...a separate group that follow distinct norms and values different to those in mainstream society as stated in item A. Subcultures may contain norms and values that would be considered deviant in society and involve criminal activity. In Stanley Cohen’s view the subcultural crime and deviance today results from the inability of lower classes to achieve mainstream success by legitimate means. Once the person fails to achieve success they may try to do so in other ways. Status frustration is a key element to Cohen's theory which states that when individuals are faced with failure they choose a delinquent subculture, as they no longer feel part of society or that they can achieve this leads to for example school dropouts. More often than not status frustration is resolved through creating or joining a subculture because it offers and alternative status hierarchy. It is this illegitimate opportunity structure where status can be won via delinquency. However Cohen’s theory has been criticized as it assumes that the working classes start off sharing the same goals as the middle class only to reject them when the lower class fails to achieve them. Cloward and Ohlin also explain working class crime in terms of goals and means however they believe delinquents share their own deviant subcultural values different to those of the middle class. In their view there are 3 delinquent subcultures that emerge as a response to blocked opportunities in order to try and continue to achieve success...
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...the same beliefs and goals, however, his works concentrated on the individual. He suggested that those lower down in a stratified society had restricted goals. He developed ‘strain theory’ and argued that there are five responses to the value consensus, which are conformity; innovation, ritualism, retreatism; rebellion. However, while Merton focuses on deviance as an individual response to anomie, subcultural theory focuses on delinquency as a subcultural response. Albert Cohen (1955) drew upon Merton’s idea of strain. He states that working-class youths share the success goals of mainstream culture, but they lack the means to achieve these goals. They have failed in education, live in deprived areas and have very few job opportunities, making it hard for them to achieve their goals. This leads to a sense of failure and inadequacy, something Cohen calls ‘status frustration’. Their solution to the problem is the development of a delinquent subculture that values toughness, aggression and masculinity. This new subculture reverses the norms and values of society, what is regarded as ‘good’ for the majority becomes ‘bad’ within the subculture, and vice versa. Cohen argues that working-class culture is to blame, as young working-class males are not taught to value school. A strength of Cohen’s theory is that, unlike Merton’s, it explains working-class crime as a subcultural response. However, Cohen assumes that working-class males aspire to the same goals as middle-class males,...
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...values from the mainstream law abiding society. However, they adjust certain values to suit their criminal behaviour whilst still remaining within society. The subcultural theory explains deviance by looking at existing social groups that hold different values to mainstream society. Society prevents certain groups from succeeding which causes a strain, this therefore leads to a group rejecting the values of dominant society and making their own alternatives. The values created subcultures then lead to anti-social behaviour and crime. Albert Cohen drew upon this idea from Merton a functionalist’s idea of strain, as he states that delinquency is caused by a strain between goals and the means of achieving them. Cohen states that working class youths lack the means to achieve these goals as they have failed in education, and therefore have very few job opportunities making it hard for them to achieve these goals. This then leads to a sense of failure and low self-esteem, and feel angry at the low status society has given them causing them to experience anomie and ‘status frustration’. They then respond by creating delinquent subcultures that value other things to mainstream society and award one another status for anti- School and delinquent behaviour. However, there have been some criticisms for Cohen’s theory as he ignores female delinquency and middle class crime. As well as this Cohen ignores the role of agencies of social control in the social construction of delinquency as working...
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...Assess the usefulness of subcultural theories in explaining ‘subcultural’ crime and deviance in society today 21m Subcultural theories believe society is formed by a set of values that overlap and clash. Subcultures form when a group of people follow a set of values outside mainstream society. These subcultures would be seen as deviant, because they are following a set of values different from the rest of society, how there is nothing socially ‘wrong’ with them. Whereas subcultural behaviour becomes criminal, when the laws reflect will of the majority and accepted by the subculturalist, but their behaviour is not in line with these laws. They believe ultimately crime is caused by clashes of values between different subcultures, where one group’s crime is another’s ‘normal’ values. A. Cohen built his theory upon questioning Merton’s assumption that we have a shared goal of wealth. He provides evidence for this through the fact not all crimes are financially motivated, such as vandalism, graffiti or rape. Therefore, society must be emphasising a shared goal that is not wealth, he argues that the goal is status. He is similar to Merton in the sense Cohen is promotes a strain theory. He believes crime occurs when there is anomie, due to blocked opportunities to achieve status. Those that cannot achieve status in a socially approved way, such as academic success, turn to a criminal subculture in order to achieve their goal. This can be seen in education, where the less able are...
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...Social disorganization, illustrated by Shaw and McKay, is the theory based on understanding crime through examining the context of neighborhoods within a city. After studying a map of the city of Chicago, it was found that delinquency is concentrated in specific areas. This area where crime is concentrated (as ascribed by Park and Burgess) is known as Zone 2 the zone in transition. Shaw and McKay found that crime is concentrated in zone 2 and as you move out into zones 3, 4, and 5 delinquency decreases accordingly. Park and Burgess separated Chicago into concentric zones. Zone 1 is the central business district and is served primarily as industrial space. Zone 2 is the zone in transition. This is where crime is most likely to occur because it is where social conditions cause disorganization. Migrants and immigrants come to this zone upon first moving into the city. Zone 3 is the working class. People here have jobs that enable them to live on outskirts of the city. Zone 4 is comprised of single family homes and is named the residential zone. Even a lesser amount of crime is committed here. Zone 5 is the commuter zone which is suburban still however it is approaching rural areas. Zone two, as stated earlier, repeatedly had a higher amount of crime. Shaw and McKay concluded that “delinquency was caused by the nature of the environment in which immigrants lived rather than by some characteristics of the immigrant groups themselves.” (Schmalleger). There are four main components...
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...Team and Team Processes In the following paper I will identify a minimum of three interventions to recommend that address the concerns expressed by Nurse B. The following are the three interventions that I will speak about: conflict management, role conflict, and striving toward the same goal. In closing I will support the recommended interventions with justification/explanation. A group consists of two or more people who interact with each other and share a common purpose (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). A team is a type of group (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). Teams are an essential part of any organization, especially within the healthcare organization. Each individual on a team plays a vital role in ensuring that all needs are met, task are completed daily and patients are being cared for properly. Teamwork and collaboration between all health professionals results in high quality clinical care, and increased job satisfaction for staff (Begley, 2009). When team members do not agree on the same goal, conflicts will arise. It is important for healthcare managers to control and management all conflicts within the organization. The key to successful conflict management is for both sides to try and solve the problem instead of trying to prove the other side wrong. In the case study presented, Nurse B voices concerns about working with fellow staff members of the surgical team. The atmosphere and moral for the team is steadily declining. In...
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...‘Assess the contribution of subcultural theories in explaining ‘subcultural crime and deviance’ in society today’ (21 marks – January 2011 examination) The theories of subcultural sociologists are based on the idea of subcultures, which are made up of a group of people who share the same norms and values as one another. These norms and values are of contrast to those of mainstream society. The individuals within these groups have rejected these mainstream views due to a variety of problems such as material deprivation, which many blame on the main society for not fulfilling their needs. Cohen believed that crime was a result of status frustration; this was the result of an extensive study on lower working class boys, who he noted blamed wider society for their lack of success in attaining the same successes as those in mainstream society. This meant that they deviated into collective crime as a means of attaining higher status within a subculture. Cohen’s ideas are very similar to that of Merton’s however he suggested that rather than taking part in individual crime they rather turn to the values of a delinquent subculture. By joining these subcultures he also noted that they tend to turn to crime, this is due to the high subcultural value placed upon acts such as vandalism and stealing. Cohen’s theory is positive due to the explanation of non-utilitarian crimes, which other theories have failed to explain; Cohen views crime as an attempt to gain respect or status. There...
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...Key Terms Ownership Theory of the Firm – A theory that holds the purpose of the firm is to maximize the long-term return for its shareholders. (Also called the property of finance theory of the firm) Microsoft’s ownership theory of the firm has proven to be effective since the 1980’s where the market cap has reached close to 100 billion. Ownership Theory of the Firm is a theory that is based on a firm having the sole reason of maximizing its revenue for their shareholder. Stakeholder – A person or group that affects, or is affected by a corporation’s decision, policies, and operations. The stakeholders of LinkedIn were under stress when its stock prices fell 40%. A stakeholder is a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Examples include employees, shareholders and creditors. External Stakeholder – Individual or groups that make important transactions with a firm but are not directly employed by the firm, such as customers or suppliers. External Stakeholders of Microsoft are loyal to the end and would never support its competitor, Apple An External Stakeholder is a party such as a customer, supplier, or lender that influences and is influenced by an organization but is not a member of it. Business- an organization that is engaged in making a product or providing a service for a profit Businesses in America have proven to be very difficult to maintain for the first year which is why the failure rate is close to 70%. Business...
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...Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Caring Moment - “The moment (focal point in space and time) when the nurse and another person come together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created” In Jean Watson's theory of caring she has tried to make “explicit nursing's values, knowledge, and practices of human caring that are geared toward subjective inner healing processes and the life world of the experiencing person, requiring unique caring-healing arts and a framework called "carative factors," which complemented conventional medicine, but stood in stark contrast to "curative factors." At the same time, this emerging philosophy and theory of human caring sought to balance the cure orientation of medicine, giving nursing its unique disciplinary, scientific, and professional standing with itself and its public.” (Watson, 1999) Concepts: • Carative factors (evolving toward "Clinical Caritas Processes") • Transpersonal Caring Relationship • Caring Moment/Caring Occasion Jean Watson’s 10 carative factors that can be used as a guideline to help nursing interventions. These carative factors provide a framework that aids the nurse to pay attention to the caring processes. 1. Embrace altruistic values and practice loving kindness with self and others. 2. Instill faith and hope and honor others. 3. Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices. 4. Develop helping – trusting- caring relationships. 5. Promote and accept...
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...REL 222 GUIDE According to Thompson, why did the Greek poet Hesiod see farming as having religious significance? (36) God is integrated into nature, thus caring for it is important. Farming is the way humans can justly occupy a place in the divine (that is natural) order and its god’s intention that this place be fraught with work toil and risk. A key message in Hesiod’s poetry is that only farmers dependent on seasons, soil, and water can hope to attain piety or show proper respect to these divinities. Farming is the way human beings justly occupy a place in the divine (that is natural) order, and it is the gods’ intention that this place be fraught with work , toil, and risk, Warfare, violence, and trickery, in contrast, are unjust in Hesiod’s poetry because they short-circuit the gods’ intended route to material rewards. According to Thompson, what value did Thomas Jefferson see in Agriculture for America’s future? Jefferson believed that the small farmers would make the most “valuable citizens” because of their investment into the land and thus their country, he believed that agriculture was way for citizens to make long term and stable decisions that also promoted patriotism. Hamilton: believed that the future of the new republic lay in trade and industrial development. Jefferson favored the strategy of filling the heart of N.American continent with freehold farmers and delaying the creation of an indigenous industrial plant as long as possible. It was...
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...Using material from item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of sub cultural theories in explaining “sub cultural crime and deviance” in society. Functionalist sociologists adopt a normative definition to explain crime and deviance. They categorise it as something which breaks off from or violates social norms. This means that there is an assumption that society is based on value consensus and thus laws reflect the interests and views of the majority of the population. On the other hand critical criminology such as Marxism would use the relativistic definition to define crime and thus support the notion that the law reflects the interests of the ruling class instead. One sub cultural theory which is useful in explaining sub cultural crime and deviance is Merton’s strain theory. He argued that in society, certain members may experience a strain between the cultural goals of society for example the American dream and the legitimate means to achieve these goals. Deviance results from the structure of society and reaching these goals depends on an individual’s social mobility. In a stratified society goals are inevitably linked to a person’s position in the social structure. As a result, when some members are unable to achieve goals they become disenchanted and may seek out alternative ways. Merton argued that capitalist societies suffer from anomie - a strain/conflict between the goals set by society and the legitimate (law abiding) means of achieving them. However, Merton...
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...as put forward by the American Nurses Association. How does it address the metaparadigm theories of nursing? The ANA defines nursing as “the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations” The above ANA definition of Nursing focuses on the holistic health care of individual, families , communities and population which is achieved through many therapies and techniques, that protects, promotes and optimizes health and abilities. With the wide availability of health care services, through proper diagnosis and treatment we can make a person fully perfect, functional or effective as possible. Health advocacy encompasses direct service to the individual or family as well as activities that promote health and access to health care in communities and the larger public. Advocates support and promote the rights of the patient in the health care arena, help build capacity to improve community health and enhance health policy initiatives focused on available, safe and quality care. Health Advocates are suited best to address challenge of patient-centered care in our complex healthcare system. This definition of nursing includes the four components of the other metaparadigm theories. A metaparadigm is a concept that is extremely general, one that serves to define...
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...American Marketing Association (1935), first defined ‘marketing as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers’ (Darroch, Miles, Jardine, Cooke 2004 pg. 31). This first official definition of marketing was seen to be restricted, concentrating on 3 main focal points; ‘the managerial function of coordinating demand and supply, production of goods and services and marketing as a business activity’ (AMA 2004 pg. 31). It had little reflection to either promotions or pricing( Dann 2008 pg. 226). For a Definition to be viable in today’s environment it must include promotions & pricing. The AMA (1985), later modified their definition of marketing stating that it was ‘the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives.’ (Wilkie, Moore 2007 pg. 269). This modified definition kept the same first focal point of the 1935 definition which is marketing as a managerial function but also incorporated pricing, promotions, distribution and product, along with the exchange theory being embedded into the definition to indicate ‘that...
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...A cross-level process theory of trust development in interorganizational relationships Abstract Most research on trust in inter-organizational relationships focuses on a single level of analysis, typically the individual or organizational level, and treats trust as a fairly static phenomenon. To stimulate more cross-level research, we propose a theoretical model that explains how trust in inter-organizational relationships is related across various levels of analysis. At the same time, our model emphasizes the dynamic aspect of trust by examining how trust develops throughout consecutive relationship stages. Drawing from several programs of research, we identify the mechanisms that drive the progression of trust across levels as the inter-organizational relationship unfolds. Starting with the boundary spanner as the key individual at the beginning of a new collaboration, we specify how trust gradually becomes part of the fabric of organizational action. By integrating micro and macro approaches over time, the proposed model contributes to a better understanding of how trust evolves in inter-organizational relationships. Keywords Alliance dynamics, cross-level effects, institutionalization, inter-organizational relationships, multilevel theory, strategic alliances, trust Introduction In the development of the management of inter-organisational relationships, the issue of trust has increasingly become the main focus (MacDuffie, 2011; Zaheer and Harris, 2006). ...
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...You and Your Agency as a System This paper talks about Children’s Crisis treatment Center (CCTC). CCTC as a system is concern with meeting the needs of children and families with mental health and those that have experienced abuse, neglect and trauma. The focus here will be on the School Therapeutic Services component, the connection it has to the system and the environment and attempt to bring to light whether CCTC is functioning in line with its mission statement. I will also be describing my place in the institution as a system. CCTC is a nonprofit organization and has been in existence going to four decade now and provides mental health services to children and families in the Philadelphia area. CCTC is system with various components and provides several services to people with physical and emotional trauma. The company’s mission statement is found on its website, brochures and is posted on the wall in the human resource office. The mission statement identifies what the organization is trying to accomplish. The statement reads “To passionately serve the emotional needs of children and families beginning in early childhood. We meet children where they are and help them reach their full potential regardless of their challenges”. CCTC is a system that is made up of seven components and four subsystems working together to form a whole. A system is an organized whole made up of components that interacts in a way distinct from their interaction with other entities and...
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