...Philippine forests and forestry By FLORENCIO TAMESIS THE forest is perhaps the most valuable replaceable natural resource of the Philippines. As a source of raw materials and revenue to the Government, it can be managed to yield for a long time more than it does at present. The latest estimate on the extent of the vegetative soil cover of the Philippines is as follows: | Area in Hectares | Percent | Commercial forest | 13,198,406 | 44.5 | Noncommercial forest | 4,296,786 | 14.4 | Marsh: | | | Fresh | 168,657 | | Salt | 438,155 | | | 606,812 | 2.0 | Open grassland | 5,203,620 | 17.5 | Cultivated | 6,434,348 | 21.6 | Total | 29,740,972 | 100.0 | Approximately 97.5 percent of the forest is owned by the Government and is administered by the Bureau of Forestry; 2.5 percent is privately owned. The greater bulk of the forest is in large blocks on the principal islands such as Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, and Palawan. Most of the forest is of the tropical rain type, complex in its composition. More than 3,000 species of trees attain a diameter of 30 centimeters (one foot) or more; however, less than sixty of these are marketed. Seventy-five percent of the stand consists of dipterocarps, commonly called lauan, to which "Philippine mahogany" belongs. It is conservatively estimated that the aggregate commercial standing timber is around 2,105,000,000 m3 ® (464,729,000,000 bd. ft.). Based on forest charges (government stumpage tax), this stand has a value of P2,341...
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...First Exam ABU 402 01, Spring 2015, Name:____________________, Date______________ Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Economics is the study of a) Production methods. b) How society manages its scare resources. c) How households decide who performs which tasks. d) The interaction of business and government. 2) United Nations Environmental Program is not concerned with one of these a) Global environmental outlook. b) Nitrogen pollution in one freshwater and oceans c) Global population growth. d) Measurement of ocean levels 3) The problem of equity involves the following a) If property right is assigned to a polluter where the community is poor, the community cannot pay the polluter not to pollute. b) If property right is assigned to the poor community, it will accept location of toxic waste dump and other polluting facilities out of desperate need for compensatory funds. c) In the preservation of open spaces, wealthy communities can buy the spaces but poor communities can’t. d) All of the above 4) Which of the following is an example of external benefit? a) Pollution from a manufacturing plant b) Public health policies mandating vaccinations c) Higher education d) Public health policies mandating vaccinations and higher education 5. Below is a Production Possibilities Frontier (PPC) for an economy. Which event would lead to the shift in the PPC curve from PPC0 to PPC1, (A) external benefits __ or (B) external cost __. [pic] ...
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...Frederick Weyerhäuser This paper is on Frederick Weyerhauser and his extraordinary leadership ability. Living in northern Michigan, the Weyerhauser Company does a lot for the forestry industry in this area. I was familiar with the company prior to taking this assignment. In addition, learning about the man’s accomplishment was very interesting to me. I enjoyed reading about how he gained corporation, though out the forestry industry while he became wealthy in the process. Introduction Friedrich (Frederick) Weyerhäuser life was based on challenges and opportunities. Coming from a small town in Germany, at age twelve, he was forced to quit school and work on the farm after his father's death. At the age of eighteen, he sold the family farm and immigrated to America. He brought his family with him, on only the money from the sale of the farm. That is when he changed his name to Frederick Weyerhäuser. Once in America, he started working at a brewery for a short period of time. He had a few other odd jobs and found himself working at a lumber mill. He was a hard working employee. He advanced quickly where he worked. “At the mill his hard work was rewarded with quick advancement, from mill man to night foreman to payroll manager, and finally was he was put in charge of the saw mill and later a lumber yard”(NNDB, n.d). The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership Leadership defined Frederick Weyerhauser came from a small begins in Germany, he worked hard, was a good family...
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...maintenance and enhancement of forest ecosystem conditions and productivity; the conservation of soil and water resources; the forest ecosystem contributions to global ecological cycles, multiple benefits to society; and accepting society's responsibilities regarding sustainable development. About more than three-quarters of Canada’s indigenous communities reside in forested areas (Nair 2009). The forest products industry employs more than 17 000 indigenous people directly and indirectly; though many are still developing skills for the job. This is much more than what we would find in The United States since many are privately owned lands. “The forest industry does business with more than 1 4000 firms run by indigenous people and about 1 000 forestry operations are owned by indigenous people” (Nair 2009). Still, many forests hold important cultural and symbolic values whether or not how many indigenous people own a part of a land. The fact that forests are so important to our day-to-day lives and to the ongoing functioning of the global ecosystems is reflected in the importance forests and trees hold in virtually all cultures (Martin’s lecture 1 slide). For example, many trees are considered sacred or are an important of their lives in certain religions. Many other cultural ceremonies take place in forests too! This means that indigenous people have potential in protecting our forests and trees for the betterment of our society and the...
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...as plantations, agriculture, pasture for cattle settlements, and mining. Unfortunately after the process of farming is complete the outcome is irreversible. The outcome is irreversible since deforesting land for farming; the soil is depleted of its nutrients. As the population grows more and more lands are being stripped to provide wood and land use for agriculture. One management practice is logging and which are located on steep slopes, the effects of these activities on watersheds will depend mainly on the layout of roads and skid trails and the quality of their maintenance. Other important factors are the felling and skidding techniques which are used in silvicultural treatments, protection against fire and pests, and other forestry activities. Forests or trees might be considered a non-renewable resource if they are cut down faster than they grow back. Many people think that the best...
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...Topic: Considering the current trend of forest management practice, develop an appropriate strategy to manage the forest resource of Bangladesh in a sustainable way. Acknowledgement In performing my assignment, it's a successful one I had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons. First of all I am grateful to Allah who gives me sound mind & sound health to accomplish my assignment. The completion of the report gives me much Pleasure. I would like to thank my gratitude Mr. Md. Jakariya (Jky), Course Instructor of Introduction to Environmental Science, Sec 4, North South University, Bangladesh for giving me a good guideline for assignment. I would like to thank School of Business Studies, North South University for updated education system in Bangladesh. Lastly I would like to deliver my whole hearted thanks to the persons of Forest Department of Bangladesh for their cordial cooperation. Actually it was not possible for me to complete a severe task without such help. So I pray the long life and good health for all the persons who have helped and co-operated me in my assignment research. Sabrina Alvi 20 December, 2013 Table of content Title | Page | Introduction | | Forest of Bangladesh Table 1:Forest area in...
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...Week 8 212-241 FORESTS -economically valued -timber from coniferous->softwood (important to Canadian economy) -timber from deciduous->hardwood -timber harvested in many ways -clear-cutting -new forestry, sloppy way of clear-cutting to leave trees, mimick natural disturbances -selection systems, some left behind -ecologically valued -NA timber industry focus on fast growing tree species in plantations -plantations more as crop agriculture than ecologically functional forests -maximum sustainable yield, argues for cutting trees shortly after they have gone through their fastest stage of growth -trees may be cut long before grown as large as they would in absence of harvesting -some harvesting seek uneven-aged stands, similar to natural forests -growth of NA fuelled by land clearing and logging -agriculture major cause of conversion of forests and grasslands -many parts of developing world uses slash and burn agriculture -agriculture in many countries supported by govt -Brazillian govt give subsidies to farmers clearing rainforest for farmland -livestock graze ¼ earth surface -possible overgrazing, ruin soil -deforestation proceeding rapidly in developing nations Forest Management Principles -harvesting of material should not occur at rate that exceed capability of resource to replenish -National Forest Strategy -many managers practice ecosystem-based management -attempts to manage harvesting to minimize impact on ecosystems -adaptive management...
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...Deforestation Deforest is defined as the cutting down and removal of all or most of the trees in a forested area. (Dictionary.com) The action of deforestation damages the quality of the land. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. (Wikipedia) Deforestation affects the environment greatly and is one of the primary contributors to climate change. When deforestation occurs, carbon dioxide is released and remains in the atmosphere. As the carbon dioxide accumulates it catches radiation, which leads to heat. Oxygen doesn’t hold radiation like greenhouse gasses do. The heat that is produced is considered global warming. Trees store carbon and when it is cut down that carbon is released into the air. According to the World Carfree Network (WCN), cars and trucks account for about 14 percent of global carbon emissions, while most analysts attribute upwards of 15 percent to deforestation. (Scientificamerican.com) Another aspect of the environment that deforestation affects is the water cycle. Trees help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts. (Society) Water vapor is a greenhouse gas. The flow of water vapor and carbon dioxide is disrupted directly by cutting down trees. The water that the trees draw from the ground is eventually emitted into the air. When the land is empty...
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...INTRODUCTION Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) serves and represents a new pattern in forestry as forest areas need to be adequately managed. As Young (1982) stated a long time ago, management of the forest for multiple land use is now common. This is due to the encroachment of forest areas and illegal felling in the protected forest areas. This brings about the determination of the use of the forest, forest land and forest products to ensure that the benefits derived today are similarly obtained in the future. Adekunle et al (2013), indicated that since the knowledge of tree growth parameters plus yield is very essential for effective forest management; data for the growth/ yield parameters can be obtained through field inventory by recording diameters and height along the stem or bole of a tree (Tonolli et al, 2011)...
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...The General Environment surrounding the timber industry and Weyerhaeuser is highly reliant upon six different segments. These segments are: demographics, economics, political/legal, sociocultural, technological and global. The environment within which a company operates is directly influenced by what is going on in each segment. Weyerhaeuser must constantly analyze the surrounding environment through scanning, monitoring, forecasting and assessing, to determine the environments changes and its subsequent effect on the company. Over the past decades the timber industry has had minimal demographic diversification. However, within the last decade they have recognized a demographic change within the U.S workforce and have mounted an aggressive campaign to recruit and develop job opportunities for women and minority groups. Weyerhaeuser, knowing that their current workforce is ageing has made it a priority to update their recruitment plans for new employees. Having seen class action lawsuits against other large companies for alleged gender and racial discrimination2, Weyerhaeuser is determined to change the internal culture of the company to incorporate women and minority groups into its workforce. Another issue for bringing in a diverse workforce for Weyerhaeuser has been its consumer market. In many states Weyerhaeuser’s markets are made up of a significant portion of an ethnic group. This has urged Weyerhaeuser to hiring a workforce that is supportive and reflects its consumer...
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...decades. The sanctuary is threatened by the destruction of its natural resources and by conversion into other forms of land use. The local people cultivate different agricultural crops in this area and use forest products such as wood as fuel or sell it to earn an income. On the other hand, CWS is a part of natural habitat of the globally threatened Asian Elephant. Therefore, restoration and conservation of the CWS is of particular importance for the conservation of Asian Elephant and also for other fauna and flora of the sanctuary. Moreover, CWS has considerable potential for carbon sequestration and trading. Forest Department (FD) in collaboration with GIZ is implementing a project entitled ‘Management of Natural Resources and Community Forestry, Chunati’ (hereinafter the ‘Chunati Project’), which aims at strengthening protection and enrichment of forest plantations and developing a model for carbon trading through carbon sequestration at the CWSThe project has four components: (a) Income generating measures (i.e., livelihood development), (b) Forest management, (c) Environmental education and awareness building, (d) Sustainable forest management (aiming at carbon trading). Arannayk Foundation is mandated to managing the livelihood development component...
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...bright metallic luster, hardness, density, and good conduction of heat and electricity. Mining 1. How are minerals extracted from the Earth and processed? 2. What are the different ways minerals can be mined? Provide a brief description of at least three types of mining. 3. What effect does extracting minerals have on the environment? Soil 1. What is your definition of soil? What is soil composed of? Why is soil important to the environment? 3. What types of organisms are found in soil? Determine the relationship between soil and organisms. 4. What is soil erosion? How can soil become polluted? What effect does soil erosion and pollution have on the environment? 5. What is the purpose of soil reclamation? Forestry and Rangeland Resources and Management Strategies 1. Differentiate between government-owned and public lands. Which government agencies are involved with government-owned lands? What is the purpose of government-owned lands? 6. Why is the forest an...
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...The Green Belt Movement Brad Nordstrom Grantham University The Kenyon government degraded and mismanaged the environment stripping the land of its trees and resources. This resulted in sever soil erosion which polluted the rivers and streams leaving the rural people with no clean water. In 1977, a women named Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement. Wangari Maathai, was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 2004 for founding the Green Belt Movement. Maathai is a Kenyan environmentalist and political activist who is focused on conserving the environment while ensuring womens rights and equality are brought to the forefront. The Green Belt Movement is an environmental organization that gives the power back to communities mainly to women to safeguard the environment. The reason this movement started was because in rural areas in Kenya women were reporting there streams were drying up, their food supplies were less and less and firewood was becoming scarcer. Maathai was a witness to soil erosion caused by treeless environments, she felt bound to do something to save the earth. She could not believe the results of deforesting would be the loss of exotic species and organisms. The Green Belt Movement’s mission is “to raise community consciousness on self-determination, equity, improved livelihood securities and environmental conservation using trees as an entry point.” Thanks largely to the efforts of both the GBM and the NCWK, women learn to communicate...
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...Case Study Country Case Study 8 February 2008 Systems for Verification of Legality in the Forest Sector, Malaysia: Domestic Timber Production and Timber Imports Adrian Wells (a.wells@odi.org.uk), Thang Hooi Chiew and Chen Hin Keong Contents 1. 2. Executive summary . . . . . . . pg. 3 . . . . . . . pg. 6 3. Law and policy governing forest management . . . . 3.1 Forests under the Federal Constitution . . . . 3.2 Forest management by the States . . . . . 3.3 Key jurisdictional differences between the Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak . . . . pg. 7 pg. 7 pg. 8 pg. 9 4. Law and policy on wood-based industries and the timber trade . . . pg. 19 5. Responses to illegality in the forest sector . 5.1 Control of domestic timber production . 5.2 Control of timber imports . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 21 pg. 21 pg. 27 6. 7. Institutional structures for legal verification of domestic timber production and imports 6.1 Overview . . . . . . . 6.2 Peninsular Malaysia . . . . . . 6.3 Sabah . . . . . . . . 6.4 Sarawak . . . . . . . . 6.5 Timber imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 30 pg. 30 pg. 30 pg. 42 pg. 55 pg. 67 The...
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...The decades-old debate between the logging industry and conservationists is starting up again. Today the house passed a bill that mandates higher levels of lumber production for much of the west. If it becomes law some regions will produce ten times more lumber. The package also includes an act from Congressman Raul Labrador (R – Idaho) that will give two million acres of federal forests to state and local communities to manage. Labrador says this bill will boost the economies of rural towns that are dependent on lumber production. But conservationists say we're taking two steps back to policies that once decimated our natural resources. Lumber production across the nation has dropped nearly seventy five percent in the last thirty years. Labrador says this decline has hurt communities that sprang up during the lumber boom in the seventies and eighties. He says the bill will give needed support to those communities. While environmentalists say most of congress doesn't understand western land management. "It is time to permanently provide our counties with a solution that will create jobs, generate tax receipts for the counties, and improve forest health," said Labrador when he argued in support of the bill. "This isn't like the battles days where it was jobs versus owls or environmentalists versus loggers,” said Rick Johnson of the Idaho Conservation League. “There is a lot more collaboration on the ground right now. We're working with communities in many different places...
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