, the family, and society impact child development. Brofenbrenner’s theory looks at how each of the areas interplay in the development of humans and how all areas impact development instead of studying each area separately. Bronfenbrenner (1975) states that “as a child develops, the interaction within these environments becomes more complex. This complexity can arise as the child’s physical and cognitive structures grow and mature. So, given that nature continues on a given path, how does the world that surrounds the child help or hinder continued development?” Bronfenbrenner labeled five different aspects of the environment that influence children's development. These include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. The...
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...of different theories about how personality develops. Different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Psychologists seek to describe personality characteristics and to explain how personality develops. As psychologists seek to define personality, a theory of personality is developed. This research paper examines six major tenants that are fundamental to the development of a personality theory. First, research is provided to explore the tenants of nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. These tenants build the basis under a broad area of foundations of personality. Second, research is provided to examine the tenants of development, motivation, and maturation. As these tenants are studied, a view on the progression of personality is developed. A third aspect of this research is an investigation into Biblical principles of developing a personality theory. To explore the six major tenants of a personality theory, this research paper analyzes scholarly journal articles and scholarly books published from 2007 to 2014. The findings of this research are valuable in developing a theory of personality that includes important Biblical integration. A Theory of Personality How is a theory of personality developed? Psychologists have long studied the development of human personality. The debate of “What influences the things people do and do not do?" has been ongoing since the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud...
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...Introduction The goal of the life span perspective of development is to understand how and why all different kinds of people, everywhere, and of every age, change over time (Berger, 2011). Developmental psychologists study the constant changes we experience throughout life, including physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development. Psychologists also study how we are affected by, react to, and process the world around us (Stone, 2011). The first aspect of developmental science is to understand how and why people change. Another aspect of developmental science is to identify universal similarities and differences among people, and then use that information to unify humanity as well as distinguish us as individuals (Berger, 2011). The most important aspect of developmental science is to understand that people change over time. According to Berger (2001), “Change is systematic, ongoing, and dynamic throughout the entire life span.” Explain the life span perspective of development. According to Paul and Margret Baltes, life-span perspective views human development as multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic. Development is considered multidirectional because change occurs in all directions, in every part of life. Human characteristics can increase, decrease, or remain the same (Berger, 2011). Development is also multicontextual. It can occur in many different physical and social environments. We develop, regardless of where we are...
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...Although there is an inordinate amount of diverse types and areas of specialization in psychology, such as Clinical Neuropsychology and School Psychology, the overall idea is the study and research of the human mind and behavior. Psychology is known to aid those who suffer from a variety of mental illnesses while also helping people to comprehend better the mind and how exactly the brain operates; some believe such study is both ineffective and unethical. Majoring in psychology opens the door for various career opportunities since “there are over 200 classified forms of mental illnesses” that are “on a continuum of severity (The Five Major Categories Of Mental Illness, 2011).” Mental illnesses can take anyone as a victim, they do not discriminate. “One in 4 adults and one in five children will have a mental health disorder at some point in their lives (The Five Major Categories Of Mental Illness, 2011).” There will always be those who are unfortunate to have a mental illness, meaning the research will always be a necessity. Thus, the careers in psychology are to remain endless. There are many benefits to having a career in psychology, such as a high job outlook, being able to make a difference in people’s lives, and learning more about yourself and others. The demand for psychological services is high, and the statistics for people who have mental illnesses and disorders is even higher. Treatment centers for drug and alcohol addictions, social services, schools, hospitals, prisons,...
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...Vygostsky’s cognitive developmental theories in a practical classroom environment Piaget and Vygotsky have antonymous beliefs when dealing with the concepts of cognitive development. Vygotsky believes in development through social behaviour whilst Piaget believes in individuals acquiring knowledge on their own. Both however, believe that the interaction between development and learning hold significant implications for a child’s growth. This essay discusses some of the philosophical beliefs of each theorist in regards to a scenario based in the classroom of a year five teacher named Ann. Ann reinforces classroom lessons through the outdoor environment, exemplifying Piaget’s theories of constructivist based learning as well as teaching methods that cater to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. Ann also displays Vygotsky’s cognitive theory involving the zone of proximal development and peer to peer or teacher-peer scaffolding within a group environment. The essay will examine Ann’s teaching methods and how they relate to these cognitive developmental theories. Ann’s socially-constructive pedagogical approach as described by Howell (2012) will help children build their knowledge base through collaborative learning as well as independent work, known as scaffolding. Ann would apply the technique of scaffolding by providing assistance and offering feedback relating to new information (Woolfolk, 2004). Vygotsky (1978) put forward a theory in which one only develops...
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