...The Control of Microbial Growth Chapter 7 I. Killing Microorganisms: Microbial control practices have been developed to reduce food spoilage and the incidence of disease. A. Controlling Growth: * Sterilization: destruction or removal of all pathogens (even spores) * Difficult to accomplish * Not always necessary * Requires harsh treatment * Disinfectant: destruction of vegetative pathogens (but not spores) * Chemical is a disinfectant * Antiseptics: disinfection of living tissues * Cannot use harsh treatments * Degerming: removing microbes from tissue in a limited area * Like getting vaccinated, they clean degerm the area before injection * Sanitization: reduction of # of microorganisms for public health reasons * Eating and pooping B. Mechanism of Action: * Germicide = Biocide * Kills microorganisms in general * Can be more specific can have fungicide = target fungi best * Yeasts, mold & muschroom * Can have virucide: target viruses best * Kill several mechanisms * Damage proteins * Can damage plasma membrane * Can damage nucleic acid * Static agents – DO NOT KILL, but can stop growth * Cidal agents – ALWAYS KILL * Sepsis and Asepsis * Indicates bacterial contamination * Translated to purid * Asepsis: free from significant contamination * Aseptic technique II. The Rate...
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...bugs and butterflies Like bees and butterflies, lady bugs are also an important part of our ecosystem and are essential to the biodiversity of our food supply. "Lady Bugs are tremendous carnivores that can eat lots of significant agricultural pests including aphides and mites without posing other risk to human health” says Doug Taron, curator of biology at the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum in Chicago." As essential as lady bugs are to biodiversity of our food supply, new research shows that Cry1Ab toxins (B. thuringiensis—BT toxin), Monsanto’s best selling herbicide ‘Roundup’ and crops that are resistant to Glyphosate are toxic to lady bugs: gmo-roundup-bt-toxin-are-destroying-our-health-killing-birds-bees-lady-bug-butterfliesStudies...
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...Explain and evaluate the impact of the ways in which agriculture has increased net productivity. Agricultural ecosystems are made up of largely domesticated animals and plants to be used as food for mankind. There are considerable losses of energy at each trophic level of a food chain and since humans are often at the third or fourth trophic level, the energy we receive is only a small proportion available from the sun at the start of the food chain. Agriculture tries to ensure that as much of the available energy from the sun is transferred to human by increasing the productivity of a food chain. Productivity is defined as: the rate at which something is produced e.g. Plants are called producers because they produce chemical energy. The rate at which plants assimilate this chemical energy is called gross productivity. Gross productivity is measured for a given area during a given period of time, usually in kJm-2 year-1. Typically around 20% of this chemical energy is used by the plant for respiration. The remainder is known as net productivity which is available to the primary consumer in the food chain Net productivity: Net productivity = Gross productivity - Respiratory losses. There are two main factors affecting net productivity: - Efficiency of the crop carrying out photosynthesis: efficiency is improved if all the necessary conditions are supplied and there are no limiting factors. - Area of ground covered by leaves of the crop. In a natural ecosystem...
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...feet and kill anything in its path.These deadly creatures are the Burmese python and they are taking over!. There are many ways the presence of Burmese pythons are changing the ecosystem in the Everglades. These snakes are causing many problems to the animals and ecosystem in south Florida. Although many solutions have been tried, nothing so far has worked. To begin with, Burmese pythons are giant, powerful snakes that are killing many of the wild animals we all know and love such as rabbits, birds and foxes.These snakes are not venomous but they are deadly. Source 1 states,“although they have no venom, they have other, quite...
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...all of human nature shares, and that is the fact that we all must eat to survive. Food. It is what keeps us alive, and is undeniably one of the single most important factors of our existence. Without it we would perish. So, how does the world manage to mass produce enough food to feed the billions? Mass production of crop cultivation on a large scale. In order to do this successfully and provide food for the populations there are a few primary issues which must be addressed. One of the main issues the farmers of the world must deal with is the problem with crop destroying insects and invasive plant species. Pesticide is used to identify both insecticides and herbicides, or (as I like to refer to them) bug and weed killers. Although pesticides curb the effects of insects and weeds in food cultivation, the detrimental health issues concerning the effects of pesticides continues to increase; therefore, pesticides should have stricter standards imposed upon their use, and more focus should be made towards developing alternative methods and safer solutions. Depending on location, environment, weather, and many other variables there is a great need to protect the world’s crops from the devastating effects of bugs and weeds. Certain species are capable of terminating the growth of necessary food sources. Of course humanity would react as alarmist and jump to an immediate solution of “Kill! Kill ‘em all!” without first considering the possible consequences to themselves or future...
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...Did you know that many states boost the deer population for hunting season? 10.9 million deer are killed a year which makes it the biggest portion of hunting. Only 7.1 million small game and migratory birds are hunted a year. Do the advantages of hunting outweigh the many disadvantages? I believe that despite its many advantages the downsides such as not being a valid source of food, promoting killing for pleasure, and not validly fighting overpopulation do not outweigh the advantages and it should be illegal. First hunting may feed some families, and may be a temporary source of food. Nobody denies that farmers raise cattle for meat so you have no need to kill more than what is required. Most game that is killed is for sport not...
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...1.5 billion people that don’t have clean water, mostly in developing countries. Water pollution needs to be controlled because it gives diseases and sometimes kills humans, it is hurting the environment, and it is ruining the food chain. Many people not only take clean water for granted but also take fish for granted. Many people think that all fish are healthy and clean to eat. That is not the case. Fish are being contaminated by water pollution. Fish get contaminated by toxins. Fish or other animals that eat the contaminated fish retain the toxins. Biologists have found more toxins in larger fish that have longer life spans than smaller fish with shorter life spans. This is because the larger fish eat the smaller fish that have...
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...the environment. It is important to note that animals are part of the nature and so to kill or harm them is to harm nature itself. Thousands of animals have become extinct due to human abuse, either by directly killing them or destroying their habitat. for eg. sharks. Each year, humans kill more than 100 million sharks worldwide.Over the last 50 years, numbers of some shark species have dropped as much as 80% Sharks play a very important role in the oceans as they are at the top of the food chain. They keep populations of other fish healthy and in proper proportion by preying on old, sick, or slower fishes. These sharks are often killed for their fins for shark fin soup, a luxury food that is not important for human survival or health but removing the sharks can result in the loss of important foods that we do depend upon for survival. -If we don’t have the animal rights movement to protect the animals, once people overuse the animals they may break the biologic chain, this may lead to the extinction of some animals which breaks the food chain. By ensuring that there is a balance of the ecosystem, it benefits the population at large because that is where we got our source of food. Another important factor, which harms both animals and the environment, is the mass breeding of animals for human consumption. It is scientifically proven that methaneemitting animals killed for food are a major contributor to the 'greenhouse effect' and global warming. Also, ammonia...
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...First, this photograph is important because this shows the unemployed going to the breadlines to wait to get food for themselves and their family. This long line could take forever to reach to the front because there was so many unemployed that couldn't pay their rent or mortgages at all. These lines were men that experienced waiting in line recall which the personal shame for asking a handout would show the areas where they couldn't care for oneself or even provide for others. These breadlines would be handing out foods by charities, missions, and churches to feed others. The sorrow faces of those who were in line show that the Great Depression was a huge hit for them if they had to wait in line for food. This photograph can show the desperation of the men who had to wait in the breadlines for food since they had no food to eat. Second, I know that this is from a reliable source because it’s from a eduation.com source. Provides a website...
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...for food. When they caught an animal that they could eat, they cooked it and ate it because that's what the needed to do to survive. But, they did not hang the head of the animal they killed on the wall, and they did not sell the animals tusks to another family. Unlike our ancestors, many people in our era do those exact things. A majority of the people who participate in trophy hunting believe that it helps conservation and population control. The sad truth is that it does not. In fact, trophy hunting is a cruel sport that should be banned. In trophy hunting, instead of letting the weakest of the species due off, trophy hunters kill the cream of the crop (In defense of the Animals). This...
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...5/12/2013 Fast Food Nation The investigative journalist, Eric Schlosser, has written a book to illuminate an epidemic that started in America and is now becoming one of the world’s largest problems. In Fast Food Nation, Schlosser frames today’s Fast Food giants in history,American entrepreneurialism, and over consumption in respect to consumer and employee wellbeing. The power of all modern Fast Food giants combined have eclipsed the power of any one government. Marketing has become a key component to luring consumers to fast food. Schlosser makes the argument that a once AllAmerican ideal, fast food has grown too big to control. Schlosser highlights the freedom right philosophy of make your own luck through the story of Carl’s Jr. founder, Carl Karcher. Karcher did not grow up in the restaurant business, rather a string of opportunities and risk created a perfect storm for Karcher. At a young age Carl went to work for family in California. After 3 years he delivered fresh bread for a bakery. He was now married and took out a loan to buy a hot dog stand. 4 years later he opened his first restaurant Carl’s DriveIn BBQ. This was all happening at the same time McDonald’s was becoming big in Southern California. In 30 years Carl’s Jr had over 300 restaurants. By managing risk and a good business model, Carl Karcher thrived using freedom right philosophy. He also happened to be a political conservative. Order left philosophy is brought to life in Fast Food Nation in the horrific plight of Kenny...
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...Many animal species around the world are becoming endangered because of poaching, hunting, habitat loss, and food loss. The incredible panda species is one of these animals that has become almost extinct because of these reasons. People are now moving pandas to safe habitats, wildlife preserves where they can live in peace, safe from poaching and habitat loss. The world would not be the same if the panda was extinct and we need to do everything we can to make sure it comes off the endangered species list. The Panda is almost extinct for many reasons. Pandas and otters live in the same habitat and one of the reasons that Pandas are dying is because hunters come into their habitat to kill otters for fur. When they hunt the otter, they trample...
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...In To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Atticus and Tom Robinson show empathy. Empathy is when a person himself/herself into someone's shoes or in another term, looking at the other person's perspective. In To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus shows empathy in Bob Ewell. At one point in chapter 23, Scout and Jem received the news that Bob Ewell spitted on Atticus's Face and also threatened him. Later when Atticus comes home, Scout asked Atticus why he didn’t do anything to Bob Ewell even though he spitted in his face, he responded with a quote, "So if spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating, that's something I'll gladly take. He had to take it out on somebody, and I'd rather it be me than that household of children out there" ( Lee, 218 ). This Shows that...
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...Hunting is a major sport around the world in many different cultures and countries. When hunting first came about it was to feed your family. Then when railroads started to develop “hunters” were killing bison and other animals because they were in the way of the train. When the train would go down the track and bison were in the way the train would stop and “hunter” would jump out and just unload their guns on the animals. That is not hunting; hunters today are trained to kill animals ethically and are conservationists who assist in managing the population of wildlife to prevent overpopulation; they keep the deer population manageable and they provide food for the hunter. One role of a hunter is to limit the amount of animals in one habitat....
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...day technology, including cars, hotels, gas stations and planes. They walked the Oregon trail, which is roughly two thousand miles, on foot. That’s not easy. That wasn’t even the largest part. Starvation has always been an enemy of the human race. It was a major threat for the emigrants. Martha said this,“Ben Kelsey, wife and child and several others came on to California. They had many hardships. Got out of food and had to kill their oxen and eat them and leave their wagons and come on foot and they all but starved.” She wasn’t as unfortunate, but there were those to whom had it worse....
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