...figures in the subject of Human Development and Psychology, but the most significant would have to be Sigmund Freud. Freud was most famous for his ideas on dreams (interpretations), childhood sexuality (Theory of Sexuality), and the role of the unconscious (The Psychic Apparatus). He saw himself as a scientist who had understood the mysteries of the mind, which he would later call Psychoanalysis or his “New Science”. While Freud was working in psychiatric hospitals and clinics, he became interested in a mental illness called Hysteria. Hysteria is a nervous disorder where patients experience physical symptoms but have no underlying physical disease. Which lead him to use hypnosis, and create the term psychoanalysis. I learned that Freud did not come up with the treatment of Psychoanalysis on his own. His colleague Yoseif Breuer made Freud begin to think about Psychoanalysis after his tries with hypnosis on his Hysteria patients. Although Freud may have gone deeper into the foundation of Psychoanalysis, the first person who should be recognized with the term Psychoanalysis should be, Yosief Breuer. Freud used a metaphor describing the antiquities he had in his office: “These are characteristics of what I do, I am too am an Archaeologist, and I like to dig, and what I dig at or dig into is the human mind.” Which I think this is a perfect reference to his interest in dreams. Freud believed that dreams provided us a deeper understanding of our behavior. He said “the content of a dream...
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...Born on December 3, 1895, Anna Freud was the youngest daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud’s six children. As a young girl, Anna was always fighting for Martha's attention. Constantly in the shadows of older sister Sophie’s beauty, Anna learned to loath Sophie and Martha and took to her father. Anna was continuously reading the works of Sigmund and became instantly interested in psychoanalysis. As Anna grew, she began to work with Sigmund exploring the idea of psychoanalysis and together they turned it into one of the most widely used methods of psychology. The mutual interest in psychoanalysis brought father and daughter together and formed a close bond between them. Sigmund stated in his book “The Interpretation of Dreams” that, “Annerl had a masculine appetite and aggression, and is beautiful with naughtiness” (Hernandaz, 2008). When Anna was around seventeen years old, she took a two year vacation in which she stayed in Vienna with her grandmother. At the time, Anna was suffering from an illness that was then called, “it”, but can be safely labeled as depression (Hernandaz, 2008). While on vacation, Sigmund wrote to his daughter often and offered advice on how to overcome the “it” she was suffering from. Half way through the vacation however, Anna received a letter from Sigmund stating she was not invited to her sister Sophie’s wedding and subsequently, Anna was once again overtaken with depression. After her two year stay in Vienna, Anna, "...worked as an elementary school...
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...Introduction to Personality p. 1 Introduction to Personality Paper PSY/ 405 January 14, 2014 Edward Lopez Introduction to Personality p. 2 Introduction to Personality The definition of personality has yet to be established as one by psychologists rather each has their own definition and theories of personality. Personality is the continuois presentation of attributes and distinctions that contribute to variety in human thought and behavior (Feist &Feist, 2009). In order to create a better understanding of distinctions...
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...Introduction to Personality Deanna Guarino-Embry PSY/405 August 12, 2013 Les Binnix Introduction to Personality The fluidity of personality makes the subject difficult to pinpoint and define. The perception of personality continues to fill psychological literature and study with widespread research and theory. Personality is the continuous presentation of attributes and distinctions that contribute to variety in human thought and behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). To enable more precise understandings of such differences and distinctions, psychological theorists develop explanations and parameters from various contexts. Psychoanalytic, humanistic and/or existential, dispositional, and learning theories help psychologists account for why and how people develop such individual and specific characteristics. They study these characteristics and the significant affects that the characteristics have on human development, as well as, the whole of human nature. Personality Defined According to Feist,& Feist (2009) personality is a global concept referring to a relatively permanent pattern of traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some degree of consistency to a person’s behavior. Feist & Feist (2009) also wrote "Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior...
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...On the 16th of September in 1885, Clotilde and Berndt Wackels Danielson, a ship’s captain, became the proud parents of the one and only Karen Horney, a pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis (Boeree, 1997). She along with her brother, also named Berndt, and five step-siblings described their father as an authoritarian who ruled with an iron fist and held a strong religious code of ethics; so much so that he was given the nickname of the “the Bible thrower” (Boeree, 1997). Her mother Clotilde, (also known as Sonni) on the other hand, was the complete opposite of her father and was 19 years his junior. Her childhood was one of contradicting perceptions. Horney portrayed her father as a harsh man who favored her brother Berndt more than he did Karen. This representation of her father, however, is negated by the fact that her father would continuously bring her back small trinkets from his excursions around the world (Boeree, 1997). Not only that, but he also allowed her to accompany him on several of his voyages, which considering the time in which they lived in, when women were still inferior to men, was quite odd. Whether this perception of her father is correct or incorrect, ultimately Karen’s viewpoint would end up having the bigger impact, leading her to the very deep-seated relationship she held with her mother; a closeness that resulted in her nickname as her mother’s “little lamb” (Boeree, 1997). Horney spent...
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...Karl Marx Vs. Sigmund Freud: Were They Really That Different? It is safe to say that Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud can be classified as some the most highly intellectual men of not only their time, but possibly ever. These were men that viewed the world from a different lens then most people and through their views can be seen as revolutionary. This poses the question: Were these many really that different? Were they in fact similar? The answer to both is yes to a certain extent. Through the reading and in class lectures I formulate the opinion that both Freud and Marx saw some kind of conflict in society as well as man, they just approached it differently perhaps due to life experience as well as their schooling. Sigmund Freud, a superbly intelligent neurologist, believed that mans constant struggle could be directly related perhaps to a psychological conflict within their psyche. Marx on the other hand, a brilliant thinker and revolutionist, believed that society’s as well as mans pitfall could be attributed to economic struggles. As you can see Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud had very deep intellectual views on society and now I will go more in depth and pick apart both the beliefs. Karl Marx, An educated German thinker viewed society as well as human nature harshly. Marx, through writing the Communist Manifesto can be seen as a man who believed in equality and harmony, which he believed, could be achieved through government. Marx believed that through sharing we could achieve...
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...A therapeutic crossroads My client is a young woman, white, middle-class and well-educated. She came into therapy because she feels unable to proceed in any direction with her work life, or make meaningful contact with anyone apart from her partner; she has been very unhappy for a long, long time. In sessions, she often lapses into silence, unable to move or speak. Sometimes we can talk around this, and it soon became clear to both of us that this state reflects her inner relationship with her mother. She knows that her parents love her, and she loves them; but she grew up without really questioning that how she thinks, feels and acts must match what her mother expects and can cope with. Otherwise, and particularly if anger is involved, she is overwhelmed with foreboding and terrible guilt. Coming into therapy has brought these dangerous feelings to the fore; but it is as though I am her mother, and so she cannot speak. As I sit with my client in her agony of self-consciousness, I have a choice to make. I could introduce an active mode of therapy. We could take her mother out of me and put her on a cushion where, with my encouragement, she might be able to develop communication back and forth. Alternatively, we might explore the acute bodily tensions that are part of her paralysed state, to help her give voice to what they are mutely saying. I would be taking the choice of standing alongside my client so that we could face her problems together. We would be locating those problems...
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...with different qualifications, including psychiatry, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, clinical or psychiatric social work, mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, rehabilitation counseling, school counseling, hypnotherapy, play therapy, music therapy, art therapy, drama therapy, dance/movement therapy, occupational therapy, psychiatric nursing and psychoanalysis. Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation. Some also use various other forms of communication such as the written word, artwork, drama, narrative story or music. Psychotherapy with children and their parents often involves play, dramatization (i.e. role-play), and drawing. Psychotherapy occurs within a structured encounter between a trained therapist and client(s). Purposeful, theoretically based psychotherapy began in the 19th century with psychoanalysis; since then, scores of other approaches have been developed and continue to be created. Psychoanalysis was perhaps the first specific school of psychotherapy, developed by Sigmund Freud and others through the early 20th century. Trained as a neurologist, Freud began focusing on problems that appeared to have no discernible organic basis, and theorized that they had psychological causes originating in childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. Techniques such as dream interpretation, free association, transference and analysis of the id,...
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...qualities called characteristics that involve intelligence, temperament, and physical appearance (Feist & Feist, 2009). Altogether, the definition of personality implies, “…a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Feist, 2009, p. 4). An ample explanation of the psychological understanding of personality is coming in the development of the theoretical approaches in the study of personality. There are several theoretical approaches in studying personality. One theory is psychodynamic. Among the psychodynamic personality theories are the psychoanalysis, individual psychology, analytical psychology, object relations theory, social theory, and interpersonal theory. Psychoanalysis was introduced by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis focuses on sex and aggression (Feist & Feist, 2009, p. 17)....
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...Personality Theories Matrix Using the text for this course, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, complete the following table. |Theory |Assumptions |Reliability |Validity |Application | |Psychoanalytic Theory |Psychoanalytic theory originated with the |Based on his observations | “It is true that Freud essentially |Freud developed a theory that described development | | |work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical |Psychoanalytic theory was an |considered psychoanalysis a pure science, |in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. | | |work with patients suffering from mental |enormously influential force |but that is a view which has been |According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each | | |illness, Freud came to believe that childhood|during the first half of the |superseded by the current view, which puts|of these stages can have a lifelong influence on | | |experiences and unconscious desires |twentieth century but reliability |more emphasis on the issue of how fruitful|personality and behavior. | | |influenced behavior. |is difficult or next to impossible|psychoanalytic...
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...Psychotherapy, treatment of mental or emotional disorders or personal problems using psychological techniques that rely heavily on verbal and emotional communication and other symbolic behavior. Psychotherapy differs in two ways from the informal help one person gives another. First, it is conducted by a psychotherapist who is specially trained and licensed or otherwise culturally sanctioned. Second, psychotherapy is guided by theories about the sources of distress and the methods needed to alleviate it. Because communication is the primary means of healing in most forms of psychotherapy, the relationship between the therapist and patient, or client, is much more important than in other medical treatments. The therapist’s personality influences the patient and may be used quite deliberately to achieve therapeutic ends. Psychotherapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, especially psychotropic drug therapy (seePsychoactive Drug; Psychiatry). These drugs may be prescribed by a mental health professional, usually a psychiatrist (a physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems). (See also Mental Disorders; Mental Health.) Attempts to ameliorate emotional and mental disorders through psychological means date from ancient time. Psychotherapeutic practices based on scientific principles date from about 1772, when the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer defined and used a form of hypnosis called animal magnetism. Neuroses were treated in the 19th...
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...Theories Comparison Paper Ivana Hamade June, 30 2015 Psychology Psychoanalysis and Behavioral Theory The purpose of psychoanalysis therapy is to issue suppressed emotions and experiences, for example to make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic, like healing experience can the person be helped and "cured.” Psychoanalysis labels along with three things: One way is a method of mind investigation. Especially when it comes to the unconscious mind. Second, a therapy of neurosis inspired from the first method. Lastly, a new stand-alone punishment who is based on the knowledge developed from put on the investigation method and clinical experiences. The main issue in this theory is that Sigmund Freud explained is a basal conflict, from the early childhood, reflects itself in an actual conflict, without the person affected being aware of it. This is why in therapy the psychoanalyst tries to generate the transfer, so that the person can understand the link between the past conflict and the actual one and to understand that the way he behaves now was effective in the past, in his childhood, but is rather inefficient now and needs change (the coping mechanisms used to overcome or face the problem). The "dynamic" under discussion also refers to the id, ego, and superego and the way they interact so as to determine psychopathology. (Sigmund Freud's Theories | Simply Psychology. (n.d...
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...from mental or emotional issues, with the goal of providing support or relief to overcome their psychological disorder (Rathus, 2012). There are several therapeutic methods that can be used by therapists, but ultimately the situation and the client will dictate which one is appropriate. Psychoanalytic therapy, Humanistic therapy, Behavior therapy, Cognitive therapy, Group therapy, and Biological therapy are all effective therapeutic methods of helping clients cope with their psychological disorder. Psychoanalytic therapies is based upon the theories and work of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Using this method of therapy makes the assumption that psychological problems stem from early childhood experiences and internal conflicts. According to Sigmund Freud, these conflicts involve shifting of the three psychic structures, the id, ego, and superego (Rathus, 2012). Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences and can spread for months to years. This is the method in which most people are familiar with. Usually it’s a one on one hour session with a therapist who wants and encourages to tell your story. Short-term dynamic therapies was created for clients who do not have the time or resources for continued therapy. Humanistic therapies focus on the quality of the client's subjective, conscious experience, and what clients are experiencing here and now. According to our textbook, client-centered therapy aims to provide insight into the part...
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...sell goods Unemployment rate is also important, if you have a very high ratecheap goods, not distraction goods, only necessary good If you have high rate unemployment for young people (like in Spain) good which are normally sailed to young people will not be Important information in demographyAge,sex The object of consumer behaviour * Principal statements of consumer behaviour: * Dependability from historical situation and époque * Necessity to learn and to form the consumer behaviour * Use of analogies * Clearing causes of incomprehensible phenomenon * Dependability from the type of society The psychological theories related with consumer behaviour I) Classical psychoanalysis: FREUD He came to Paris and worked in la Sale Pitriere, in this hospital, he was used to tranquilize people very drastic with a liquid very cold. It was the period when people had mentally problem where treated like in prison. After he stared to work next to ill people,...
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...Describe and evaluate therapies derived from either the psychodynamic or the cognitive-behavioural models of abnormality. /30 marks Psychodynamic therapies were suggested by Sigmund Freud at the start of the twentieth centaury. Freud started off with the main therapy witch is psychoanalysis therapy. This therapy is based on neurotic problems that develop during the oedipal stage. The conflicts were suggested to be repressed memories and thoughts that the immature ego can not handle. The role of the psychoanalyst was to recover these repressed memories that was causing the patients undesirable behaviour, these memories would then be talked and discussed with the therapist in the safety of their surgery. Freud suggested the key to unlocking these thoughts was for the surgery to be the right situation for them to come out and develop. This therapy technique is said to be the principle on what all other psychodynamic therapies work on such as word association, free association, dream analyses and psycho drama. Free association is another such psychodynamic therapy, in this therapy a patient is required to lay down and get into the right atmosphere by being relaxed to allow the free flow of thoughts to come to mind. The first thoughts that enter the patients mind must be recalled to the practitioner because these thoughts are supposed to represent unconscious drives and desires . This aims to recall underlying thoughts that you may not be aware you are thinking about. Patients...
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