...Reflection As we continue the discussions about human behaviors in psychology. I noticed that our behavior is influenced by many factors. And one of these factors is biological or physiological. Biologically, our nervous system is the most complex and elaborate system in our body. The nervous system regulates our behavior in order for us to survive. During the discussions I found out that our nervous system is composed of more than 500 million of nerve cells or neurons. These neurons or nerve cells are very important in our body. These are responsible in receiving stimulus or information from the environment then carries it to the brain wherein the brain itself interprets the stimulus in order for us to produce responses accordingly. Without these neurons, we could not coordinate our responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think. But the most important part of our nervous system is our brain because it is the one responsible of all voluntary and some involuntary behaviors. And it is the most intricate, complex and unique mechanism of the human body. So in order for us to have a remarkable behavior, we need to protect and take good care of our brain. In the midway part of the discussions we tackled about Sensation and Perception. This so-called Sensation also affects or influenced our behavior. Through our senses or sensory organs, we come to know our world and what we sense often affects our behavior. Our sense organs are responsible in sensation. And one must be aware...
Words: 481 - Pages: 2
...Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Analyzing Locke’s Empirical View Introduction In his theory, Locke tries to explain the source and the limits of human knowledge. According to Locke, knowledge is gained from sensation and reflection, it is very different from opinion and belief, and its certainty can only be achieved through intuition, sensation and reason. His essay on human understanding is divided into four books. Book I explain that there are no innate ideas in the mind of a person. Book two explains the origin of all ideas and states that they originate from sensation and reflection (Locke 1948). Book III explains how words signify idea and that they are essential for communication. Finally, Book IV describes how the ideas are the source of human knowledge, determines the nature, extent, and certainty of human knowledge. Locke argues that it is not possible to claim we have knowledge that we are unaware (Locke 1948). My View On Locke’s Argument I do not agree with Locke’s position that we do not possess knowledge that we are unaware. Foremost, in his argument, Locke failed to differentiate between psychological and justificatory thesis. When he claims that when we are born the mind is a blank tablet which is filled with ideas through experience, Locke failed to distinguish the doctrine of psychology and the epistemological thesis that explains experience is the test for truth (Cummins 1975). His conclusion of a plain historical method only a procedure...
Words: 735 - Pages: 3
...realize is that psychology evolved from philosophy. Eventually, the study of psychology separated from philosophy to become an experimental science and a formal discipline. Some of the most influential people to the development of psychology as a formal discipline are René Descartes (1596 - 1650), John Locke (1632 - 1704), George Berkeley (1685 - 1753), David Hume(1711 - 1776), and John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) just to name a few. René Descartes was one of history's best known dualist. He argued for a clear separation between the mind and body. He believed that the mind and body were, in essence, two different things that worked together. Then mind and body have influence over each other. He attempted to explain what is now called a reflex based on his mind-body theory. Even though his theories were flawed, he opened the door for further study on the concept of reflex action and how the mind and body work separately and together. John Locke attempted to explain how knowledge is acquired through a person's experiences throughout their lifetime. According to Locke, a person learns through sensation and reflection. Sensation refers to the information gathered through a person's senses and reflection refers to the mental activities involved in the processing of information from a person's senses and memory. Locke's theories brought about the studying of behavior and how the environment can have an effect on a person's development from early childhood into adulthood....
Words: 707 - Pages: 3
...particularly those of neuroscience which study the way the physical brain and nervous system is related to perceptions which a mind can have. I assert that the mind is not greater than the senses. This assumes that the senses are working properly, and that the mind is sound and not belonging to that of a madman (137). I also will go back to his previous meditations, and argue that Descartes cannot deduce our existence from the cogito ergo sum argument. Taking into account a scientific standpoint of the senses, it is not fair to claim “I think, therefore I am” (139) if one looks at intellect and consciousness as a result of scientific processes. Rather, all he can say is “I have thoughts.” One of the most concerning assertions Descartes makes is that the intellect is more reliable than the senses. He claims that this holds true because the senses have on occasion deceived him, and it is therefore “prudent for [him] to never completely trust those who have cheated [him] even once.” The senses have deceived him numerous times and have therefore shaken his faith in them (155) - towers which are square have looked cylindrical from a distance, large statues are smaller when seen from a different angle (155), and the sun looks small from the earth despite it’s immensity. But how is it possible that the intellect can have any certainty which it did not receive first from sensing things through experience?...
Words: 1059 - Pages: 5
...Which school of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt associated with? Selected Answer: Structuralism Correct Answer: Structuralism Question 2 Which of the following psychologists was a leading proponent of behaviorism? Selected Answer: B. F. Skinner Correct Answer: B. F. Skinner Question 3 Which perspective of psychology would best explain the fact that polar bears are found predominantly in the arctic regions? Selected Answer: The evolutionary approach Correct Answer: The evolutionary approach Question 4 During a therapy session, Mrs. Brown's therapist, Donald, asks Mrs. Brown about her dreams because he believes that they are a key to her unconscious mind. In this scenario, Donald is most likely using the _____ approach to psychology. Selected Answer: psychodynamic Correct Answer: psychodynamic Question 5 George, a scientist, is studying how the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain create the condition of depression. George's study fits best into the area of specialization known as _____. Selected Answer: behavioral neuroscience Correct Answer: behavioral neuroscience Question 6 A psychologist's research focuses on how ecological changes affect a child's growth. The psychologist's focus fits best into the area of specialization known as _____ psychology. Selected Answer: developmental Correct Answer: developmental Question 7 Which of the following statements is true of industrial and organizational psychology? Selected...
Words: 794 - Pages: 4
...originates from the Innate Concept thesis. The thesis asserts that some of knowledge is acquired from experience 3. This directly relates to the first is the argument that rationalists hold. The argument is that there exist cases where the information delivered by sensory experiences is outstripped by knowledge 3. Descartes offers an explanation of this argument in his meditations when he states “Among my ideas, some appear to be innate, some to be adventitious, and other to have been invented by me. My understanding of what a things is, what truth us, and what thought is, seems to derive simply from my own nature 8.” Also, he adds “But perhaps all my ideas may be thought of as adventitious, or may all be innate, or...
Words: 848 - Pages: 4
...Chemical Senses Eric Gunderson PSY/345 - Sensation and Perception June 27, 2016 Matthew Will Chemical Senses The five senses of human experience are well known to most everyone: we can see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. However, the science behind them is not as well known. The first three (sight, audibility, and touch) are senses in which external stimuli are perceived by a person through the by-product (i.e. reflection of light, pressure changes in air, pressure/stretching/vibration) of an environmental object. The latter two, taste and smell, are senses in which external stimuli have to physically enter into a person in order for him or her to experience the sensation. The sensations themselves are activated by chemical reactions from the external stimuli as opposed to light and pressure changes that the other senses employ. The chemical sensations smell and taste are interactively working together. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail just this. The first thing that will be discussed is how smell and taste affect each other and which one of the two one would change to make a meal taste better, followed by a description of the sensory elements that must be present to emphasize the connection between the chemical senses, emotional memories, and the brain in order to make the most memorable meal of one’s life, and concluded by a description of the connection created between the chemical senses, emotional memories, and the brain. How Smell and Taste...
Words: 1478 - Pages: 6
...International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 3; February 2013 Emotions Recollected in Tranquility: Wordsworth’s Concept of Poetic Creation Faria Saeed Khan Department of English Literature University of Balochistan, Quetta Abstract Wordsworth was of the view that ‘Poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. When reading this statement, one might think that, for Wordsworth, poetic composition is solely based on the expression of emotions, excluding any reflection about them. But Wordsworth gave equal importance to the element of thought in poetry and says that poems to which any value is attached were never produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who being possessed of more than usual organic sensibility, has also thought long and deep. Wordsworth believes that artistic process is combination of thought and emotion. This research article will study Wordsworth’s concept of poetic creation Wordsworth believes that artistic process is combination of thought and emotion . During the poetic process, the poet is possessed by powerful passions but he undergoes a period of emotions reflected in tranquility. During this process the influxes of feelings are modified and directed by thoughts. The direction of thought adds a depth of meaning and truth to poetry. For Wordsworth poetry is a method of interpreting the reality or the meaning of life. Introduction Generally the critics criticize the Romantics for being too emotional...
Words: 2924 - Pages: 12
...knowable by us by intuition alone, while others are knowable by being deduced through valid arguments from intuited propositions. It relies on the idea that reality has a rational structure in that all aspects of it can be grasped through mathematical and logical principles, and not simply through sensory experience. The most famous rationalists were Descartes and Spinoza. Empiricism is a philosophical perspective to counter the rationalism of the 17th century. Empiricists were philosophers who felt that everything in our mind comes from our experience through the senses. They heavily critiqued the rationalists. Locke, Berkeley and Hume were the most famous empiricists. Throughout this age, the Philosophers evolved all thinking of different ways of understanding our purpose in life and how we work along with various other explanations involving the world around them. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and writer of the Age of Reason. He had a desire to achieve insight into the nature of man and the universe. He has been called the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and he was one of the most influential philosophers in modern philosophy and many believe he was very ahead of his time. Many think he was similar to Socrates because he was convinced that certain knowledge is gained through reason. He second guessed philosophical works that had been handed down through the Middle Ages; he was the first philosopher to bring all knowledge into a...
Words: 1511 - Pages: 7
...around us as we know it can only be known to us through sense-data: what we gather through our senses that have been fed by our experiences. “Sense data,” argues John Locke, “ are the alleged mind-dependent objects that we are directly aware of in perception, and that have exactly the properties they appear to have” (Huemer, 2004) For as one person may hold the view of a celestial being's guiding and shaping all of events driven by an immutable ideal, another may view this terrestrial experience of ours as an accident driven by a series of unpredictable events that can only be roughly calculated by what feeble and temporary instruments we have to measure, the tools of math and science. Regardless...
Words: 2374 - Pages: 10
...learning or conditioning processes. Adaptation: Ability of a sense to show a change in perception as a result of the continuing effect of a constant stimulus; the stimulus threshold of the affected sense becomes adapted to the stimulus intensity level. Adaptive response: An appropriate action in which the individual responds successfully to some environmental demand. Adaptive responses require good sensory integration, and they also further the sensory integrative process. Additivity: Addition effect of sensory impressions in a mixture so that the perceived overall intensity is equal to the sum of the intensity of the single components. Affective tests: Tests to evaluate the popularity of an aroma and/or taste impression (also called hedonic tests). Aftertaste: Sensory impression that lasts longest after swallowing. Analysis of variance: Multivariate statistical method. An independent variable Y, one or more independent variables X. Are there X differences between the products for term Y? Analytical testing: See objective testing. nosmia: Olfactory disorder resulting in temporary or permanent loss of smell. Appearance: Characteristics that encompass all visually perceptible sensory impressions of a food. Examples include shape, surface, structure, colour, lustre, clarity, cloudiness, opalescence. Aroma: Total (positive) olfactory impression gained from breathing through the nose and from expiratory olfaction. Astringency: Ability of substances to cause the surface...
Words: 3597 - Pages: 15
...Found as well was that using a mirror to perpetuate a limb demonstrates that modules in the brain that are concerned with vision and perception interact more that previously assumed (Ramachandran, 1995). Finally, the box could potentially provide use in being a new tool to explore inter-sensory effects involving phantom limbs (Ramachandran, 1995). Only one out of the 10 patients was not able to control his phantom. Advancement in nine out of ten patients serves as a good reflection of what a simple mirror image of a limb can do in terms of tricking the...
Words: 729 - Pages: 3
...1: Explaining the meanings of some words Chapter 2: Principles that I take for granted Chapter 3: Hypotheses Chapter 4: Analogy Chapter 5: The right way to get knowledge of the operations of the mind Chapter 6: The difficulty of attending to the operations of our own minds 1 4 17 21 25 27 29 Preliminary Thomas Reid Chapter 7: Classifying the powers of the mind Chapter 8: Social operations of mind 32 35 Preliminary Thomas Reid Preface Preface Human knowledge falls into two parts, one relating to body (material things), the other relating to mind (intellectual things). The whole system of bodies in the universe, of which we know only a very small part, can be called ‘the material world’; the whole system of minds, from the infinite creator right down to the lowest creature endowed with thought, can be called ‘the intellectual world’. These are the two great kingdoms of Nature that come to our attention; and every art, every science, and every human thought is engaged with one or other of them or with things pertaining to them—the boldest flight of imagination can’t take us outside them. Even within them there are many things—concerning...
Words: 22692 - Pages: 91
...intrinsically motivating, enjoyment, and freedom of choice. Therefore, any activity that is able to demonstrate these three components must be seen as a leisure activity. However, in society some of the reflection of these activities that people are merely participating in are seen as been on the verge, in terms of being outside acceptable norms of behaviour and having a negative impact on the wellbeing of the individual if overused. These leisure activities are commonly derived as being seen as the ‘dark side of leisure’ or ‘leisure deviant’. Leisure can be a time for self-expression, even if it is outside the self-normality of society, however who can define it as being either a good or bad activity to participate in. If it’s giving the individual an overall sense of pleasure and positive experiences from participating, shouldn’t it be considered as an acceptable leisure activity to take part in? Based on the three components of leisure, I will evaluate whether gambling provides any overall benefits to the individual overall in relation to their wellbeing, specifically focusing on the question, ‘Does gambling have any beneficial leisure qualities?’ Wolfgang (1988, p.72), suggests that gambling is an influenced choice of leisure due to it arising from a personality trait of ‘Sensation seeking; the level of arousal an individual prefers’, in which positive reinforcement is gained. Gambling is able to provide a sense of pleasure induction and self-esteem enhancement, in relation to...
Words: 2005 - Pages: 9
...Gestalt Psychology Reflection The school of thought Gestalt psychology began in the late 19th century in Austria and Germany. Gestalt psychology is based on the idea that perception is experienced in larger wholes, or gestalts (Cherry, 2014). Psychologists that use this school of thought believe that instead of breaking down behavior and thoughts into small elements, behavior should be looked at as a unified whole experience (Kowalski, PhD. & Westen, 2010). The assumption behind Gestalt psychology is that an individual’s mind functions by recognizing structures when none is seen. Gestalt psychology was developed from the initial ideas of structuralism and functionalism regarding perception. The Antecedent Influences on Gestalt psychology accepted the value of consciousness and focused on the wholeness of perception. Immanuel Kant and Enst Mach proposed two different propositions regarding Antecedent Influences on Gestalt psychology. Kant proposed, “pieces of information are organized in meaningful ways through association and form a coherent perceptual experience," while Mach proposed “perception of an object does not change despite changing our orientation to the object (Schultz & Schultz, 2012).” According to Schultz & Schultz (2012), another early influence regarding Gestalt psychology was Phenomenology. Phenomenology was influenced by German philosophy and psychology. It is a doctrine based on the “unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs...
Words: 595 - Pages: 3