Positions on the Soccer Field
There are 11 positions on the soccer field, but they always fall into four broad categories. Even in smaller games, the number of players in each category may change, but by and large, the positions do not.
The Goalkeeper
The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use his hands and that can only occur within the confines of the penalty area. There are never more that two goalkeepers on the field at any time — one on each team.
The goalkeeper’s uniform is different from the rest of his team’s to make it obvious which player may use his hands. The jersey, often with long sleeves, is colored to clash with the others. And since the 1970s, goalkeepers have worn gloves to both protect their hands and enhance their grip on the ball.
Some of the best goalkeepers in the world are Gianluigi Buffon of Italy and Iker Casillas of Spain.
The Defenders
A defender’s primary duty is to win back the ball from the opposition and prevent them from scoring. Teams play with anywhere from three to five at the back and each member of the defense tends to have a different, yet equally important duty.
The defenders stationed in the center of the back line (known as central defenders or center backs) tend to be some of the taller and stronger members of the team since they so frequently have to win the ball in the air. They go forward very little, except on set pieces, and hold a position of great responsibility.
The defenders on the flanks (known as wingbacks in five-player defenses, or fullbacks) are usually smaller, quicker, and better on the ball. Their job is to shut down attacks coming down the sides, but they are also frequently a key component of their side’s offense.
Pushing up the sidelines, they are able to support the midfielders and push deep into opposition territory to deliver crosses.
Manchester United's Rio Ferdinand, Chelsea's John Terry and Real Madrid's Fabio Cannavaro are some of the world's finest defenders.
The Midfielders
The midfield is one of the most demanding places to play on the soccer pitch. Midfielders are usually the fittest members of a team, since they do the most running. They share the responsibilities of the defenders and the forwards since they must both win the ball back and create opportunities up front.
The various midfielders’ roles depend heavily on a team’s particular system. Those on the flank may be asked to primarily deliver crosses or cut into the middle with different degrees of defensive accountability. Those in the center, meanwhile, may be asked to mainly hold the ball and win it back (such as a “holding midfielder” or an “anchor”) or venture forward and feed balls to the attackers. The best midfielders are versatile enough to offer a team both.
In a full game, teams play with anywhere from three to five midfielders, arranging them in different shapes. Some will have the five line up straight across the field, while others will have the middle two or three set up one behind the other in what is known as a “diamond” formation.
Currently, a few of the best midfielders in the game are Arsenal's Cesc Fabregas and Real Madrid's Kaka.
The Forwards
The forwards may have the most straightforward job description on the field: score goals. Forwards (also known as attackers or strikers) come in all shapes and sizes and, accordingly, present different threats. A taller striker could be more dangerous in the air, while a smaller, quicker player may be more effective with the ball at his feet.
Teams play with anywhere from one to three strikers (sometimes four if times get desperate) and try to blend different styles. The objective is for the forwards to have a good understanding of each other’s game to better set up opportunities for each other.
Frequently, one forward will play a little deeper than the other to collect the ball sooner and open up a defense. Those players, who tend to be the most creative on the team, are traditionally called a “Number 10,” in reference to the jersey number they usually wear.
Hybrid Positions
There are two positions that sometimes crop up in soccer which are never played by more than one person at a time. They are sweeper and “libero,” which is sometimes called a “midfield sweeper.”
A regular sweeper plays just behind the central defenders and acts as a last line with a lot of freedom to cover where danger presents itself. A midfield sweeper usually plays just in front of the defense and helps to slow down opposing attacks by acting as one extra barrier.
Some of the deadliest strikers in soccer are Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo, Manchester United's Wayne Rooney, and Inter Milan's Samuel Eto'o.

Throw Ins, Goal Kicks, and Corner Kicks
The different ways the ball is put back into play after it has left the field
It may seem simple when you know it, but the rules governing where the ball can go on and off the soccer pitch are certainly not obvious.
As long as it is within the sidelines and goal lines — which form the rectangle of the field — players can control the ball with any part of their bodies except their arms. Within their respective penalty areas, the goalkeepers can also use their hands. For more on the areas of the field, click here.
When the ball leaves the field of play any one of three things can happen:
The Throw In
If the ball leaves the field along one of the touch lines — the two longest lines that run parallel to the goal lines — it is put back into play with a throw in. The throw in is awarded to whichever team did not touch the ball last before it went out.
To perform a legal throw in, a player must keep both feet on the ground behind the touchline near the spot where the ball went out and begin the throw with the ball behind his head. The player must also have two hands on the ball. If the referee deems that a “foul throw” has been committed, he may award a throw in to the other team from the same spot.
The Corner Kick
If a player puts the ball out along his own goal line, the opposing team is awarded a corner kick. On those plays, the ball is placed at the angle formed by the touch line and the goal line and kicked into play.
These are frequently good scoring opportunities and teams usually choose to swing the ball toward the goalmouth to create the most danger.
The Goal Kick
If a player puts the ball beyond the opposing team’s goal line (and not in the goal), the opposing team is awarded a goal kick.
These are usually taken by the goalkeeper, though there is no rule against an outfield player taking it. The ball is placed anywhere within the six-yard box and kicked into play.

Fatigue Drills by Jeff Levine and Tina Angelotti with Nathan Robert Brown
As the name suggests, these drills are designed to train your mind, as much as your body, to perform past the point of exhaustion. The focus is more about continuing past the point when you think you can't continue than proper form.
When faced with an attack on the street in which you have to fight for your life, within seconds hormones are released in your body that can be exhilarating but also totally exhausting. You cannot stop fighting in a real life situation because you are tired. These drills train you to continue the fight until you are safe no matter how fatigued you may be.
Fatigue Drills
Fatigue Drill 1
You will need a partner and a punch shield. * Throw nonstop Straight Punches to the shield. (Chapter 13, page 149) * When your partner cues you, drop and do 5 pushups. * Burst back up onto your feet and throw nonstop punches again. * Continue this drill for a total of 60-seconds. Once you have built up some endurance, increase the time in increments of 30 seconds.
Fatigue Drill 2
For this drill you will need a medicine ball of proper weight as well as enough space for you to move about freely enough to perform the drill without obstruction. * Perform pushups with the medicine ball until your partner yells “go!” * Sprint down to where your partner is standing with a kick shield and perform ten strong Front Kicks. (Chapter 14, page 160) * Sprint back to your medicine ball and repeat pushups until your partner calls the next cue. * Continue this drill for a total of 2 minutes. * Increase the difficulty by alternating from kicks to punches each time you return to the punch/kick shield.
You can increase the number of kicks or punches you throw at the shield, and you can increase the time you perform the drill. To make it interesting, try vertical jumps, pushups, squats, or tossing the medicine ball between the kicks and punches. Mix it up!
Soccer Fouls
An explanation of free kicks and penalties in soccer
The rules of the game are set down by soccer’s world governing body, FIFA. The association’s official handbook is a 140-page document, which includes detailed discussion of every foul, infraction, and regulation in the game. You can find it here.
Short of that, here is a summary of the different infractions that will lead the referee to blow the whistle, stop play, and possibly take disciplinary action, as worded by FIFA.
Direct Free Kick
Definition: When the referee stops play for certain fouls, he may award a team a direct free kick, meaning that team will resume play from the spot of the infraction with a pass or a shot at goal. Any members of the opposing team must be at least 10 yards away when the ball is struck. If the free kick were indirect, it means that a second player must touch the ball before it the team can shoot at goal.
A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following six offenses in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force: * kicks or attempts to kick an opponent * trips or attempts to trip an opponent * jumps at an opponent * charges an opponent * strikes or attempts to strike an opponent * pushes an opponent
A direct free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following four offences: * tackles an opponent to gain possession of the ball, making contact with the opponent before touching the ball * holds an opponent * spits at an opponent * handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area)
Penalty Kick
A penalty kick is awarded if any of the above ten offences is committed by a player inside his own penalty area, irrespective of the position of the ball, provided it is in play.
One player may then take a free shot at goal (defended only by the goalkeeper standing on the goal line) from the penalty spot, located 12 yards away.
Indirect Free Kick
An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area, commits any of the following offences: * takes more than four steps while controlling the ball with his hands, before releasing it from his possession * touches the ball again with his hands after it has been released from his possession and has not touched any other player * touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a team-mate * touches the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate
An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player, in the opinion of the referee, commits any of the following three offences: * plays in a dangerous manner * impedes the progress of an opponent * prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands * commits any other offence, not previously mentioned, for which play is stopped to caution or dismiss a player
Yellow and Red Cards
After awarding a free kick or penalty kick, a referee may take further disciplinary action against a player by showing him a yellow or red card.
Yellow Cards
A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offences: * is guilty of unsporting behaviour * shows dissent by word or action * persistently infringes the Laws of the Game * delays the restart of play * fails to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick or free kick * enters or re-enters the field of play without the referee's permission * deliberately leaves the field of play without the referee's permission
Red Cards
A player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following seven offences: * is guilty of serious foul play * is guilty of violent conduct * spits at an opponent or any other person * denies an opponent a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (this does not apply to a goalkeeper within his own penalty area) * denies an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player's goal by an offence punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick * uses offensive, insulting or abusive language * receives a second caution in the same match
The Officials
An Explanation of Every Official's Function on the Field
Professional soccer games are run by four officials, usually dressed in black or some bright color designed to clash with the jerseys of both teams. Each has a separate but important function during the match and they are all in constant communication with each other in certain leagues thanks to the recent introduction of microphones and earpieces.
The Referee
The referee is the most important of the four officials on the pitch. Only he carries a whistle and he uses it to signal the starts and stops of play. Those include kickoff, half-time, full-time, goals, and fouls.
In the event of a foul, the referee can blow his whistle to award a free kick — or a penalty kick if it happens to occur inside the penalty area — and penalize the player who committed it. A referee’s first recourse is usually a stern verbal warning.
But beyond that, the referee can show the player a yellow card and take his name — this is frequently known as a “booking” because the referee writes the name down in a little book. A player who receives two yellow cards in a game is sent off and his team will have to continue with one fewer players on the pitch.
Besides the yellow card, the referee also carries a red card which he can use to punish especially serious infractions. The red card means an immediate dismissal. The referee also has the power to dismiss a manager from the sideline.
The Linesmen
There are two linesemen in an officiating crew, each assigned to one half of the field. As their name indicates, they patrol the length of the touch line between the halfway line and one goal line. They each carry a brightly-colored flag and use it to signal when the ball has left the pitch either for a throw-in, a goal kick, or a corner kick.
Linesmen will also wave their flags to catch the referee’s attention if they believe they have spotted a foul.
Finally, it is also the linesman’s responsibility to signal when an attacking player is in an offside position by raising his flag. In order to have the best possible view to make that call, the linesman stays level with the last defender of the team in his half of the field at all times. You can read more about the offside rule here.
No matter what, however, a linesman’s call does not take effect unless the referee blows the whistle.
The Fourth Official
The fourth official, positioned on the touchline between the two opposing benches has three primary functions. First, he keeps track of all the stoppages during the game. And, at the end of each half, he informs the players how much time will be added on to make up for them by flashing a number on a board.
The fourth official is also in charge of verifying substitutions. He checks a substitute’s equipment before recording the change and posting the numbers of the players involved on the board.
Finally, the fourth official is also the managers’ primary liason to the referee. All too often, they bear the brunt of a manager’s dissatisfaction with the referee’s decisions.
A Fifth Official?
There is a vocal movement inside soccer to include in-game replays in order to guarantee the accuracy of those refereeing decisions that turn matches — was a player offside when he scored, did the ball cross the line, did the foul really merit a penalty…
Some of the plans for introducing video replays call for adding a fifth official, stationed in a booth above the field, to review every contested decision. But so far, soccer’s world governing body has been reluctant to move in that direction.
Passing
Tips on how to pass the ball short and long
Passing the ball in soccer is one of the key skills to master. Good passing leads to increased possession and a greater chance of victory in a match, because without the ball, how can you expect to score a goal? Here is some advice on good technique when passing the ball short or long.
Short passing
The best way to achieve accurate short passing is to use the inside of your foot. This gives greater control and maximizes the chances of the ball reaching your teammate. However, increased accuracy means that a player has to be careful when making a pass, and this, in turn, means that an opponent has a greater chance of reading the pass because the preparation time is longer and the pass is likely to be slower.
It is good to approach the ball at around 30 degrees. Turn the foot you are going to make the pass with outwards and lock the ankle so it is strong on contact with the ball. Bend the knee of your passing leg slightly so the foot is in the correct position to pass. With your standing foot about hip-width away from the ball, bring your kicking foot through and strike the middle of the ball with the inside of your foot. The aim of a short pass is generally to keep the ball low, thus making it easier for a teammate to control.
For increased power, follow through with the kicking leg. This will also help to increase the accuracy of the pass. It is good to hold the arms out from the body, to improve balance.
Long Passing
The aim of a long pass is to switch play or find a teammate in space. A long pass is generally more attacking than a short pass, but this can depend on where you are on the field.
If you want to drive your pass, approach the ball at a 30-degree angle so there is room to swing your kicking leg through. Use your arms for balance, position your non-kicking foot close to the side of the ball, and keep your eyes on the ball. If you want to keep the ball low you must keep the knee of your kicking foot over the ball and not lean back as you strike the center of the ball with your laces, following through.
If you want increased power and height, hit the ball near the bottom, lean back further and follow through the ball more.
Ideally you do not want the ball to bounce before it reaches a teammate as a bouncing ball is harder to control and can hold up an attack.
Referee
Definition: Match official that has control of the game and is generally the final authority in all decisions.
According to Law 5 in the FIFA rulebook, the referee: * Controls the match in co-operation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth official. * Ensures that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2. Ensures that the players’ equipment meets the requirements of Law 4. * Acts as timekeeper and keeps a record of the match. * Stops, suspends or terminates the match, at his discretion, for any infringements of the Laws * Stops, suspends or terminates the match because of outside interference of any kind * Stops the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensures that he is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted * Allows play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured * Ensures that any player bleeding from a wound leaves the field of play. The player may only return on receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped * A player cannot wear clothing with blood on it * Allows play to continue when the team against which an offence has been committed will benefit from such an advantage and penalises the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time * Punishes the more serious offence when a player commits more than one offence at the same time * Takes disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-off offences. He is not obliged to take this action immediately but must do so when the ball next goes out of play * Takes action against team officials who fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner and may, at his discretion, expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds * Acts on the advice of assistant referees regarding incidents which he has not seen * Ensures that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play * Restarts the match after it has been stopped * Provides the appropriate authorities with a match report which includes information on any disciplinary action taken against players, and/or team officials and any other incidents which occurred before, during or after the match * Most referees wear either yellow or black, but the colours and styles vary according to individual associations.
Common Soccer Injuries
Recognizing, treating and preventing the most common soccer pain and injuries
Soccer injuries are generally defined as either cumulative (overuse) or acute (traumatic) injuries.
Overuse injuries occur over time due to stress on the muscles, joints and soft tissues without proper time for healing. They begin as a small, nagging ache or pain, and can grow into a debilitating injury if they aren't treated early.
Acute or traumatic injuries occur due to a sudden force, or impact, and can be quite dramatic
Common Soccer Injuries Include:
Ankle Sprains
The most common of all ankle injuries, an ankle sprain occurs when there is a stretching and tearing of ligaments surrounding the ankle joint.
Achilles Tendonitis
Achilles tendonitis is a chronic injury that occurs primarily from overuse and it felt as pain in back of the ankle. If this is ignored it may increase your risk of Achilles Tendon Rupture.
Concussion
A concussion occurs with a sudden impact or blow to the head. Groin Pull
A groin (adductor) pull or strain occurs when the muscles of the inner thigh are stretched beyond their limits.
Hamstring Pull, Tear, or Strain
Hamstring injuries are common among runners and can range from minor strains to total rupture of the muscle at the back of the thigh.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
IT band friction syndrome often results in knee pain that is generally felt on the outside (lateral) aspect of the knee or lower.
Muscle Cramps
A cramp is a sudden, intense pain caused by a muscle involuntary and forcibly contracting muscle that does not relax. Similar to, but not the same as a Side Stitch.
Blisters
Blisters are fluid-filled sacks on the surface of the skin that commonly occurs on the hands, or the feet.
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Also called "DOMS," this muscle pain, stiffness or soreness occurs 24-48 hours after particularly intense exercise or a new program.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
This term usually refers to pain under and around the knee cap It is also called "Runner's Knee."
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of pain on the bottom of the heel and usually defined by pain during the first steps of the morning
Pulled or Strained Calf Muscle calf strain occurs when part of the muscles of the lower leg (gastrocnemius or soleus) are pulled from the Achilles tendon. It is similar to an Achilles tendon rupture, but occurs higher up in the back of the leg.
Shin Splints
Shin Splints describes a variety of generalized pain that occurs in the front of the lower leg along the tibia (shin bone). Shin Splints are considered a cumulative stress injury.
Sprains and Strains
These are acute injuries that vary in severity but usually result in pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of the ability to move and use the joint.
Stress Fractures
Stress fractures in the leg are often the result of overuse or repeated impacts on a hard surface
Tendinitis and Ruptured Tendon
Tendinitis is simply inflammation of a tendon. It generally occurs from overuse, but can also occur from a forceful contraction that causes microtears in the muscle fibers. These tears can lead to weakness and inflammation.
Knee Injuries Common in Soccer Players * Anterior Cruciate Lligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries * Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries
Ligament injuries to the knee are very common in sports that require stopping and starting or quickly changing directions.
Cruciate ligament injuries don't always cause pain, but typically cause a loud "pop." Most of these injuries are confirmed with an MRI. Arthroscopic surgery is sometimes the best way to find a partial tear.
Torn Knee Cartilage (Meniscus Injuries)
Torn knee cartilage is usually a torn meniscus (image). These small, "c" shaped pieces of cartilage act as cushions between the thigh bone (femur) and the tibia (shin bone). Meniscus tears are often the result of twisting, pivoting, decelerating, or a sudden impact. It cam be identified by various manual tests a physician can perform to detect torn cartilage.
Many sports injuries may result from overuse, lack of proper rest, lack or proper warm ups or poor conditioning. The following safety precautions are recommended to help prevent help basketball injuries: * Follow the ACL Injury Prevention Program for Soccer Players * Warm up thoroughly prior to play. * Use protective equipment (mouth guards, knee and elbow pads or eye protection). * Use good technique and play by the rules. * Clean of courts before play - check for slippery spots or debris. * Have a first aid kit on hand. * Get adequate recovery. * Stay hydrated.
Share Your Soccer Injury Story
Have your sustained an injury while playing soccer? Tell us about it! Share your story and offer prevention advice or rehab tips for other players. * Share: Your Soccer Injury Story * Read: Other's Soccer Injury Stories
How to Take a Throw In
The throw in is key to maintaining possession and can be an attacking weapon
The throw in soccer is a method of restarting play once the ball has gone out.
It may be one of the less glamorous skills in soccer, but it is nonetheless important to master. An effective throw in can prove the springboard to a successful attacking move and is an important aspect in maintaining possession.
A team may be awarded up to 25 throw ins in a match (sometimes even more), and if not taken properly, that adds up to a lot of possession squandered.
When a throw in is awarded:
 The whole of the ball must pass over the touchline, either on the ground or in the air.
 The throw must be taken from where the ball went out of play.
 It goes to the team who did not put the ball out of play.
How to take a throw in:
When taking a throw in, the feet must be on or behind the touchline, with both remaining on the ground throughout.
 Stand facing the field, with your feet apart and part of both touching the ground.
 Place your hands firmly on either side of the ball, with the fingers apart and pointing straight ahead.
Take the ball behind your head so it is touching your neck. At this point the fingers should be pointing backwards and the elbows should be pointing out to the side.
 Throw over your head on to the field, bending your back more for power.
To enhance your throw, remember to:
 Drag the toes of the rear foot when taking the throw.
 Point elbows out to the sides.
 Follow through with the throw.
How to take an attacking long throw In:
Some players are capable of throwing the ball at a great distance, and it can prove a major advantage to a team if they have a man capable of launching the ball into the opposition penalty area.
When taking a long throw in:
 It is important to get a firm grip of the ball. Some teams arm their ball boys with towels so players can quickly dry the ball (and their sweaty hands!) off to enhance grip.
 Generate pace by holding the ball in front of you, and in one quick motion, take the ball back behind your head and launch it forward.
 Take a run up of up to three or four meters, and when you reach the line, stamp down with your plant foot so as to generate power using the knee and foot.
Foul throw
If a player commits a foul throw, the referee or linesman will call it and award the throw to the other team.
A foul throw can be committed by:
 Lifting one of your feet off the ground before taking the throw
 Not taking the ball behind your head.
 Using one hand too much. If a referee or linesman sees that you are attempting to gain an advantage by using one hand to apply spin, the throw may be awarded to the other team.
If an opponent is not at least two meters away when the throw is taken, it can be taken again.
The thrower may not touch the ball again until another player has first.
Free Kicks in Soccer
Free kicks are either direct or indirect, and the ball must be stationary when the kick is taken. The kicker must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
The direct free kick
Ball enters the goal:
If a direct free kick is kicked directly into an opponents’ goal, a goal is awarded.
If a direct free kick is kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded.
The indirect free kick
A goal can only be scored if it subsequently touches another player before crossing the goal line.
If an indirect free kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal, a goal kick is awarded.
If an indirect free kick is kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team.
Free kick from inside the area
Direct or indirect free kick to the defending team:
- All opponents must be at least 10 yards from the ball
- All opponents must remain outside the penalty area until the ball is in play (kicked directly out of the penalty area).
- A free kick awarded in the goal area may be taken from any point inside that area.
Indirect free kick to the attacking team
- All opponents must be at least 10 yards from the ball until it is in play, unless on their own goal line between the posts.
- The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves.
- An indirect free kick awarded inside the goal area must be taken on the goal area line at the nearest point to where the infringement occurred.
Free kick outside the penalty area
- All opponents must be at least 10 yards from the ball until it is in play.
- The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves
- The free kick is taken from the place where the infringement occurred or from the position of the ball when the infringement occurred (according to the infringement).
Infringements and sanctions
A free kick will be retaken if an opponent is closer to the ball than the required distance. The kick will also be retaken if it is taken by the defending team and is not kicked directly out of the penalty area.
Free kick taken by a player other than the goalkeeper:
If, after the ball is in play, the kicker touches it again (except with his hands) without another player touching it:
- An indirect free kick is awarded to the other team, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
If the kicker deliberately handles the ball once it is in play following the kick:
- A direct free kick is awarded to the opposition from where the infringement occurred.
- A penalty kick is awarded if the handball occurred in the kicker’s penalty area.
Free kick taken by the goalkeeper:
If, after the ball is in play, the goalkeeper touches it again (except with his hands) without another player touching it:
- An indirect free-kick is awarded to the opposition, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
If, after the ball is in play, the goalkeeper deliberately handles the ball before it has touched another player.
- A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team if the infringement occurred outside the goalkeeper’s penalty area, from where the infringement occurred.
- An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposition if the infringement took place inside the goalkeeper’s penalty area, to be taken from the place where the infringement occurred.
A Guide to Formations
A look at various formations and the impact they can have on a team
While the quality of player at a coach’s disposal is the fundamental factor in how a team performs, soccer formations can also have a decisive influence on the course of a game. Some professional coaches swear by particular formations, with Fabio Capello known as a 4-4-2 man, Jose Mourinho an advocate of the 4-3-3 and Rafael Benitez a believer in the 4-2-3-1. Here is a look at five popular formations in modern day soccer.
1. 4-4-2
This is a tried and trusted formation that has brought success for many coaches. Still the most popular formation in world soccer, the 4-4-2 ensures good balance throughout the side, typically with one defensive midfielder employed, and one of the frontmen playing behind the other.
2. 4-3-3
This formation may look like an attacking one on paper, but this is not always the case as a coach such as Mourinho can instruct the two wide players in the front three to drop back and arrest the attacking forays of the opposition wide men, meaning it can look more like a 4-5-1 at times. But it can also be conducive to fluid attacking play, with Barcelona and Arsenal both implementing the formation.
3. 5-3-2
Not as popular as it used to be, it is a much rarer sight to see top level coaches playing with three central defenders. But it ensures good strength in numbers when defending, and makes it hard for opposition teams to counterattack. The formation is tough on the wing-backs who are expected to make lung-bursting runs forward, while also carrying out their defensive duties. The onus is also on two of the central midfielders to get forward regularly.
4. 4-5-1
Champions League coaches regularly employ the 4-5-1, especially away from home as they look to keep things tight at the back and play on the counterattack. When coaches want to pack the midfield and make it hard for the opposition to penetrate their team, they will often opt for the 4-5-1, which is a tiring system for the lone striker who must hold up the ball and make runs.
5. 4-2-3-1
The 4-2-3-1 can be difficult to defend against if the three players behind the striker have the craft and skill to draw opposition defenders out and supply balls for their teammates. The two midfielders who sit in front of the back-four also means increased solidity, with both needing to be strong defensively, and at least one good enough to collect the ball from the defenders and play good quality passes to the team’s more attacking players.
The 4-2-3-1 Formation
A look at the 4-2-3-1 formation and how it is implemented
The 4-2-3-1 formation came to prominence in Spain in the 1990s and early 2000s and is now used by many teams throughout the world.
The two players in front of the back-four, known as the ‘doble pivot’ (double pivot) in Spain, give support to the defense, with one player breaking up opposition attacks, and the other putting more emphasis on distributing the ball to the attacking players.
The formation should ensure teams are not out-numbered in midfield, and with so many advanced players, there is great flexibility.
Striker in the 4-2-3-1 Formation
In this formation, the striker should not lack support as he has three players whose job it is to supply him with ammunition. If the players behind the main striker are of genuine quality, the formation can be a dream for a striker as he should receive plenty of balls into the penalty area.
The 4-2-3-1 formation can accommodate a big target man who can hold the ball up and lay it off for the oncoming midfielders, or a more nimble striker capable of running on to balls and finishing chances.
It is important that the front-man is a strong physical specimen as, despite the support from midfield, he will need to hold off defenders as he looks to carve out chances for himself or teammates.
Attacking Midfielders in the 4-2-3-1 Formation
The three attacking midfielders can be hard for opposition defenses to pick up, especially if they interchange and run in from deeper positions.
There is usually one central creative force, playing behind the striker. When Deportivo La Coruna and Valencia won Spanish League titles in the first half of the last decade under Javier Irureta and Rafael Benitez respectively, Juan Valeron (Deportivo) and Pablo Aimar (Valencia) both featured behind the striker, their subtle skills creating havoc in opposition defenses.
To either side of the playmaker, there are two wider players whose job it is to create chances from the flanks as well as cutting in.
There is also an onus on these three players to help out defensively, particularly those playing in the wide roles. When on the back foot, these players should be helping their full-backs, and the formation will look more like a 4-4-2 or 4-4-1-1.
Defensive Midfielders in the 4-2-3-1 Formation
It is imperative that the two players have positional sense in order to protect the back four properly. One of these two is generally more of a tackler, with the other concentrating on distribution. In that title-winning Valencia team, David Albelda and Ruben Baraja formed an excellent partnership. Albelda did much of the tackling, while Baraja was more offensive. The pair complimented eachother superbly.
Xabi Alonso is the perfect example of a player whose job it is to defend, but also to open up the opposition with his cultured range of passing.
Having two players in front of the back four provides a platform on which the team’s more attacking players can create chances.
Full-backs in the 4-2-3-1 Formation
It is the job of full-backs to defend against opposition attackers, particularly wingers. It is important that they stop the supply line for the striker, so must be strong in the tackle.
Pace is key if they are up against a speedy winger, while they will also be expected to help defend against opposition set-pieces so good heading ability is also required.
A team's full-backs can also be a major attacking weapon. A full-back with pace, power and good crossing ability is a real asset on the flank as they can stretch the other team's wide players and provide ammunition for strikers.
Central Defenders in the 4-2-3-1 Formation
The job of the central defenders is consistent with other formations such as 4-4-2 and 4-5-1. They are there to repel opposition attacks by tacking, heading and marking players (employing either zonal or man-marking tactics).
Center-backs can often be seen going up for set-pieces in the hope of heading in a cross or a corner, but their primary role is to stop the opposition strikers and midfielders.
Strength and concentration are two important attributes when playing in this position.
The 5-3-2 Formation
A look at the 5-3-2 formation and how it is implemented
The 5-3-2 formation was used heavily a few years ago, but most coaches in world soccer now opt for different formations.
It contains three central defenders, with one often acting as a sweeper.
The onus is on the two wing-backs to make regular forays forward and give the team attacking width.
The formation ensures good strength in numbers when defending, and makes it hard for opposition teams to counterattack.
Strikers in the 5-3-2 Formation
As with other formations which feature two strikers, there is often one target man partnering an out-and-out goalscorer.
The target man should be a big, physically imposing striker capable of holding the ball up and bringing others into play.
Some teams opt for a more creative player to partner the out-and-out striker, and he plays in a slightly withdrawn position, just off the main striker, whose job it is to get into the penalty area and finish off chances.
The main striker needs to have a keen eye for goal, while speed is also an asset as he’ll be asked to chase after balls in behind defenders.
Midfielders in the 5-3-2 Formation
It is usually the job of one midfielder to sit back and act as a screen in front of the defenders.
Three of the best defensive midfielders currently in the game are Michael Essien, Javier Mascherano and Yaya Toure. It is players such as these that allow the team's more attacking players to push forward as the provide an insurance policy if possession is lost.
There will always be at least one midfielder in this formation who must regularly join in his side's attacks. But they will also have defensive responsibilities, and it is common to see all three midfielders back defending at corners.
As this formation has a strong defensive backbone, it gives more license for the midfielders to get forward. It is imperative they do this because, otherwise, with the formation heavily weighted by defenders, the team will lack numbers when attacking.
Wing-backs in the 5-3-2 Formation
In such a formation, the wing-backs must have supreme fitness as they are asked to both defend and attack. High energy, dynamic performances are the order of the day from this position.
Wing-backs must work the full length of the field, making penetrating runs into the opposition's defensive third and delivering crosses into the area.
But they must also be strong in the tackle as they look to nullify the threat from opposition wingers and prevent crosses going into their own box.
Central Defenders in the 5-3-2 Formation
When three defenders are fielded, one is often used as a sweeper. It is the sweeper's job to play behind the other two central defenders, mopping up loose balls, passing/dribbling the ball out of defense and adding more security. Franz Beckenbauer and Franco Baresi were both fine sweepers in their day, but the position is less common now.
The other two center-backs must carry out their usual job of tackling, heading, marking and generally repelling opposition attacks.
While they are generally free to go up for set-pieces in the hope of heading in a cross or a corner, their primary role is to stop the opposition strikers and midfielders.
A sweeper is not mandatory, and it is common for three central defenders to be fielded at once.
Offensive Game Plan: The 4-3-3 Formation
A look at the attacking 4-3-3 formation and how it is implemented
Barcelona and Arsenal both employ the attacking 4-3-3 formation and are two of the most attractive teams to watch in world soccer.
The formation works best when a team is going forward and attempting to win a match, rather than simply trying to contain the opposition.
However, the respective managers of Barcelona and Arsenal, Josep Guardiola and Arsene Wenger, do their best to ensure there are enough players defending when their teams are on the back foot.
The attacking 4-3-3 formation is used by many clubs in world soccer, but rarely with such devastating effect as the two Spanish and English sides. Here we look at how it works from an attacking standpoint.
The Central Striker
The formation relies on an out-and-out striker to play in the center of the front three, capable of holding the ball up and bringing the two players on either side of him into the play. In Barcelona's case this is often David Villa, while Robin van Persie undertakes the role for Arsenal. Their other main function is to be on the end of chances created.
Wide Attackers
Offensive midfielders on either side of the striker are instructed to use their pace to get at full-backs and cross the ball in for the central striker and advancing midfielders.
It is important that these wide players have the skill and technique needed to beat opposing defenders. In Barcelona's Lionel Messi and Arsenal's Andrey Arshavin - we have two prime exponents of this art.
Often you will see these types of players cut inside and run at the central defenders, regularly playing quick passing exchanges with teammates before getting into the penalty area and releasing a shot. Messi, for example, plays on the right of the central striker but being left-footed he loves to cut inside before shooting or passing. While it is the central striker's job to score goals, these players are also expected to weigh in.
Defensive Midfielder
The three midfielders perform different defensive and offensive roles. At the centre, often playing just in front of the four defenders, there is a defensive midfielder whose job it is to break up opposition attacks before releasing the ball to teammates.
Sergio Busquets or Javier Mascherano perform this role for Barcelona, and it is Alex Song's responsibility in the Arsenal team. Neither score many goals, but their role in the team should not be understated as their teammates can attack in the knowledge that they have a dependable tackling midfielder behind them.
All-Round Midfielders
There are two players flanking the defensive midfielder whose duty it is both to defend and attack. These "box-to-box" midfielders should be getting into the opposition's penalty area regularly with the aim of finishing off the chances created by the wide attacking players. It is also their job to construct attacking moves once they have received the ball from one of the four defenders or defensive midfielder.
For these roles to be carried out well, such players need to have superb passing abilities, like Barcelona's Xavi Hernandez and Arsenal's Jack Wilshere.
Other Responsibilities
Of the six players we have looked at in this 4-3-3 formation, you will see five regularly going forward, but they must also be mindful of their other responsibilities. A team cannot always be on the attack, and when you see Arsenal under pressure from the opposition, it is not uncommon to witness their formation switch to a 4-1-4-1 as the wide midfielders drop deeper to win the ball back.
The 4-5-1 Formation
A look at the 4-5-1 formation and how it is implemented
This formation has been favored by European teams for years.
It is often employed when coaches want a safety-first approach from their sides, and observers can regularly witness the formation being used in Champions League matches.
Opting to pack the midfield with bodies means more defensive solidity.
Striker in the 4-5-1 Formation
With only one player up top, there is much burden on this striker to perform.
It is crucial that he holds the ball up and brings others into play. Didier Drogba is an excellent example of a player with the strength and awareness to shoulder the burden of a lone striker.
Pace is also an advantage as the striker will be asked to run on to balls from the midfield.
Target men with good control, heading ability and upper body strength like Drogba can flourish in this position.
Playing against an entire defense alone can take it out of a player so it is important that he is fully fit when taking to the field.
Midfielders in the 4-5-1 Formation
It is crucial that if a team has attacking intent, the midfielders go forward at regular intervals to support the striker.
As is the case with most formations, one defensive midfielder will sit back and screen the back four. This player is charged with breaking up opposition attacks, and when the team is on the back foot, acting as an extra member of the defense. But the two around him should be looking to attack as well as defend.
A more attacking five-man midfield can be difficult for opponents to deal with as it is hard to pick up advancing midfielders who are making late runs into the box, or passing the ball between them to make space.
Wingers in the 4-5-1 Formation
While at least one of the central midfielders will be instructed to go forward regularly, this is also the case with the team's wingers. Indeed, if a team is setting out to attack, the formation can look more like a 4-3-3, with the two wingers playing more advanced roles as they look to support the front man, and get into goalscoring positions by cutting in.
The orthodox winger's job is to run the line and look to get crosses into the box, but for these to be effective, midfielders must advance into the penalty area.
A winger must still be mindful of his defensive responsibilities, with more and more teams fielding marauding full-backs.
Full-backs in the 4-5-1 Formation
There is more onus than ever before in world soccer on the full-backs to attack, and this still applies in the 4-5-1 formation. How much they go forward is dependent on how attacking a team's outlook may be.
The primary role of the fullback is to defend against wingers and opposition full-backs, while helping out the central defenders.
Central Defenders in the 4-5-1 Formation
Whatever the formation, the job of the central defenders remains largely unaffected.
Center-backs are charged with heading the ball away, tackling and blocking. While they are generally free to go up for set-pieces in the hope of heading in a cross or a corner, their primary role is to stop the opposition strikers and midfielders.
The two central defenders can mark zonally (zonal marking) or take on man-to-man marking roles depending on a coach's instructions.
The 4-4-2 Formation
A look at the 4-4-2 formation and how it is implemented
The 4-4-2 formation is one of the most commonly used in the world game.
It is an adaptable system that gives teams strength in midfield and plenty of width. The role of central midfielders and full-backs, particularly, can change depending on how much emphasis a team is putting on defense or offense.
Full-backs are given more of an attacking role in this system than in years gone past.
The 4-4-2 formation is effective because it can be adapted based on whether a team is setting out to attack or defend.
Strikers in the 4-4-2 Formation
It is common in this system to have one striker playing high up the field capable of holding the ball up and laying it off to his partner. This player furthest up the field is often a big target man, with the physical strength to hold off defenders and bring his teammates into play.
But the front two does not have to comprise a big man and another striker running off him. Often teams choose to deploy a withdrawn striker, capable of playing in the 'hole' (the area behind the main striker) and using his creative skills to set up those around him, primarily his strike partner. Former Netherlands international Dennis Bergkamp was a prime example of this type of player.
If a coach opts to field a creative player in the 'hole,' the formation transforms into a 4-4-1-1.
Whichever front two combination a coach chooses to field, the player who is not a big target man or a withdrawn creative player, is likely to be a goalscorer, with the nous to sniff out and score chances in and around the penalty area.
Central Midfielders in the 4-4-2 Formation
In a 4-4-2 formation, it is common to have one defensive midfielder and another whose job is to get forward and join the strikers in the penalty area.
The defensive midfielder is charged with breaking up opposition attacks, and when the team is on the back foot, act as an extra member of the defense. Most good teams have a player capable of screening the defense, acting as an insurance policy should the team surrender possession. Three of the best defensive midfielders currently in the game are Michael Essien, Javier Mascherano and Yaya Toure. It is players such as these that allow the team's more attacking players to push forward.
The other midfielder still has defensive responsibilities, especially when his team does not have possession. But it is key that he gets forward to support the strikers when the team have the ball, otherwise there is a risk that the front men would lack support, particularly if the wingers are not of the required quality.
More attack-minded managers may opt to have two midfielders who go forward, particularly against weaker teams, but it is considered the norm to field one more defensively-minded player.
If a manager is looking to surprise the opposition, he may tell his midfielders to take turns in going forward.
Wingers in the 4-4-2 Formation
A winger's prime responsibility is to take on full-backs and get the ball into the strikers. A typical old-fashioned winger will attempt to beat his defender before crossing into the penalty area for the strikers and advancing midfielders.
Wingers can also cut inside and pass to teammates but if they are instructed to cross the ball by their coach, it is more likely that they would do so on their favored foot from a wide position.
While the advanced midfielder has a responsibility to support the strikers, it is also the job of the wingers to get into advanced goalscoring positions.
When on the back foot, it is a winger's job to defend against opposition wingers and full-backs. If faced with an attack-minded full-back such as Dani Alves or Maicon, it is imperative that the winger supports his own full-back, or there is a risk that that flank could be badly exposed.
Full-backs in the 4-4-2 Formation
The primary role of a full-back is to defend against opposition wingers and other players occupying their area of the pitch. Good tackling ability is a prerequisite, and they should also help their central defenders, particularly when the opposition have a corner.
A team's full-backs can also be a major attacking weapon. A full-back with pace, power and good crossing ability is a real asset on the flank as they can stretch the other team's wide players and provide ammunition for strikers.
Often when their team has a corner, the full-backs will remain near the half-way line in case the opposition launch a rapid counterattack. This is because the central defenders will likely be up for the corner because of their height, while the full-backs can use their pace to foil the counterattack.
Central Defenders in the 4-4-2 Formation
The center-back's main job is to repel the attacks of the opposing team, primarily by tackling and heading the ball out of the danger zone. A center-back can mark a player in a certain area (zonal marking) or pick up a designated opposition player (man marking).
Playing in the center of defense requires strength, bravery, concentration and an ability to read the game.
While their teammates' passing may be expansive, center-backs generally keep things simple, distributing short passes.
It is also imperative that together with the fullbacks, they implement an effective offside trap.
Defensive Gameplan: The Offside Trap
What Is the Offside Trap?
To understand the offside trap, you first need to understand the offside rule. In broad terms, an attacking player is judged to be in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second to last opponent. In effect, this means a player is an offside position if he is between the last defender and the opposing goal.

But only if he is an offside position at the moment a ball is played to him will the linesman raise his flag for the referee to award a free kick to the defending team. This only applies if the attacking player is in the opponents’ half of the field.
The offside trap, then, consists of defenders stepping higher up the field at the right moment, leaving attackers in an offside position just before their teammates pick out a pass to them. Properly executed, the offside trap allows defenders to win the ball back without having to make so much as a tackle.
How Does a Team Run the Offside Trap?
Effectively using the offside trap is considered one of soccer’s hidden arts. Breaking it down is quite straightforward; executing it is not.
The first step is to keep the back line (3 or 4 defenders) straight across the field. This means that they should be in a line parallel to the halfway line and move up and down the field in unison in defensive situations (during attacking play, some may venture forward).
When the opponents play a forward ball, it should be up to one defender — usually one of the centerbacks — to decide whether or not the line will step up or drop back. He must make that decision based on the position of the attacking players.
If a few steps forward would suddenly put the striker offside, then he will move the line up and possibly win a free kick. If he believes the opponents will play the ball before the defense can step up, then he will likely tell his teammates to drop back and take a different defensive approach.
And really, it’s that simple. Yet it still befuddles even the most seasoned professionals. The difficulty lies in coordinating, timing, and identifying those moments when the opposition is ready to play the ball.
Why Use the Offside Trap (Or Not)?
The offside trap can be a fickle mistress. While some English and Italian sides have used it to great effect, it is also an easy way for defenders to get burned. The slightest error can result in a breakaway.
But there are certain opponents who can be particularly vulnerable to it. Sides who play a lot of long balls are the easiest to contain with an offside trap since it is fairly obvious when they are about to play one. It can truly frustrate a team by breaking up its rhythm and forcing them to look for different approaches.
Against teams that prefer short, quick passing, however, the offside trap is riskier. With a lot of ball movement, it’s far more difficult for defenders to stay on the same wavelength and to decide whether to step up or chase the runner. It is especially dangerous against quick strikers. They have a tendency to toe the line and the use their speed to run away from it, even if they began in an onside position.
Keys to Running a Successful Offside Trap * The back line needs to have constant awareness of three things:
(1) Where the other defenders are; (2) where the opposing forwards are; and (3) when the opponents are likely to play the ball forward. That’s why the offside trap is best reserved for experienced teams with a back line that has played together before. * The critical importance of communication cannot be overstated.
The fullbacks, centerbacks and goalkeeper need to keep a constant eye on each other’s positions and keep each other informed by shouting loudly and crisply. Usually, one of the more experienced central defenders will make the decision to step up and when he does, the others need to follow instantly. The slightest delay could be the difference between a goal and free kick. * Defenders need to pick their spots.
It’s very difficult to keep an effective offside trap going for 90 minutes. There are times when defending deeper is simply a safer tactic.

The Chelsea Formation
Andre Villas-Boas has generally favored the 4-3-3 throughout his managerial career and this is what he usually opts for as his Chelsea formation.
Since the days of Jose Mourinho, Chelsea coaches have rarely strayed from the 4-3-3, a system that helped the club to two titles during his tenure. Carlo Ancelotti enjoyed success with the diamond formation, but Villas-Boas, who took over from the Italian in June 2011, is an advocate of 4-3-3.
In goal, Petr Cech is the undisputed number one and has been the club’s first-choice since joining from Rennes in 2004.
4: Defense
Jose Bosingwa or Branislav Ivanovic usually occupy the right-back slot. The pair have entirely different strengths, with Bosingwa uncomfortable when on the back foot, and Ivanovic more at ease with his defensive duties. The Portugal international is a better attacking option than Ivanovic, though the Serbian, who can also play in the center, is hard to stop when in full flow. Paulo Ferreira can also play at right-back, but has never really lived up to expectations in a Blues shirt.
In the center, captain and club stalwart John Terry is partnered by either David Luiz or Alex. Luiz is one of the best attacking central defenders in world soccer, and there are few more adept at dribbling the ball out of defense. Luiz can be rash, however, where as Alex is usually a picture of calm when selected by Villas-Boas. He also possesses a kick like a mule when given free-kick duties.
At left-back, Ashley Cole is the undisputed first-choice, having provided years of service for Arsenal, England and Chelsea. Still one of the best attacking full-backs in the Premier League, Cole is equally comfortable when on the defensive. Ferreira can also play at left-back if called upon, while young Ryan Bertrand is another option.
3: Midfield
Villas-Boas likes to play one holding midfielder, with Jon Obi Mikel, Oriol Romeu or Michael Essien all comfortable in that position. Essien can also play in a more advanced midfield role. Raul Meireles, Frank Lampard and Ramires are all given license to go forward, and all get regular games, with Chelsea involved on four fronts for much of the season. Josh McEachran is another option for Villas-Boas and is considered one of English soccer’s hottest prospects.
3: Attack
In attack, Juan Mata, signed from Valencia in August 2011, is a regular, and can play either left or right of the central striker. If Florent Malouda is selected, Mata is more likely to feature on the right, with left being the Frenchman’s preferred position. Daniel Sturridge and Nicolas Anelka, meanwhile, are two strikers comfortable in a front three because they can work effectively on the right of the attack and in the center.
With Didier Drogba and US$80 million striker Fernando Torres on the books, Anelka and Sturridge, more often than not, are deployed out wide. Drogba is the old fashioned center forward who leads the line and holds up the ball, while Torres prefers to use his pace and run on to through balls.
Salomon Kalou is another player who regularly features out wide in a front three, while Romelu Lukaku is seen as the eventual successor to Drogba at the point of the attack.
Succeeding as a Youth Soccer Coach
When my second son, Taylor, was playing soccer, somehow I let myself get talked into being his AYSO team soccer coach. He was probably about 6 or 7 at the time, and for the most part, we had a great time that season. Most of the team members were his friends, and the parents of the team members were always supportive and positive. And even though I knew very little about soccer, we all understood that the main purpose of our efforts was not necessarily to win games but to get the kids running, learn basic soccer skills and embrace sportsmanship.
But not all of the soccer coaches felt that way, even with these younger kids. Some were pretty intense, teaching skills and having expectations that were beyond the ability and sometimes the comprehension of the team members. And many became so frustrated with the performance of their team that they demeaned the less talented players and focused on winning at all costs.
So, how does a dad who gets recruited to be a youth soccer coach have a successful experience?
Key Responsibilities of a Soccer Coach
The National Soccer Coaches Association of America suggests three key areas of responsibility for youth soccer coaches.
Role Model. First and foremost, a soccer coach should model appropriate behavior and attitudes. Demonstrate respect for team members, parents, opponents and others. Praise whenever possible and model a positive attitude, regardless of the outcome of a game or practice.
Facilitator. A coach needs to understand why his players are there. In the younger age groups, the kids are primarily there to have fun and to learn basic skills. In some cases, they are there against their will as parents want them to have exercise and social experiences. Learn about each player and work to meet their needs while teaching basic skills.
Teacher. Help them learn the basic skills of soccer. Dribbling, passing, playing a position, and following rules are part of the overall soccer experience. Develop drills and games that will help them learn basic skills. A set of orange cones was my best investment as a coach. We could set up weaving courses, use the cones for goal corners and help the kids line up for passing drills. When you need to make corrections, help the children see a model of the skill you want them to refine. Then walk them through the key steps to success.
Characteristics of a Good Soccer Coach
As I have observed some coaches I consider to have been excellent with the players and families, these characteristics seem to stand out.
Patience. While this can be a challenge for some dads, it is essential to success as a coach. I remember lots of drills seeming so easy for some players and so hard for others and we did them over and over again until every player had a basic skill set. And often, practices were more about repetitive learning, and then introducing new skills one at a time.
Dependability. There is little more frustrating to a parent than to have a coach late or not show up at all. Be where you say when you say you'll be there.
Sense of Humor. There were so many times I just wanted to laugh out loud (and did at times) at soccer games and practices. Being able to be a little philosophical about failure and being willing to celebrate success, both with appropriate humor, are important to a team's feeling about itself.
Communication. Keeping team members and parents informed and up to date is critical. Having a good phone and email list is a good idea to keep everyone up to date with schedules, events, and expectations.
Good Sportsmanship. Good coaches model good sportsmanship. I remember not exemplifying this one time when our team was getting absolutely killed. We were behind about 9 goals at half-time and we were enduring some taunting from the other team and the parents. Maybe I was embarrassed; I don't know. But I said some things I regretted and set a bad example for the team. The next practice I apologized to the kids and parents and we talked about being a good sport in every situation. I hope it was a learning experience. But great coaches exhibit good sportsmanship.
Good quality coaching, focusing on basic skills, exercise and fun, makes all the difference in the experience of young children as they are introduced to soccer.
The Manchester United Formation
Sir Alex Ferguson generally favors the 4-4-2 formation
Sir Alex Ferguson has generally favored 4-4-2 as his Manchester United formation throughout his tenure at Old Trafford.
He has been known to switch to 4-5-1 when his side face a difficult match, often away from home, against one of their major rivals.
But 4-4-2 is United’s default setting, with youngster David de Gea generally selected in goal.
4: Defense
Ferguson has no shortage of alternatives in defense, with several of his players versatile enough to play in more than one position.
This is the case with Chris Smalling, who, although prefers to play in the center, can operate very effectively at right-back. Rafael da Silva is another option for that position, and his twin Fabio can also play there.
Nemanja Vidic is the undisputed first choice central defender. The club captain has never been afraid to put his head in where boots are flying, and is one of the first names on Ferguson’s team sheet. Rio Ferdinand has been his partner for several years, but injuries have meant Ferguson needing to find alternatives. In Smalling, and another England youngster Phil Jones, he has these. Jonny Evans is another that Ferguson turns to, but generally when others are injured.
The fiery Patrice Evra is the first choice at left-back. One of the best attacking full-backs in the world, the Frenchman has been a key presence in the defense since joining from Monaco in 2006. Fabio is Ferguson’s main alternative in that position.
3: Midfield
Nani, after taking a couple of seasons to find his feet at Old Trafford, is now a regular on the right of midfield. His pace, trickery and explosive shot means he is the player most similar in style to Manchester United legend Cristiano Ronaldo. Antonio Valencia is a harder working alternative on the right, while the versatile Park Ji-Sung can play on the right, left or center of midfield and is often selected by Ferguson when the Scot wants to contain the opposition.
In the center of midfield, Ferguson has a variety of different players to call upon. Darren Fletcher is one of Ferguson’s best midfield tacklers, an expert at upsetting the opposition’s rhythm. Michael Carrick and Anderson are better passers of the ball, but can contribute defensively when called upon. Tom Cleverley looks as though he has the potential to be an England international for many years, and made his United breakthrough in the 2011-12 season after a successful season on loan at Wigan. In his advancing years, Ryan Giggs has played less on the left and more in the center, lacking the pace to beat players on a regular basis. Darron Gibson and Jones are other options for Ferguson if injuries are taking their toll. Generally Ferguson will play one defensive midfielder and another more adept at going forward.
On the left of midfield, Ashley Young is the first choice. Excellent in one-on-one situations, Young loves to cut in and cross or shoot with his right foot. Giggs and Nani provide competition for Young’s place on the left.
3: Attack
Wayne Rooney is the main man up-front. One of the best strikers in the world, Rooney can play as an out-and-out striker, or behind the main frontman. One of Danny Welbeck or Javier Hernandez is usually favored to partner Rooney, who will play just in behind. Hernandez is perhaps the best finisher at the club.
Dimitar Berbatov and Michael Owen are next in line, but Ferguson usually opts for two from Rooney, Hernandez and Welbeck.
Catenaccio
Catenaccio was a form of defensive soccer used primarily in the 1960s and 70s.
Meaning literally “door-bolt” or “lock” in Italian, the system was made famous by Inter Milan coach Helenio Herrera who won two European Cups and three Serie A titles with the club in the 60s.
Catenaccio can trace its origins to Swiss soccer in the 1930s and 40s where Austrian coach Karl Rappan used the verrou ("doorbolt/chain" in French) system when in charge of the national team.
Rappan used a defensive sweeper called the verrouilleur who operated just in front of the goalkeeper and behind the defenders.
Italian supporters got a first real look at the system when Giuseppe Viani used it at Salernitana in the late 40s. Nereo Rocco's also Triestina pulled off a second place finish in 1947 using the system. Rocco then went on to employ it at Padova in the 50s, and achieved success with AC Milan, winning the European Cup and Serie A.
Catenaccio was not restricted to one single formation, and although the 1-3-3-3 was popular, 1-4-4-1 and 1-4-3-2 systems were also employed.
Teams using the system would play with extreme caution, hoping to score once and then close the game out, showing little ambition in the attacking third. Much emphasis was placed on the counterattack.
The sweeper played a key role in his position in front of the goalkeeper, man marking (double marking if necessary), acting as cover for the defense and clearing up loose balls.
It was the feisty Herrera who achieved genuine success using Catenaccio with Inter. He used a man-marking back four, with the sweeper picking up the loose balls. When in possession of the ball, his full-back Giacinto Facchetti would bomb forward to provide width. Facchetti was vital to Herrera’s counterattacking philosophy with his ability to sprint 100 meters in just 11 seconds.
The team so often relied on the genius of Sandro Mazzola behind the main striker and it was thanks in no small part to such a player that the system was deemed a success, because for all the emphasis on defense, the team needed a talisman, and Mazzola was the link man in La Grande Inter.
The likes of Luis Suarez behind him were also crucial to the counterattack and together they dominated domestically and in Europe.
Celtic’s win over Inter in the 1967 European Cup final was a blow to Catenaccio, while the Dutch press also announced its demise after Rinus Michels’ Total Football playing Ajax beat the Nerazzurri 2-0 in the 1972 European Cup final. Rocco’s AC Milan team were also thrashed 6-0 by Ajax in the European Super Cup the following year.
Catenaccio is rarely used these days, with the position of sweeper now almost redundant.