...eating. This can be the beginning of an eating disorder called Bulimia Nervosa. Many teens around this age feel insecure about their changing bodies because our society is obsessed with being thin which makes teens want to be thin so they can begin to feel loved and valued. Many times it can also be that they want to look like their favorite actor but the ones who think that need to realize that every individual is different, we all have our different style and taste which makes us have our own unique look. Eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes, this leads to impatient hospitalization and suicide attempts for morality. According to recent studies both anorexia and bulimia are most common in the United States. This research paper will point out the importance of eating disorders: bulimia and anorexia, how the theory “Social comparison” can be used for this topic when comparing the US to other countries that are the opposite of bulimia and anorexia such as force-feeding and will also state how different it is in a little town in Africa called Mauritania and a prison in Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. First of all, what are eating disorders? Eating disorders are psychological illnesses defined by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the determined of an individual’s mental and physical health. Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are the most common form of eating disorders. What is Bulimia? Bulimia...
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...Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa Have the Right to Refuse Life-Sustaining Treatment? Psych 515 March 25, 2013 Should Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa Have the Right to Refuse Life-Sustaining Treatment? There is a longstanding debate over whether treating an individual against the persons will is ethical or not. In cases of suicide most people agree that treatment with or without the person’s consent is preferable. In the case of anorexia nervosa, however, there is debate over if the person is competent enough to make decisions about life-sustaining treatment. This paper will process two differing views on the right to refuse life-sustaining treatment, one for and one against the use. The paper will cover the facts as well as opinions presented by both sides and the strengths, weaknesses, and how credible both sides were in the argument. Finally, the paper will select which side the author agrees with more as well as which side contemporary research supports. Facts and Opinions On one side of the argument is Heather Draper who believes that individuals with anorexia nervosa should be allowed to refuse life-sustaining treatment. According to Harper professionals should respect the individual’s right to refuse treatment, especially when the individual’s refusal is grounded in arguments about the quality of life and the burden of therapy (Halgin, 2009). Harper continues the argument with questions regarding the effectiveness of force feeding an individual, which may save...
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...Sally, a 22 year-old woman has been suffering from anorexia nervosa for six years. The recent weeks have seen her condition worsen to the extent that the Medical Officer has resulted to prescribing her artificial nutrition, PEG feeds, administration. Sally has however refused the artificial feeding, let alone the insertion of the PEG tube. Essentially, Sally is just an exemplar of the numerous cases that nurses’ encounter when patients refuse treatments that could save their lives. Hendrick (2000) indicates that in such cases, nurses, with patients’ best interest at heart question the possibility of employing coercion or other means to make the patient undergo the treatment. Veitch (2007) warns nurses or any medical practitioner on making patients comply with treatment citing that in healthcare, best practices, in reference to legal rights and ethical practices should act as effective tools that should make nurses and other medical practitioners decide on patients that refuse treatment. In addition, every case should be examined individually to decide the best course of action that nurses and the medical practitioners should take. Hence, in deciding on Sally’s case, the key question lies on whether Sally has a legal basis or right, as well as the ethical right of refusing treatment. Respect for autonomy, granted under the individual legal right to refuse or consent treatment automatically grants Sally the legal right to refuse treatment. However, the complexity, in reference to...
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...reproduced by permission of the American Academy of Pediatrics Silber TJ. Treatment of anorexia nervosa against the patient's will: ethical considerations. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2011;22(2):283-8, x. Adolesc Med 022 (2011) 283–288 Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa against the Patient’s Will: Ethical Considerations Tomas J. Silber, MD, MASS* Director, Pediatric Ethics Program, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Professor of Pediatrics, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 INTRODUCTION Practitioners of adolescent medicine are frequently the medical consultants responsible for determining the hospitalization of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), deciding whether they may require nasogastric tube feeding, and potentially recommending measures that may restrict their freedom. Thus the treatment of adolescents with AN can include ethically concerning practices such as privation of liberty, nonacceptance of treatment refusal, and limits on privacy and confidentiality, to name a few. Treating professionals are thus often caught between the conflicting values of respect for patients and their duty to prevent nutritional injury and even death. Therefore there is always a potential tension between obtaining the patient’s trust (fiduciary fidelity) and having to make recommendations that threaten this working relationship (fiduciary protection). In many, if not most, instances of treatment for AN, patients...
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...Eating disorders are a huge problem many people face on a daily basis. The National eating disorder associations states that eating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal and social issues. Most eating disorders tend to occur in people between the ages 12 and 18 but are possible at any age. Eating disorders are serious problems that can lead to many health issues and possibly death. Eating disorders are hard to avoid and harder to overcome, for some people it seems impossible, its a way of life not a choice (source 1). According to Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc., without treatment, up to 20% of people with serious eating disorders die. With treatment, 2 – 3% of people with anorexia die. Statistics on anorexia show that mortality rates from anorexia are the highest of any psychological disorder. Anorexia statistics show that with treatment, only 60% make a full recovery. About 20% make a partial recovery, meaning that they may be able to hold a job and maintain some superficial relationships but remain very focused on food and weight. They may continue to abuse laxatives or diet pills. They remain underweight. The final 20% stay dangerously underweight. They are seen frequently in emergency rooms, mental health clinics, inpatient hospital units, and eating disorder treatment programs. Statistics on anorexia show that between 1 – 5% of all female adolescents and young women are anorexic. Statistics...
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...Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Paper Photographic memories stick in people’s minds. Emotions and reactions that cannot be erased and are burned into the memory in one’s mind can have detrimental effects as well as saving someone’s sanity. Neurodevelopmental disorders are biological brain disorders that are responsible for early onset brain dysfunctions. The disorders can be genetic or acquired from trauma, heredity, the environment, or illness. This paper will discuss the behavioral criteria for two different disorders, along with the incidence rates, causes, and two treatment options for each disorder. The two different disorders that will be talked about in this paper will be autism and eating disorders. Autism What is autism? Autism is not considered by many a “serious” disorder; this disorder starts in infancy, and may be characterized by different factors: impaired language and communication, repetitive disorder and abnormal social development. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior” and educational and psychological testing. When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years...
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...Disorders Autism Autism it is a serious disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by abnormal social development, impaired language and communication, and repetitive behavior. The diagnosis of autism is based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total...
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...Anorexia Anorexia is a serious psychological disorder that affects most young girls from the ages of 13 to 21 years old. “Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most are teenage girls, however, males can develop this disorder as well.” (Gentile, 2010). There is no cause for anorexia, however many studies have been done to find the main cause of this disorder. Studies suggest that a genetic component may play a more significant role in determining a person’s chances of getting this disorder. One evidence that researchers are implying that there is a dysfunction in the part of the brain the hypothalamus which is a contributing factor in the development of anorexia (Gentile, 2010). Another theory is that under feeding an infant, and maternal depressive symptoms tend to be risk factors for developing anorexia as well. Though these are just hypothetical assumptions on why a person develops this disorder, most professionals still believe that the high demands on how a person perceives themselves in society is the main cause of men and women developing this disorder. The media and sports play a significant role in those dealing with this disorder. Young women see models and...
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...Question 1a WRITE NOTES ON Eating disorder Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) are psychiatric disorders with diagnostic criteria based on psychologic, behavior, and physiologic characteristics. Eating disorders is a broad name for a number of problems faced by human beings with food in our society. While majority slip into overeating or comfort eating at some point, for some the problem goes to life-threatening extremes. For instance a common type of eating disorder is the anorexia nervosa and bulimia; there is a deep fear of being overweight that leads to an obsession about restricting the number of calories the person is taking in. This leads to an extreme state of starvation, which in turn has a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence...
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...Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS SARA STANNER AMANDA WYNNE WHURR PUBLISHERS Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses This page intentionally left blank Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS PhD, SRD, RPHNutr Science Director, British Nutrition Foundation AMANDA WYNNE BSc, MSc, PGDipDiet, SRD and SARA STANNER BSc(Hons), MSc, RPHNutr Nutrition Scientist British Nutrition Foundation SERIES EDITOR MARILYN EDWARDS BSC(Hons), SRN, FETC Specialist Practitioner, General Practice Nursing, Bilbrook Medical Centre, Staffordshire W WHURR PUBLISHERS LONDON AND PHILADELPHIA © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd First published 2001 by Whurr Publishers Ltd 19b Compton Terrace London N1 2UN England and 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19106 USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue...
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...ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA Author: Kamau S. Macharia: BScN (Moi), MSc (studying) Nursing Leadership & Health Care Systems Management (University of Colorado, Denver), Higher Dip. Critical Care Nursing (Nbi). Graduate Assistant, School of Nursing & Biomedical Sciences, Kabianga University College (A Constituent College of Moi University), . P 0 Box 2030 20200 Kericho, Kenya , Tel +254 722224577, Email: symomash@gmail.com ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACING NURSES ON END-OF-LIFE ISSUES BASED ON CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS HELD IN ELDORET, KENYA ABSTRACT Problem Statement: A conference to discuss on ethical dilemmas is thought to be a good way of airing out issues. It is unfortunate that at times a patient in our care may die no matter what we do. Profound ethical questions on end of life issues confront the medical personnel as they watch and wait helplessly. This paper touches on ethics, law, social and public policy as they affect nursing practice. Setting: This is a conference proceedings report augmented with a case study of Nelly from a local setting and compares it with two others from elsewhere which were also presented during the conference. Conference was organized by Federation of African Medical Students Associations (FAMSA), Eldoret 2011. The author was a presenter...
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...PN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING EDITION . CO NT ASTERY SERI ES TM N E R EV MOD IE W LE U PN Mental Health Nursing Review Module Edition 9.0 CONtriButOrs Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE VP Nursing Education & Strategy Janean Johnson, MSN, RN Nursing Education Strategist Sherry L. Roper, PhD, RN Nursing Education Strategist Karin Roberts, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Nursing Education Coordinator Mendy G. McMichael, DNP, RN Nursing Education Specialist and Content Project Coordinator Marsha S. Barlow, MSN, RN Nursing Education Specialist Norma Jean Henry, MSN/Ed, RN Nursing Education Specialist eDitOrial aND PuBlisHiNg Derek Prater Spring Lenox Michelle Renner Mandy Tallmadge Kelly Von Lunen CONsultaNts Deb Johnson-Schuh, RN, MSN, CNE Loraine White, RN, BSN, MA PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg i PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg review Module editioN 9.0 intellectual Property Notice ATI Nursing is a division of Assessment Technologies Institute®, LLC Copyright © 2014 Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All rights reserved. The reproduction of this work in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, is forbidden without the written permission of Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All of the content in this publication, including, for example, the cover, all of the page headers, images, illustrations, graphics, and text, are subject to trademark, service mark, trade dress, copyright, and/or other intellectual property rights or licenses...
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...To me, compulsive overeating is a disease where a person has no control over their food intake. It's a constant eating, a wanting for a more and more. You can't get enough, sort of like a junkie looking for the next high. That is my relationship with food. And I have no control. People that suffer from Compulsive Overeating have what can be labeled not only as an eating disorder, but also as an addiction and even more so as an illness. There are many reasons why people become addicted to food, many using eating as a way to cope with problems or stress in their lives. Eating can also help them conceal their emotions, to fill the emptiness that they feel inside. Food is used as a narcotic to not deal with their feelings or emotions. The tendency for people with this eating disorder is overweight because of the abnormal eating habits. People that do not suffer from the epidemic can and won’t empathize with the victims because of the common stereotypes, stereotype such as greed, gluttony or lack of disciple. Simple suggestions to a sufferer such as “Just slow down or go on a diet” are equally insulting as telling a person suffering from Anorexia to “eat something”. Not only are the words hurtful, but this disorder will negatively bleed into the body and causes health risks. A sufferer with this Compulsive Overeating disorder is prone to high blood-pressure and cholesterol, can develop kidney disease or kidney failure, arthritis, deterioration of the bones, strokes, heart attacks,...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...CONTENTS Click on the up arrow to return here 1) INTRODUCTION 2) DEFINITIONS 3) ETHICAL THEORY 4) ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 5) NEGLIGENCE 6) CONSENT IN COMPETENT ADULTS 7) CONSENT IN CHILDREN 8) CONSENT IN INCOMPETENT ADULTS 9) CONSENT CONCERNING UNUSUAL IDEAS 10) ADVANCE DIRECTIVES 11) CONFIDENTIALITY 12) CONFIDENTIALITY AUDIT 13) EUTHANASIA 14) ABORTION 15) BIOTECHNOLOGY 16) SUGGESTED READING ONE – INTRODUCTION (Registrar) The importance of Ethical thinking in General Practice is becoming more and more apparent. It should not be thought that Ethics merely relates to the “Life and Death” issues in our Professional life – Abortion, Contraception, Euthanasia and the like. Ethical issues affect some part of almost every consultation, even if the ethical issue is something more mundane like obtaining adequate consent for an examination or respecting a patient’s dignity. Indeed, it could be argued that the Consultation skills that we foster so assiduously are actually Ethical skills – and that we need to know the patient’s “Ideas, Concerns and Expectations” in order to respect his Autonomy as well as in order to improve the outcome of the Consultation. In the 1998/99 academic year, I was appointed the deanery’s Medical Ethics fellow with a bursary from the MDU. I developed an approach to the teaching of GP ethics based on two half day sessions, which...
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