...of learning French. The methodology used was to a certain extent based on Grammar-Translation Method. We had to learn French grammar rigorously. There were two grammar periods. Every topic taught was followed by a lot of application exercises. Then, there were tests at the end of the unit. We had one big fat book in French which had lessons based on grammar topics. The teacher would first teach the grammar topic and then the lesson was read out. We had to copy the vocabulary list and memorise it. There used to be a lot of homework in French. We also did a lot of translation exercises in from English-French and vice-versa. Most of the French class was copying all what was done on the board. The teacher’ voice was the only voice we heard. Today, when I use a variety of activities in my language class, I feel all the speaking and fluency I developed in French is because of my own hard work. I don’t think what I learnt as a student helped me to speak or write French. I feel the method I was taught was not very student-friendly and had a lot of disadvantages: 1. There was no speaking taught. No role-plays, no pair activities or group activities. 2. Every lesson had a same pattern, i.e. teacher explains the rules, and we memorize them and then apply them in sentences. 3. The listening we did was of our teacher’s voice. No other listening was practised in the class. As a result, after six years of French at school, I could not understand a word of French when I arrived...
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...edu Office location: Cheney Hall 209-F Phone: (509) 359-2857 Teaching schedule: Monday-Friday 11:00am-11:50am Classroom #: Williamson Hall 222 Office hours: M -Th From 12:00pm-1:00pm Spanish 101-04: 5-units course CRN: 11555 Department: Modern Languages, Literatures & Phil. Term: Fall 2010 DISCLAIMER: The syllabus and calendar are a work in progress. Keep in close contact, by attending class regularly and checking Blackboard on a daily basis. Required texts: -- Donley, Benavides, Márquez. Aventuras Primer curso de lengua española, 3rd edition, Vista Higher Learning -- Aventuras Lab Manual/ Workbook/Video Manual. Vista Higher Learning, 3rd edition -- Supersite, Aventuras 3a edition, Vista Higher Learning (pass code comes with new textbook) Also recommended: www.wordreference.com (on line bilingual dictionary & thesaurus); www.studyspanish.com (extra practice) Course Description: This course offers a beginning level of Spanish and forms a part of the SPAN 101, 102, and 103. SPAN 101 introduces Spanish language grammar, vocabulary, cultural information, oral practice, and writing. The weekly requirements include class meetings (Monday—Friday, or Monday/Wednesday/Friday), a visit to the language lab, daily homework and workbook and lab book assignments. You are allowed to bring food...
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...Phonics - To develop confidence in regards to the teaching of phonics. 1. Use different types of media to inform my understanding of phonics. (YouTube) 2. Observe phonics teaching in KS1. 3. Obtain phonics teaching policy and review the phonics scheme that the school uses to teach phonics. 4. Read DfE core criteria key features for an effective systematic synthetic phonics teaching programme. 5. Identify key phonics vocabulary in NC. 6. Read academic and practitioner literature on effective phonics teaching. 1. Every weekend use the internet to observe phonics teaching. 2. Observe 1 lesson each week in placement 1. Arrange weekly. 3. During the first week ask KS1 or EYFS coordinator for the policy and scheme. 4. Obtain a copy online and print off. Review this weekly before each observation. 5. Obtain phase lists from KS1 coordinator during week 1. 6. Library search 22.09.15 Complete all actions in SE1 before SE2 in KS1. Score an average of ‘confident’ in phonics RPD self-assessment audit by the end of SE2. Fully understand and be able to explain the meaning of key phonics vocabulary. (179) Teaching Writing – Transcription, composition, vocabulary, grammar and punctuation (SPAG). 1. Create my own SPAG test. Allow a profile child to attempt the test. 2. Go through a SPAG test and highlight knowledge gaps – turn this into a glossary of subject gaps. 2.b. Plan SPAG lesson relating to subject gaps with mentor then deliver to class. 3. Discuss...
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...1 The Induction-Deduction Opposition: Ambiguities and Complexities of the Didactic Reality Wilfried Decoo Published in IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 34, n° 2 (May 1996), 95-118. ("didactic" = pertaining to teaching and learning in a school context) Abstract An analysis of some of the scientific literature reveals that the terms "induction" and "deduction" often point to various concepts. A number of modalities need to be discerned, especially in the realm of "induction". Experimental comparisons of different methodological approaches may also neglect, to some extent, the complexities of what is really taking place in the classroom setting. The purpose of this article is not to take sides in the methodological controversy, but to contribute to a greater awareness of terminology identification and of the tangents, plural forms and crossings between didactic strategies that draw on "induction" or "deduction". Les termes "induction" et "déduction", tels qu'une analyse de la littérature scientifique nous les révèle, renvoient souvent à des concepts différents. Il semble utile de discerner les différentes modalités, en particulier dans le domaine de "l'induction". Les comparaisons expérimentales de différentes approches méthodologiques semblent négliger, du moins en partie, les aspects complexes de la réalité en classe. Cet article ne prend pas position dans la controverse méthodologique, mais désire contribuer à une plus grande prise de conscience d'une part...
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...Foreign studies about Academic Performance And Objectives Louisiana studies show foreign language students outperform their non-language peers on standardized test measures. •Bureau of Accountability (1984) •Eileen Rafferty (1986) •Mic Lang (1990) •Taylor-Ward (2003) The LDE, Bureau of Accountability (1984) conducted a study comparing the attainment rates and scores of 2nd, 3rd & 4th grade foreign language and non-foreign language students in reading, writing and math. It reported the number and percent of students reaching and not reaching a 75% performance standard on the Louisiana Basic Skills Testing Program during the 1983-84 school year. In each instance, FL students significantly outperformed non-foreign language students by 2-6 percentage points. Rafferty (1986) compared the 1985 basic skills Language Arts and Mathematics test scores of 13,200 randomly selected Louisiana 3rd, 4th, & 5th graders who did vs. did not study a foreign language. Both groups were matched for race, sex, and grade level. Significant differences appeared across all grades in Language Arts, with FL students scoring higher than non-foreign language students. By the fifth grade—this advantage was more than doubled in favor of the foreign language group. For math, however, 4th grade foreign language students showed some disadvantages, but by 5th grade, they performed better than the non-foreign language students. Lang (1990) explored the relationship of foreign language in...
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...Content-Based Instruction (CBI) is a significant approach in language education (Brinton, Snow, & Wesche, 1989). CBI is designed to provide second-language learners instruction in content and language. Historically, the word content has changed its meaning in language teaching. Content used to refer to the methods of grammar-translation, audio-lingual methodology and vocabulary or sound patterns in dialog form. Recently, content is interpreted as the use of subject matter as a vehicle for second or foreign language teaching/learning. * | Benefits of content based instruction 1. Learners are exposed to a considerable amount of language through stimulating content. Learners explore interesting content & are engaged in appropriate language-dependant activities. Learning language becomes automatic. 2. CBI supports contextualized learning; learners are taught useful language that is embedded within relevant discourse contexts rather than as isolated language fragments. Hence students make greater connections with the language & what they already know. 3. Complex information is delivered through real life context for the students to grasp well & leads to intrinsic motivation. 4. In CBI information is reiterated by strategically delivering information at right time & situation compelling the students to learn out of passion. 5. Greater flexibility & adaptability in the curriculum can be deployed as per the students interest. Comparison to other...
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...Incidental and Intentional Learning JAN H. HULSTIJN 1 Introduction There are two popular views on what it means to learn a second language. One view holds that it means months and even years of “intentional” study, involving the deliberate committing to memory of thousands of words (their meaning, sound, and spelling) and dozens of grammar rules. The other, complementary, view holds that much of the burden of intentional learning can be taken off the shoulders of the language learner by processes of “incidental” learning, involving the “picking up” of words and structures, simply by engaging in a variety of communicative activities, in particular reading and listening activities, during which the learner's attention is focused on the meaning rather than on the form of language. These popular views on intentional and incidental learning reflect, at best, only partially the ways in which these terms have been and are being used in the academic literature. Some empirical researchers attribute to them only a specific methodological meaning, in the context of laboratory-type learning experiments. Apart from this methodological sense, incidental and intentional learning have been given various interpretations, sometimes indistinguishable from two more widely used terms, namely implicit and explicit learning, respectively. There are virtually no experimental L2 grammar learning studies which are explicitly presented as “intentional” learning studies...
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...NOTES ON PERSONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE John Whelpton The reminiscences and reflections collected here cover almost six decades of language learning, from childhood in Nottingham, where I was born in 1950, through study at Oxford (1968-72), teaching English in Nepal (1972-74), working as a civil servant in London (1975-81), graduate studies and teacher training in London, Nepal, India and Manchester (1981-87) to the last twenty-two years when I have been teaching English in Hong Kong but paying regular return visits to the UK and to Nepal. I began the compilation early in 1997, when I was teaching only part-time and occupied mainly with an intensive course in Cantonese and with work for an M.A. in Applied Linguistics. At the suggestion of my course director, Professor David Nunan, I had decided that my M.A.dissertation would be a diary study of my efforts with Cantonese and I needed a summary of my previous language learning experience as part of the exercise as well as for incorporation, in condensed form, in the eventual dissertation (completed in September 1998). I included any language which I had been formally taught for any length of time and also any others which I had worked at on my own over long periods, but not those which I occasionally looked at just out of linguistic interest or to learn a few phrases for short holiday trips. Earlier drafts were circulated to friends and colleagues...
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...How to teach Grammar What is Grammar? Why should we teach Grammar? APPROACHES The deductive approach – rule-driven learning The inductive approach – the rule-discovery path The functional- notional approach Teaching grammar in situational contexts Teaching grammar through texts Teaching grammar through stories Teaching grammar through songs and rhymes Some rules for teaching grammar 2 3 6 10 15 21 25 27 28 31 1 What is Grammar? • • Language user’s subconscious internal system Linguists’ attempt to codify or describe that system • Sounds of language • Structure and form of words • Arrangement of words into larger units • Meanings of language • Functions of language & its use in context • • • • • Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics • • “Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces, to see how it works.” (David Crystal) Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Grammar is the mental system of rules and categories that allows humans to form and...
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...Philosophy Research Waldorf Education History: According to my research, Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner was born on February 25, 1861 and died on March 30, 1925. He was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericism. Steiner gained recognition and became respected and well-published scientific, literary, and philosophical scholar, particularly known for is work on Goethe's scientific writings. Also, He began to develop his earlier philosophical principles into an approach to methodical research of psychological and spiritual phenomena. After the I world war Rudolf Steiner was lecture his ideas for a society transformation, to workers factories in Germany. On April 23, 1919, he lectures for the workers of the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, Germany; in this lecture he mentioned the need for a new kind of comprehensive school. On the following day, the workers approached Herbert Hahn, one of Steiner's close co-workers, and asked him if their children could be given such a school. Independently of this request, the owner and managing director of the factory, Emil Molt, announced his decision to set up such a school for his factory workers' children to the company's Board of Directors and asked Steiner to be the school's pedagogical consultant. The name Waldorf thus comes from the factory which hosted the first school. In 1924 Steiner founded the General Anthroposophical Society, which today has branches throughout the...
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...Languages and Cultures, Department of French Syllabus Confirmation Form Date: Name: Course: FR By signing below, I confirm that I have read the Syllabus for my French course this semester and am responsible for knowing its contents, policies, and dates. Signed _____________________________________________________________________ Please return signed form to your instructor. FRANÇAIS 101 – Printemps 2013 COURSE POLICIES AND GRADING PROCEDURES Professeur : _______________________________________ Email : ______________________________________ Bureau : ________________ Heures de Permanence : __________________________ Please contact your instructor about course related issues. If you have further concerns, contact the Language Program Director, Dr. Jessica Sturm, SC 186 (jsturm@purdue.edu), or the Program Assistant, Mrs. Mary Eddy, SC 111 (meddy@purdue.edu). Required Texts: HORIZONS Manley, Smith, McMinn, Prévost (5th ed.) [printed copy required for classroom use] HORIZONS iLrn Heinle Learning Center Access (includes access to on-line Student Activities Manual) Required Equip: headphones for use in computer lab; you will also need a microphone in order to complete certain homework activities. Recommended: Larousse Concise English-French, French-English Dictionary (Larousse, Paris) or another dictionary of your choice A copy of the textbook is available on reserve in the Undergraduate Library. COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: French 101 is a beginning-level course designed...
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...GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS Grammar and Language Workbook G RADE 9 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 936 Eastwind Drive Westerville, Ohio 43081 ISBN 0-02-818294-4 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 03 02 01 00 99 Contents Handbook of Definitions and Rules .........................1 Troubleshooter ........................................................21 Part 1 Grammar ......................................................45 Unit 1 Parts of Speech 1.1 Nouns: Singular, Plural, and Collective ....47 1.2 Nouns: Proper and Common; Concrete and Abstract.................................49 1.3 Pronouns: Personal and Possessive; Reflexive and Intensive...............................51 1.4 Pronouns: Interrogative and Relative; Demonstrative and Indefinite .....................53 1.5 Verbs: Action (Transitive/Intransitive) ......55 1.6 Verbs: Linking .............................................57 1.7 Verb Phrases ................................................59 1.8 Adjectives ....................................................61 1.9 Adverbs........................................................63 1.10 Prepositions...
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...Professor: Kate Liu Student: Anna Chen/ 正菁 Date: 04-26-2010 Miguel Street by V.S. Naipaul The History of Trinidad Trinidad was inhabited by Carib and Arawak people long before Christopher Columbus arrived, but the recorded history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Spanish. Both islands were encountered by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage in 1498. Tobago changed hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, but eventually ended up in British hands. Trinidad remained in Spanish hands until 1797, but it was largely settled by French colonists. In 1889 the two islands were incorporated into a single crown colony. Trinidad and Tobago obtained self-governance in 1958 and independence from the British Empire in 1962. It became a republic in 1976. The Author V. S. Naipaul (1932~, ) is a Trinidadian novelist and essayist of Indo-Trinidadian descent. He is widely considered to be one of the masters of modern English prose. He has been awarded numerous literary prizes including the Booker Prize (1971) and the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British Literature (1993). V. S. Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001. In 2008, The Times ranked Naipaul seventh on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". The Book Miguel Street is usually treated as a “semi-autobiographical” novel by V. S. Naipaul set in wartime Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul wrote it while...
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...Herbert Seliger, Noel Houck, Judith Robertson, Steven Sternfeld, Batyia Elbaum, Adrian Palmer, John Oller, John Lamendella, Evelyn Hatch, John Schumann, Eugene Brière, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Larry Hyman, Tina Bennet, Ann Fathman, Janet Kayfetz, Ann Peters, Kenji Hakuta, Elinor Ochs, Elaine Andersen, Peter Shaw, and Larry Selinker. I also would like to express my thanks to those scholars whose work has stimulated my own thinking in the early stages of the research reported on here: John Upshur, Leonard Newmark, and S. Pit Corder all recognized the reality of language "acquisition" in the adult long before I did. I would also like the thank Eula P. Krashen and Judy Winn-Bell Olsen for their special contributions. ii Contents Introduction 1. Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor 2. Attitude and Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition and Learning 3. Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in...
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...Professor: Kate Liu Student: Anna Chen/ 正菁 Date: 04-26-2010 Miguel Street by V.S. Naipaul The History of Trinidad Trinidad was inhabited by Carib and Arawak people long before Christopher Columbus arrived, but the recorded history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Spanish. Both islands were encountered by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage in 1498. Tobago changed hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, but eventually ended up in British hands. Trinidad remained in Spanish hands until 1797, but it was largely settled by French colonists. In 1889 the two islands were incorporated into a single crown colony. Trinidad and Tobago obtained self-governance in 1958 and independence from the British Empire in 1962. It became a republic in 1976. The Author V. S. Naipaul (1932~, ) is a Trinidadian novelist and essayist of Indo-Trinidadian descent. He is widely considered to be one of the masters of modern English prose. He has been awarded numerous literary prizes including the Booker Prize (1971) and the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British Literature (1993). V. S. Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001. In 2008, The Times ranked Naipaul seventh on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". The Book Miguel Street is usually treated as a “semi-autobiographical” novel by V. S. Naipaul set in wartime Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul wrote it while employed at...
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