...of the model. Krashen’s Theory for Second Language Acquisition Krashen’s theory consists of five hypotheses: 1) The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis; 2) The Natural Order Hypothesis; 3) The Monitor Hypothesis; 4) The Input Hypothesis; 5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis states that second language learners develop their ability in the second language in two ways: acquisition and learning. Acquisition is generally subconscious. People are not usually aware of their increasing proficiency. They acquire a “feel” for the language and have little conscious knowledge of the rules of that language. Learning, on the other hand, is a more formal process which is aided by rules and error correction. Krashen (1994) summarizes: “In everyday terms, acquisition is picking up a language. Ordinary equivalents for learning include grammar and rules” (p.52). The Natural Order Hypothesis states that “students acquire (not learn) grammatical structures in a predictable order” (p.52). In other words, some structures are acquired earlier than others. An important component of this hypothesis is that the acquisition order is different for the first language than for the second language. Although individuals differ in their exact order of acquisition there can be said to be an average order and a natural order. Importantly, this does not imply that teachers should teach language in order of acquisition. In...
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...THANDOKUHLE NXIWENI 13160339 ENGLISH 322: ASSIGNMENT 2: PART 1 15 SEPTEMBER 2015 In Second Language Acquisition there are different explanations provided by behaviourist and cognitivist theorist for how second language is learned, the origins of errors and how errors should be dealt with. For each theory, behaviourist theory and cognitivist theory, there are different features for their explanations of how language is learnt and each theory views the origins of errors and how they should be dealt with, differently. There are various techniques and teaching methods that are used in these theories. The behaviourist theory takes concepts from behaviourists such as Skinner, from behaviorism in psychology. The theorist refers to a process called habit formation and that all learning is habit formation. When children are learning their first language, they do it by imitation. The child will imitate the sounds and patterns that they hear around them. The adult will hear that the child is attempting to make sounds and they will encourage them through reinforcements such as a reward for the sound. The child will keep on repeating and practicing the sound in order to gain more rewards and by doing this it conditions the child’s verbal behaviour until the habit agrees with the adults habits. Therefore the reinforcements lead to habit formation. Second language acquisition has a lot in common with the way that first language is acquired. Second language is learnt in a similar...
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...Ursachen des ersten Weltkriegs * Anfangs des 20. Jahrhunderts * beherrschten die europäische Mächte einen großen Teil der Welt * Einwohnerzahl Europa * 1800 lebten 195 Millionen dort * 1900 lebten 422 Millionen dort * 1914 lebten 450 Millionen dort * 60 Millionen Menschen wanderten aus (In Nord- und Südamerika und in den Kolonien) * Wegen großen Bevölkerungsdruck * Wirtschaft in Europa * 88% des Weltweit investiertes Kapital * 80% der Weltweit gehandelten Güter * Europa und USA lieferten 85% der weltweiten industriellen Produktion * Industrielle Revolution hatte Europa im 19.Jahrhundert einen Vorsprung verschafft in * Finanzieller- * Technologischer- * Wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht * Um Fabriken und Wirtschaft am laufen zu halten brauchte es * Rohstoffe * Märkte für seine Waren * 1914 waren europäische Großmächte überall auf der Welt präsent * Europäische Kolonien befassten die Hälfte der Erdoberfläche * Europa war vielfältig und gespalten * In Frankreich war man wegen der hohen Bewohnerzahl Deutschlands beunruhigt (40 Mio. zu 63 Mio.) * Industrialisierte Regionen standen in Konkurrenz zu einander * Z.B lieferte GB 14% der Weltweiten Produktion während Deutschland 15,7% lieferte * Manche Staaten gab es seit langer Zeit (Z.B Frankreich, Russland, GB) * Seit 1850 hat sich das Osmanische Reich geschrumpft (hat Gebiete verloren) ...
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...STRATEJİK YÖNETİM DERSİ CORONA BEER: “MEKSİKALI YEREL OYUNCUDAN, KÜRESEL BİR MARKAYA” Grupo Modelo 1922 de Aile Şirketi olarak kurulmuştur. Meksika’nın lider bira üreticisidir. Amerika ve Kanada’nın lider bira ithalatçısıdır. Startejik bir birleşmeyle Nestlé su markasına ortak olup, Meksika’da üretim ve dağıtımını yapmaktadır. Grupo Modelo 1994 de Meksikan Borsa’sında ‘GMODELOC’ sembolüyle işlem görmektedir. Grupo Modelo, 1922 yılında Pablo Diez tarafından Meksika’da kurulmuş olup, 1925’ten beri Corona birasını üretmektedir. Grupo Modelo, dünyanın en çok satan Meksika birası Corona Extra’nın yanında, Modelo Especial, Victoria, Pacifico, Negra Modelo, Estrella, Leonand Montejo’yu içeren 13 farklı marka bira üretmekte ve dağıtmaktadır. 160 ülkede mevcuttur ve 5 marka ihraç eder. Meksika’daki Budweiser, Bud Light ve Oapos’ un bağlı olduğu Anheuser- Busch InBev’in ithalatçısıdır, ayrıca Çin markası Tsingtao ve Danimarka birası Carlsberg’i de ithal eder. Corona Beer Zaman Tüneli 1925 yılında Cervecería Modelo, başkent Meksiko City’de ilk bira fabrikasını açmıştır. 1928 yılında Modelo ve Corona markalarından 8 milyon şişe satılmıştır. 1930 yılında Negro Modelo birası ilk kez satışa çıkmıştır. 1933 yılında Grupo Modelo, seyrek olarak ABD’ye ihracata başlamıştır. 1935 yılında İlk extralight birası Moravia’yı piyasaya sürmüştür. 1935 yılında Grupo Modelo, Victoria ve Pilsener markalarının üreticisi olan Compañía Cervecera Toluca y México’yu satın almıştır. 1939...
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...Grundvollzüge der Kirche Die Kirche kennt drei Grundvollzüge oder Grunddienste, in denen sie sich im Auftrag Jesu versteht und in der einzelnen Gemeinde und als Weltkirche handelt. Anders ausgedrückt: Die Aufgabe der Kirche und der Christen ist es, von der Frohbotschaft Zeugnis zu geben (Martyria oder Verkündigung), das Gedächtnis Jesu zu feiern und die Menschen im Alltag und an den „Knotenpunkten des Lebens“ zu stärken (Liturgia) und schließlich die konkrete Nächstenliebe spürbar und erfahrbar zu machen (Diakonia). Die Sendung und Aufgabe der Kirche wird erst dann ich rechter Weise verwirklicht, wenn die an Jesus Christus Glaubenden (also die Christen) dies in Gemeinschaft tun und auf Gemeinschaft hin entwickeln. Der „geschwisterliche“ Umgang der Menschen betrifft alle Grunddienste der Kirche. In der theologischen Fachsprache wird dieser Gemeinschaftsauftrag „Koinonia“ genannt. Diese Koinonia oder Communio wird etwa auch dadurch deutlich, dass die Kirche nicht nur Kirche der Amtsträger ist, sondern alle an der Communio Anteil haben sollen (also Kleriker und Laien). So sind seit dem II. Vatikanischen Konzil auch wieder vermehrt demokratische Strukturen und Gremien, also sogenannte "synodale Elemente" in der Kirchenstruktur wiederbelebt worden, z. B. Pfarrgemeinderäte, Dekanatsräte, Diözesanräte oder etwa das Zentralkomittee der Deutschen Katholiken (ZdK), das sich als Verband der Laien in der katholischen Kirche versteht und immer wieder zukunftsweisende Impulse für die kirchliche...
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...When revisiting Krashen and Vygotsky , their philosophical view of language is viewed as a tool that is best used when the individual feels that it is important, natural, and relevant to them in Vygotsky’s view, the collaborative interaction of learners as part of a social system within the classroom takes place between students who are MKOs (More Knowledgeable than Others), and their peers. The cooperative learning with MKOs helps empower their peers to absorb new information, and to allow learning to take place as a process. Vygotsky theorizes that this process occurs within a student’s ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development) and that the goal of the relationship between the MKOs and their peers is to extend the peers’ ZPD by increasing the knowledge, and expanding their learning potential (Vygotsky, 1978). Concisely, both Bandura and Vygotsky concide in that the learner’s role within a society that invites the acquisition of new behaviors and skills is the underlying motivator that enables the learning to occur. This is how, whether cognitively, intra or inter psychologically, socially, or behaviorally, these theorists embody the promotion of social change through the theoretical notions of learning and acquisition that are promoted in their philosophical benchmarks. Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition is one that combines social learning and cognitive development. It agrees with Bandura in that language is a process that is learned through observation and modeling...
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...The Input Hypothesis: Krashen views the whole process of language learning through five integral hypotheses, which we can find very interesting if we did not account for the big leaks that each of those hypotheses has while reading them. It makes a lot of sense to differentiate between learning and acquisition, as Krashen does, claiming that acquisition happens subconsciously and we produce language by the knowledge we gain; whereas learning is a conscious process entailing realizing “rules” and being able to talk about them. This differentiation reminds us of the two major types of cognitive knowledge: Procedural Knowledge and Declarative Knowledge, to which Krashen never connects his hypothesis, claiming that acquisition is guided by Universal Grammar through the Language Acquisition Device and that learning can never be turned into acquisition in a formal setting. He also thinks that the learned knowledge acts as a filter or a monitor on the acquired knowledge which is responsible for production, but he does not account for this monitor in comprehension in both L1 and L2 settings. Supporting these claims, Krashen studied the order of morpheme acquisition to assume that language is acquired in a predictable order controlled by the Universal Grammar, but he ended up noticing differences and variations in the order. The last two hypotheses of Krashen, which mainly account for second language learning, are the Input and the Affective Filter Hypotheses. People acquire second languages...
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...interactions between parents and children often took the form of speech from the parent followed by a physical response from the child. Asher made three hypotheses based on his observations: first, that language is learned primarily by listening; second, that language learning must engage the right hemisphere of the brain; and third, that learning language should not involve any stress. Total physical response is often used alongside other methods and techniques. It is popular with beginners and with young learners, although it can be used with students of all levels and all age groups. Natural approach From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It aims to foster naturalistic language acquisition in a classroom setting, and to this end it emphasises communication, and places decreased importance on conscious grammar study and explicit correction...
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...Bilingual language is beneficial for the child’s first language and English development “Language constitutes us, it gives us meaning and allows us to make meaning, and it develops and abolishes spaces.” (Benjamin, 2002). Critiques of bilingual education continually claim that children can only learn one language at a time after which they are taught a second language (Krashen, 2000). They assert that bilingual education cause confusion among children and limit their intelligence capabilities; they argue that real bilinguals cannot combine their language. Advocates of bilingual education present arguments on its benefits, they suggest that, for many children the process of being literate and studying a new language simultaneously is overwhelming and that the bilingual process assist them to develop their native language first which results to a smooth transition to English. The main aim of the bilingual program was to promote the prominent language to issue instructions and at the same time enhance the development of the second language. Some define it in aspects of its capability to enhance cognitive and effective development while others view that it should focus on cultural enrichment and linguistic development. However, in some bilingual programs, instructions are issued through the use of the second language especially in cases where the first language erodes over time. (Baez, 2002) As the child proficiency in English increases he or she loses grasp of the native language...
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...This activity is based on the NATURAL APPROACH (Krashen & Terrell, 1983; Terrell et al, 1997) as it is possible to recognize in the reading the elements that are involved in it . These elements are Comprehensible Input, Natural Order, Language Acquisition, Monitor, and the Affective Filter. At the beginning of the article the author mentions that the use of charts and tables is a good way of providing comprehensible input imbedded in a meaningful context. According to Krashen the Input Hypothesis answers the question of how a language acquirer develops competency over time. He states that a language acquirer who is at "level i" must receive comprehensible input that is at "level i+1." "We acquire, in other words, only when we understand language that contains structure that is 'a little beyond' where we are now." This understanding is possible due to using the context of the language we are hearing or reading and our knowledge of the world and this is possible using instructional material based on real information as in the reading. Another interesting idea worth mentioning is the fact that these charts and tables can be used not only with basic level students but also with more advanced supporting the idea that the speech emerges in stages. The article points out that students at the first levels should only answer simple questions with one word. On the other hand advanced students might provide more elaborated answers emphasizing the feature that the input should...
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...Review of “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force Stephen Krashen University of Southern California Kellie Rolstad Arizona State University Jeff MacSwan Arizona State University The “Research Summary and Bibliography for Structured English Immersion Programs” of the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force purports to present a scholarly and balanced review of current scientific knowledge regarding effective programs for English Language Learners (ELLs) in general and Structured English Immersion (SEI) in particular. However, we find that the review neglects to reference significant research bearing on the questions raised, and frequently draws inappropriate conclusions from the research presented. Perhaps most disappointing is the tendency in the review to neglect important conceptual distinctions which could have usefully guided the research summary. Below we address each area of literature review in turn, pointing out significant limitations and incorrect interpretations as they arise. 1. What is the current state of scientific research in the area of effective instruction for English Learners? The review cites references to make the point that there are relatively few high quality studies regarding program effectiveness for English Language Learners, with estimates ranging from five (Gersten & Baker, 2000) to fifty (Genesee, Lindholm-Leary, Saunders...
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...I decided to read, Is CALL Obsolete? Language Acquisition and Language Learning Revisited in a Digital Age by Huw Jarvis and Stephen Krashen. Computer-Assisted Language Learning or CALL for short has become an ever expanding. CALL was created to help people learn different languages with the use of computers. It came about in the 1960's before much was known about how we learn different languages. I think this seemed like a good idea at the time, but the creator just did not have enough data on how humans learn new languages. Now fifty years later different methods and practices of it have helped more people to better understand languages that are new to them. When CALL was first created it used a method that like I said seemed a good idea, but did not help people grasp languages that were new to them. The method that was used was more of a read and repeat method. We now know that while this method may have aided in language learning, it did not contribute to language acquisition. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines acquisition as "the act of getting or acquiring something: such as the act or process of gaining skill, knowledge, etc". This means that you can read and repeat all you want, but you are not gaining the skill or full knowledge of this new language. When learning a new language we also need understanding. According to Krashen, 2003, 2001, "we acquire language and develop literacy primarily from understanding what we read and hear, that is , when we obtain comprehensible...
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...Nature versus Nurture Lloyd Williams W00634255 lloydvw@yahoo.com Nature • People are born with some innate abilities that they use to interact with and understand the world world. • Through prolonged use, learners will eventually achieve proficiency in the target language. Nurture • People are born “tabula rasa” (or blank slate) and become who they are through the course of their lives alone alone. • Students need to be taught their language. Naturists vs. Nurturists vs • Noam Chomsky oa C o s y • Stephen Krashen • Gardner • • • • Vygotsky ygots y Piaget Pavlov Skinner The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • Test created in 1905 to predict which students would benefit from teaching. • Attempts to objectively measure “intelligence” intelligence • Scores are given as numbers that show the test taker’s results relative to others. • When adjusted for age, a person’s IQ generally does not vary greatly over the course of their life. • IQ tests can be given on various skills (linguistic, math, etc) Nurture Theories (Skinner) Behaviorism B h i i • Knowledge and Linguistic ability results from stimulus-response conditioning. • Focus is on controlling behavior not behavior, cognitive processes. •C Concerned only with d l ith observable/measurable behavior. Nurture Methods The Audio-lingual M th d Th A di li l Method • Based on Behaviorism – Positive reinforcement of desired production – Emphasis on “correctness” ...
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...The Effect of Music on Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition This Document Originally Appeared in NATIONAL NETWORK FOR EARLY LANGUAGE LEARNING Volume 6, Number 3 Spring 1993 Suzanne L. Medina, Ph.D. School of Education Graduate Education Department California State University, Dominguez Hills 1000 East Victoria Street Carson, CA 90747 Fax: (310) 514-0396 E-mail: smedina@forefrontpublishers.com It is currently a common practice to use songs in the classroom to support second language acquisition. The literature abounds with positive statements concerning music as a vehicle for first and second language acquisition. At the same time, empirical support for music as a vehicle for second language acquisition is lacking and there is concern that music may be simply a supplemental activity with little instructional value. In this study, the effect of music on the acquisition of English vocabulary in a group of second grade limited-English proficient children is reported. Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition In recent years, second language researchers have concerned themselves with the acquisition of vocabulary and have distinguished between vocabulary that is acquired incidentally and vocabulary that is acquired intentionally. During the preschool years, children rely exclusively on the oral language they listen to in order to acquire their first language. This acquisition of language takes place before children can read and without explicit instruction of any...
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...ESL-223N SEI English Language Teaching: Foundations & Methodologies Grand Canyon University May 13, 2012 Second Language "Standards for Success": Out of Touch with Language Acquisition Research is an article written by Stephen Krashen. (2005; International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 1(2): 12-16) This article discus the foreign language learning standards and how they may apply to a school curriculum. The article talks about comprehension and its role when it comes to language. There was some research that determined a lot of others relay to us or what we may read and understand helps with the theory of comprehension hypothesis. This hypothesis can help a student develop their language. If the student is read to and talk to in the language they are attempting to comprehend this will help the student better understand that language. The more the student is exposed to different words and their meanings the better the student chances of learning that new language. A teacher could use the comprehension hypothesis in their personal situations by conducting their classes in the language they would like each student to learn. For example if the students at Ell students the class should be conducted in as much English as possible so that the students can get a better understanding of the language. The teacher should use correct grammar when talking and reading to the students. The article talks about how students can make some improvements to their writing skills...
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