...Intersection between Shari' a and Reproductive and/or Sexual Health and Human Rights OLAIDE ABBAS GBADAMOSI* Shari 'a has become an important feature of the legal system of the Muslim world with its attendant implications for reproductive health and human rights. Like other religious doctrines, Islam has been used to legitimize conflicting positions on gender and reproductive choice. In some cases, women were being denied rights by those who claimed to be acting in the name of 'Islamic' laws. some of which are incompatible with internationally recognized human rights. This article identifies selected sexual and reproductive health issues at the intersection ofreproductive rights and Shari 'a e.g. adultery (zina), inheritance, child marriages, polygny, and violence against women and considers how their shared concerns may prompt actions leading to the elimination of religious and cultural barriers imposed by Shari 'a which impede the implementation of international legal frameworks and consensus documents on reproductive rights. Nigeria is selected as a case study on the nature of implementation of Shari 'a law and reproductive rights. The article calls for more progressive interpretations of Islamic law to be codified in legislative reforms and/or seek to interpret Islamic law in harmony with international human rights standards and calls for the implementation of Shari 'a that would promote respect for human rights. J believe that if Islam is interpreted and applied correctly, we...
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...(excluding bibliography): 4913 2. (a) Could poverty be a violation of human rights? Introduction In this essay I argue that poverty could be, and sometimes is, a violation of human rights. But what counts as a ‘violation’? After sorting out terminology (section 1), I distinguish three ways in which impoverishment could be a human rights violation (section 2). When an agent deliberately acts to impoverish someone, the resulting impoverishment, indisputably, is a violation of human rights. In contrast, when an agent merely omits to aid someone who is impoverished, it is deeply implausible that the impoverishment constitutes a violation of human rights. But there is a third, controversial class of cases, at the border of the acts/omissions distinction: where an agent, such as a state, negligently allows people to fall into or remain in poverty. Whether this counts as a violation of human rights is the principal subject of this essay, and requires for its resolution a discussion of the major philosophical conceptions of human rights. I consider the ‘standard’ account (section 3) and the ‘pragmatic’ account (section 4) of human rights. The former interprets human rights as fundamental moral rights; the latter interprets human rights in light of the function of actual human rights practice. I argue that both fail as philosophical accounts of human rights, and thereby fail to justify the human right to freedom from poverty (henceforth ‘HRP’): the standard account is unacceptably...
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...1. INTRODUCTION In the past, the Government easily violated human rights. There were no stringent mechanisms to control decisions and actions of the government, as a result of this, abuse of power and violation of human rights occurred regularly. The courts were also reluctant to review these powers because, they were restricted by rules, for example there was a rule that judicial control does not extend to government’s policy decisions, another rule was that a reviewing court may not substitute it’s opinion for that of the administrative body, unless the official has acted mala fide or in bad faith. This is supported by case of Shidiack v Union Government , where it was held that, if the administrative organ has duly and honestly applied himself to the question which has been left to his discretion, it is impossible for the court of law either to make him change his mind or to substitute it’s conclusion for his own. It is true that for any government to function effectively, it must be bestowed with discretionary powers, discretionary powers involves the exercise of a choice between two or more options on the part of the decision maker. The exercise of these discretionary powers must be checked and controlled by other branches of government, but this was not the case in South Africa. In the past the only manner in which those powers could be controlled was common law basis, but as a result of a narrowly defined grounds of judicial review of government action...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World Accommodating people’s growing demands for their inclusion in society, for respect of their ethnicity, religion, and language, takes more than democracy and equitable growth. Also needed are multicultural policies that recognize differences, champion diversity and promote cultural freedoms, so that all people can choose to speak their language, practice their religion, and participate in shaping their culture— so that all people can choose to be who they are. 65 108 166 55 34 82 3 14 91 51 40 138 29 62 6 99 161 134 114 66 128 72 33 56 175 173 130 141 4 105 169 167 43 94 73 136 144 168 45 163 48 52 30 32 Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic 17 154 95 98 100 120 103 109 156 36 170 81 13 16 122 155 97 19 131 24 93 121 160 172 104 153 115 23 38 7 127 111 101 10 22 21 79 9 90 78 148 28 44 110 135 50 80 Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea...
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...Perhaps it was the way we were wired through the beginning of time and past generations taught each other’s sex what roles to take in a society. The only thing for certain is knowing that the world is changing everyday when it comes to this issue. Just last election we saw Sen. Hilary Clinton make history by promoting herself in a strong case to be the next president of the United States. So the real question is why are women starting to take roles a man would normally take? The answer is clear and right in front of us with the feminist movement. Now one might be asking themselves what is a feminist? The truth is everyone has a different definition for the word, which bares a different approach. Some cultures may be practicing feministic rights, but could be at an early stage than others. The important thing is that when we say “feminism” we all have the same idea streaming through our minds. That idea being that no matter what sex we were born into, that everyone should have the same rights and be able to make the same choices to live a happy life. Now is it like this everywhere in the world today? Of course not since in some countries if you’re a woman you cannot receive the resources to a proper education. This is where the definition of “feminist movement” becomes important. Yes, some...
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...Nike, Inc. was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman through an investment of $500 by each individual. Nike, Inc. was then called Blue Ribbon Sports and has evolved from being an importer and distributor of Japanese specialty running shoes to becoming the world leader in the design, marketing, and distribution of athletic footwear. Nike's business model was developed by Knight while attending Stanford Business School in the early 1960's. Knight realized that the United States' consumer appliance and electronic markets were beginning to be dominated by the lower-cost, higher quality Japanese producers. Most of the leading footwear companies were still producing their own shoes in higher-costing companies such as the United States and Germany, and Knight believed that by outsourcing shoe production to lower-cost Japanese producers, Blue Ribbon Sports could undersell its competitors and break into this market. As a result of this model, Blue Ribbon Sports began to import sports shoes from Japan and sales increased to almost $2 million in the early 1970's. Nike employers approximately 25,000 people on worldwide. In addition, approximately 650,000 workers are employed in Nike contracted factories around the globe . Nike owned over 200 Nike Factory Stores and over 100 sales and administrative offices. Many people these days are angered by the steps that corporations take simply to make money, and it is quite disgusting in some of the ways a corporation operates. Rallies...
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...Indonesia has a long history of migrant workers to Saudi Arabia. The unfair treatment of the workers always draws global attention on the human rights of the migrant workers. However, the activists NGOs of women migrants need our attention even more than usual. As women do not enjoy equal social (or even in household) position as men in Indonesia (local scale), they are usually been ignored by the government, both Saudi Arabian (national scale) and Indonesian governments (global scale). They are seriously abused and harass in those countries and suffer from great fear of losing their opportunity of going back to their home country as their passports have been collected by the agencies under illegal reasons. It is a shame that there are many NGOs to fight for equal gender treatment but the problem seems too broad and complicated and the leakage is not easy to fix. I argue that activist NGOs in those Southeast Asian countries have work hardly on both politics of scale and social construction of scale in from local to global scales, and they have gained more global attention by decades than before as more people and governments pay more attention on the women migrants now. It is essential to set effective labour laws to protect women (or other migrant workers) from being cheated by the agencies for false income rate and departure date, to avoid more victims to appear and do not know the effective way to contact the NGOs to help. First, I will provide a brief historical background...
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...believe and talk about CSR as if it is the end all of be all or that it is important in the realm of business are puppets People have responsibilities; not businesses A corporation is an artificial person but a business cannot be said to have responsibilities He separates “responsibility from the word “social – since the business cannot be moral is cannot have moral responsibility Moral responsibility is different than social responsibility as a social contract Social responsibility can be taken to account only if you are able to separate the person from the position. CSR is something that is only practiced in the first world countries, this is not the case in regards to health concerns with overseas workers; international human rights violations Your are spending the money of the employee so far that you are lowering his wages, your are spending the money of the customer so far that you are raising the price of the product, your are spending the shareholders money so far that you are spending the company profits. If we are to give them the ability to act as civil servants than we should have to elect them to do so. Their expertise is in running a business or an organization not in figuring out what is the best for the economy – they are not politician and the decision to act upon social responsibility is not always in the best interest of his/her shareholders, suppliers, or stakeholders. He speaks on how labor unions have objectified government policy more...
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...The information that Valerie discovered about her boss was very shocking and brought so many things to light. She wants to do the right thing but she is afraid of ruining her own situation, Valerie Young was a marketing manager at an international cosmetics and fragrance company, Wisson, which is headquartered in Chicago. Wisson underwent major reorganization due to cost cutting. Valerie’s department was downsized from 25 to 10 people the year before. They did survive as a small team though, and their role within the organization was unique—acting as an agency, delivering designs for bottles and packaging and developing the fragrances for their brands. Valerie’s manager, Lionel Waters, had been with the department for 14 years. He was hired by Wisson’s CEO at the time, after he had worked for big names in the fragrance industry. During Valerie’s first year at the company, the team worked with as many as eight different fragrance companies to have a good diversity of new scent ideas. After a while, they began using only perfumers from two fragrance companies for their projects. She was wondering why they stopped working with the other perfumers, because their submissions were not bad at all and they also successfully supply Wisson’s competitors. Why were these perfumers not good enough for Wisson? It did not take long for the team members to realize that Waters was not to be questioned. The team then went forward and developed great relationships with the perfumers of the two...
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...The first article that I read was titled Public school Law: Teachers’ and student’s rights by Martha McCarthy. The author highlights the legal rights of the teacher and student alike. A court can determine that An educator is liable if he or she could have “foreseen and prevented the injury by exercising proper care†as documented in the Negligent Tort Law (McCarthy & Cambron-McCabe, 1992). Furthermore, the same law states that the duty to protect is a crucial component of the teacher’s role in the classroom. This highly sensitive responsibility includes taking all of the necessary precautions to ensure the safety of students that are being supervised. As a result, if an accident or injury occurs which could have been prevented or predicted by any member of the staff and proper supervision was overlooked then the law declares that negligence has occurred. However, if a poor choice or non-compliance with classroom rules by the student contributed to the incident, it can be classified as contributory negligence in which the teacher can no longer be held liable. Often the factors of development and age appropriate ability are evaluated closely in attempt to establish contributory negligence. In addition, various other components are addressed when a claim of negligence is investigated. These other contributing factors can be the certification and professional training of the supervising instructor, the surroundings in which the incident took place, and the nature...
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...123 Bentley WA 6004 AUSTRALIA Dear Ms Ikasari, executive of local network Submitsion to the Local Network of ….. This letter contains our recommendations to the Local Network to encourage compliance with Global Compact p(P)rinciple o(O)ne, which states “Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights”, and p(P)rinciple n(N)ine “Businesses should encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies”. At Bayer we believe in doing the right thing by (for) our stakeholders. Bayer is a founding member of the United Nations (UN) Global Compact and has supported the ten principles since inception. We are proactive in pioneering new ideas and concepts to facilitate compliance to the principles. Our long history in many of the countries in which we operate, ensures that we are well placed to make recommendations to the Australasian Local Network. Bayer’s support of its host communities throughout the world complies with the business practices of the Global Compact. Our performance report is available on the Bayer website and includes the extent to which human rights and environmental issues are addressed. These business policies are consistent with those of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and meet the definitions outlined on the UN website under Agenda 21 (Bayer 2010). The recommendations are: 1. Improve...
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...Internet Discrimination & Social Learning Theory Ashley Bowers SOCW 510 September 21, 2011 Everyone has the right to be respected, safe and free from violence, harassment and bullying. A life free from violence and from cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment is a fundamental human right. Bullying and harassment can also lead to violations of a range of other human rights. People have the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, work and fair working conditions, freedom of expression and to hold opinions without interference, and the right to be free from violence. People, especially the youth, have the right to feel free to go by their day without fear of persecution and bullying can affect these rights and this should be taken into consideration before people decide to sign into the internet. People today have been using multiple electronic digital devices which provide a new means of communicating with each other and access to the worldwide Internet. While these devices should be used as positive tools in educational and other settings, unfortunately, these devices are also sometimes used in very unsafe and irresponsible ways. When people start resorting to bullying and harassment via the Internet and other electronic communication devices, these behaviors are called “cyber bullying.” Recently, there have been many public service announcements (PSAs) trying to stop the use of discriminatory slurs with little or no effect. There were articles...
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...Declaration of Independence Directions: Type Thomas Jefferson’s Words (make sure they are quotations) that support the main idea of the speech. Number 1 has been done for you as an example. 1. Section of Speech: The Preamble (Lines 1 - 8) Main Ideas: 1.Sometimes it is necessary for people to break their political ties. 2. The colonists should state their reasons for separating. Thomas Jefferson's Words: "...it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another." 2. Section of Speech: A Declaration of Rights (Lines 9 - 37) Main Ideas: 1.All people have basic, God-given rights. 2. Whenever a government denies people their basic rights, it is their duty to overthrow it. Thomas Jefferson's Words:” That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it” 3. Section of Speech: A List of Complaints (Lines 38 - 120) Main Ideas: The King of England has refused to agree to laws to help the people. Thomas Jefferson's Words: “He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people” 4. Section of Speech: A Statement of Independence (Lines 121 - 158) Main Ideas: The King no longer deserves to rule us. Thomas Jefferson's Words: “solemnly publish and declare,...
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...Women vs. Men in Business. Should They Have the Same Rights? Women’s movement for equality with men appeared in the end of the XVIII century. The main idea was that women were oppressed in patriarchal society, which was concentrated on men. Not until the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century did women begin to attain rights: suffrage, a right to study in a university, to own property etc. Nowadays in many spheres of life, particularly in family life, women are equal with men. However, business is not one of them. In business, men prevail. For example, according to an Associated Press analysis of Standard & Poor's 500 companies there are no women in a list of 10 highest-paid CEOs. Women CEOs are paid much lesser. This is not to say that women are not strong or intelligent enough, it has simply been like that since the beginning, when a man was at the wheel. Of course, there are outstanding examples of women, who have achieved everything they have by themselves, but these examples are sporadic. According to Forbes Woman, in some countries women don’t even have the right to inherit business, to get bank loans or the right to education. Nevertheless, the number of businesswomen grows every year. More that 50% of students in the world are women. Women play a more important role in the world's economy than before. There are countries, where the number of female entrepreneurs is bigger than the number of male entrepreneurs (e.g. Switzerland, Singapore, Brazil...
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...hostages, slavery, rape, polygamy, and incest. He provides detailed examples of why he believes these things are wrong. I agree with him on these issues that are proven to be wrong morally. I do not believe that any one should take advantage of another person in any way i.e. discriminating or taking their life because it is unmoral in my opinion. One of the main points that the author wrote about was murder. Murder is a wrong and unmoral act and I do not feel any individual should have the right to end someone’s life for no reason at all or even if there is a reason. Who has the right to take a life? Goodman states “Murder is wrong because it destroys a human subject”. (pg.88 par.9) In Genesis 9:6 the Bible states “Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed” and the only time I feel someone should be killed is if they are in the process of harming another individual’s life or if they have taken someone’s life. For example, if a person is in danger it should be a giving right for them to defend themselves and if someone kills another person they should be persecuted and put to death. In his article one of the types of murders he talked about was genocide. Genocide is type of murder that targets individuals as members of a group, seeking to destroy a race, a culture, a linguistic or ethnic identity, even a class (pg.88 par10). Throughout the decades, genocide has taken place in more than one occasion, causing wars, slaughters and mass destruction of cities...
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