...like water to the fish. We live and breathe through our culture." As Trompenaar's quote outlines, culture is a crucial part of someone's life or even indispensable for the life of humans. This is because culture determines a human's basic assumptions, values, norms and belief systems as well as a human's behaviour, language, food, drinking habits and other determinants of one's daily routine. Understanding his or her own culture is a key factor in order to live in his or her society, but understanding other cultures gives the opportunity to look out of the box. It provides someone, for example, with the ability to interact between two cultures. A vital aspect when it comes to make business upon international terms. This paper will focus on the discoveries of Edward T. Hall and will also provide especially european countries as examples. 2. Hall’s dimensions of culture Edward T. Hall, Anthropologist, developed a culture model with three dimensions. Context, the most popular dimension, Time and Space. The following paragraphs will outline and explain the three dimension. Overview of the most popular culture models HALL | HOFSTEDE | TROMPENAARS | HIGH-CONTEXT vsLOW-CONTEXT | POWER DISTANCE | UNIVERSALISM vsPARTICULARISM | | | INDIVIDUALISM vsCOLLECTIVISM | HIGH-TERRITORIALITY vs LOW-TERRITORIALITY | INDIVIDUALISM | NEUTRAL vsEMOTIONAL | | MASCULINITY/FEMININITY | SPECIFIC VSDIFFUSE | MONOCHRONIC TIME vsPOLYCHRONIC TIME | | ACHIEVEMENT vsASCRIPTION...
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...Ethnic differences in achievement External factors and ethnic differences in achievement * Many sociologists argue that ethnic differences in achievement can be best explained by looking at external factors * Cultural deprivation sees the underachievement of some ethnic groups as the result of inadequate socialisation in the home. * The explanation has three main aspects intellectual and linguistic skills, attitudes and values, and family structure and parental support. Intellectual and linguistic skills * Cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cuase of underachievement for the minor majority of people. * They argue that many children from low income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. * This leaves them poorly equipped for school as they have not been able to develop reasoning and problem solving skills * Concerns – children who do not speak English at home may be held back educationally Attitudes and values * Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of failure of many black children. Most children are socialised into the mainstream culture, this provides ambition, necessary and willingness, leading them to success and achieving long term goals * They argue that some black children are socialised into a black subculture that instils a ‘live for today’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success...
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...INTRUCTION With modern international marketing being more prosperous , the majority of firms are eager to globalize their productions in order to be more competitive ,therefore, advertisement design is increasingly significant for business.Advertising is a favorable representation of product to make consumers, customers and general public acquainting of the product. It enables the potential buyers, general public and end users to be aware and familiar with the brands, their goods and services.(Hassam ,2004),so the firms will have a superb reputation. When the companies put an emphasis on advertising and globalizing merchandises, one of the primary projects which cooperations must implement is to improve the advertising to their productions.However, international advertising entails dissemination of a commercial message to target audiences in more than one country, target audiences differ from country to country in terms of how they perceive or interpret symbols or stimuli, respond to humor or emotional appeals, as well as in levels of literacy and languages spoken. How the advertising function is organized also varies.Therefore,companies decentralize their budgets and placed in the hands of local subsidiaries, resulting in greater use of local advertising agencies.(Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig New York University).As the result of local advertising agencies, the advertising strategies are different for the multiple cultures and diverse religious believe to some extent...
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...1. Introduction Over the last decades globalisation has led to diversification of workplaces within businesses. Today, international managers cooperate with business partners inheriting different national cultures. National culture can be defined as “historically evolved values, attitudes and meanings that are learned and shared by the members of a community and which influence their [...] way of life” (Tayeb, 2003, p.10). Hence, the crux for every international manager is to understand the differences in the ways employees, suppliers and clients think, feel and act in different business settings (Hofstede, 1997, p.4). International managers, being capable of managing this challenge, possess a set of intercultural competencies, allowing them to turn cultural diversity into a competitive advantage (Browaeys and Price, 2008, p.215). This information pack provides substantial information about Danish and Brazilian business practices. The subsequent analysis is based upon the theories of the Dutch anthropologists Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. In particular, Hofstede’s “Uncertainty Avoidance” and Trompenaars’ “Ascription vs. Achievement” have been applied. 2. Theoretical Background Hofstede and Trompenaar are proponents of the ‘etic’ approach. They hold that culture is linked to people’s values. Furthermore they argue that these values can be transferred into universal cultural characteristics. Underpinned by empirical and experimental evidence, both anthropologists...
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...Bahria university Karachi campus Business plan Art on wheel Group members: Anjali Pinjani Aqsa Rajput Hina Kumari Samia Irshad Sumbal Saleem TABLE OF CONTENTS Description of Business: 3 1.0 Executive Summary 3 Business Idea: 6 Type of Organization 7 Marketing and sales strategy 7 Key success factors: 8 Short-term business goals: 8 Long-term business goals: 8 Mission 9 Vision 9 Socially responsible organization. 10 4.0 Opportunity Analysis & Research 10 Target customer: 11 4.1 Industry Analysis 11 Future Outlook and Trends 12 Market Segmentation 12 Industry and Market Forecast 13 4.2 Environmental Analysis 13 SWOT Analysis 13 Competitive Analysis 14 Analysis of Competitors 14 5.1 Products/Services 17 Products 17 2.2 Services 19 Meeting customer needs: 20 Pricing 21 Type of Payment 21 5.3 Promotion 22 Publicity for your organization 25 Public Relations & Publicity 25 Distribution 26 Access routes : 26 6.0 Management & Operations 27 6.1 Management Team 27 6.2 Research & Development 29 6.3 Facilities 30 Machinery and Equipment 30 Technology Utilization 30 Inventory, Production, & Quality Assurance 30 Production process 30 Production-distribution channel 31 Flow of Orders 31 7.0 Financial Analysis & Projections 34 Record keeping system. 34 7.1 Sources & Uses of Capital 34 Cash reserve & start-up capital: 35 Sources of financing 36 Bootstrap financing...
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