...Phantom Limb and the Brain Fatima Gutierrez Edward Rodriguez Santa Monica Community school Abstract Phantom limb is an effect in the brain that translates to the body after am amputation of a limb with interior or exterior, this phenomenon has been shown to present long term or temporary. When phantom limb occurs the part of the brain that play. Vital role is the parietal lobe and the central nervous system, sensory neurons sending messages to the central nervous system which gives sensations to the missing limb. There are three characteristics in phantom limb and there are currently three different types of treatments to reduce pain. Phantom limb is reaction to the rewiring of the brain due to an adulation of limb and reaction of the central nervous system. There are currently three types of treatment; immerse virtual reality, prosthetic usage and mirror box to help reduce or remove phantom limb. Introduction Phantom limb is a temporary or long term effect on the brain and body that occurs only post amputation of a limb for an intermittent period of time. Phantom brain can be categorized as a mental disorder, and is assumed to originate from the stem of the region of amputation. There are three types of characteristic in the phantom complex. The first is phantom limb pain (PLP) which emphasis on a painful sensation in the spatial area of the missing limb. Phantom limb sensation(PLS) which is anytype of sensation in relation to the absent limb without any pain. Lastly is...
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...In 1995, Swanson, L. and his team conducted an experiment, hoping to confirm that phantom limb pain was in fact coming from the two previously mentions sources; neuromas and abnormal discharges in the spinal cord. In their experiment, they used anaesthetics to inhibit the brachial plexus and spinal anaesthesia to reduce pain from the spinal cord in already amputated rats. However, it was reported that 17% of the rats continued to show discomfort, suggesting yet another source for phantom limb pain . A lot of recent research has been focusing in cortical reorganization where many researchers believe most of phantom limb pain originates from. Once amputation of a limb occurs, neurons in that particular limb are severed and no longer are able to communicate and send signals back into the cortex....
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...Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain, the functions and structure of the human brain. And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails. Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly you can hold in the palm of your hand, and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating...
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...A phantom limb is when a body part is amputated, but the brain still gives the person the feeling that it is still there. Most people who experience this have phantom limb pain. Phantom limb pain is pain that is felt in the amputated limb even though it is not physically present. This mind-boggling phenomenon is called phantom limb syndrome and most amputees experience it. Phantom limb syndrome was first discovered in 1500’s by a French military surgeon named Amboise Pare. He noticed that the amputee soldiers complained of pain or sensations in the limb that was no longer there. We now know that “virtually all amputees experience phantom sensations, painful or not, after limb amputation. Non‐painful phantom sensations rarely pose a clinical problem. However, in some amputees, the phantom becomes the site of severe pain, which may be exceedingly difficult to treat” (Br. J. Anaesth). How can a medical...
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...Merleau-Ponty analyzes the phantom limb experience using a framework that consists of physiological and psychological forces. Physiological facts, which he defines as those in space, and psychological facts cannot account for the phenomenon of phantom limbs on their own, instead the two must be fused together and work with other theories in order to formulate the true experience of the phantom limb. When diving into the exploration of the phantom limb experience, Merleau-Ponty discovers one of the most vital parts of non-personal, or pre- personal dimensions, of our existence. He starts his paper of by discussing how after an amputation, the patient will continue to experience the missing limb as if it were still a part of...
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...is phantom limb syndrome? The phantom limb syndrome is the perception of sensations in a limb or limbs that no longer exist. Phantom limb syndrome occurs commonly in amputees; about 60 to 80 percent of individuals who have undergone amputations have reported this sensation. There are evidences showing that patients have higher likelihood of experiencing the syndrome when undergoes traumatic loss, or there has been pre-existing painful conditions in the limb. Phantom sensation can be observed in those who are born without limbs and in those who are paralyzed as well. In some cases, patient will suffer in severe, debilitating chronic pain. Normally, the pain attack will ameliorated with time. What are the symptoms of phantom limb syndrome?...
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...woman described in the scenario? Phantom limb pain is a condition that is experienced by individuals following the loss of a limb by amputation. The sensations may be present or the individual may also experience pain. According to McCance and Huether (2014), an individual is likely to experience pain post amputation if they had pain prior and between 80 and 100% of these individuals experience chronic pain. There are multiple theories used to explain the occurrence of phantom limb pain with no exact theory being solely correct but a combination of elements from each theory creating the basis for the theory (Chapman, 2011). Phantom limb pain is described by individuals as pain consisting of tingling, numbness, burning, cramping, crushing or throbbing pain (Chapman, 2011). The first theory to explain the manifestation of phantom limb pain is...
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...time the blindfolded student touched the second student. This made the first student think that he was touching his own nose and that his nose had gotten longer because the blindfolded student could feel the touch of the second student, thinking it was his own finger. This demonstration's purpose was to show the class an example of temporary representations and to show that they only have to do with increasing or decreasing the size of a body part, not completely removing it. Our minds can change the representation it has of our body parts by making them grow or shrink, but it is hard for our minds to take out the representation of that body part. This demonstration relates to the phenomenon of “phantom limbs” because they both have to do with the minds map of its body. Phantom limbs happens when you loose your hand and you still have feelings of sensation in a hand that you no longer have. When you loose your hand, the hand area in the homunculus does not go away. During this demonstration, half of the people who have performed this study have thought their nose is 2 feet long. Our minds stretch out to incorporate the tool that we are using, they change to fit the situation. There is a sense of permanence in the way our minds see our bodies. There are patients who have lost their hands and even years after surgery, they still feel sensation from the hand that is not there. The existence of our body parts in our mind does not change easily, if at all. This demonstration also...
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...1a) The term phantom limb refers to the sensation that an arm or a leg is present when, in reality, it isn’t. Patients may experience intense pain, paralysis, or other odd phenomena in their phantom limb that are extremely difficult to treat due to the limbs actual absence. Ramachandran suggests that phantom limbs occur due to two processes. Firstly, remapping of the brain describes how nerves that correspond to body areas near the amputated limb in the somatosensory cortex will ‘invade’ the area and produce sensation in the limb when stimulated. The nerves that supplied the missing limb will then cluster into neuromas that, when irritated, will produce the sensation of pain in the phantom limb. Secondly, we all have “an internally hard-wired image of the body and limbs at birth”...
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...http://aim.bmj.com/content/22/2/93.full.pdf+html Phantom limb pain (PLP) is when a person who has had a limb amputated experiences a painful sensation and pain where the limb used to be and this can affect the person’s quality of life as it may prevent them to focus on anything other than the sensation that is occurring. There are various forms of treatment that can be used to help the individual with the pain that they are feeling. For example: acupuncture, hypnosis, various medication and mirror box therapy. Acupuncture David Bradbrook- a physiotherapist- reviewed 3 cases where acupuncture was used to treat PLP and in 2 out of 3 of these cases this form of treatment was successful. Acupuncture works by placing needles in specific areas of the body and the needles stimulate nerves under the skin that will release pain-relieving substances- endorphins . In the first case study the...
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...Reading # 1 from NBC Chapter 1- First summarize the major elements of this chapter for yourself , and write them out in essay form. The begun of the cyborgs unplugged, they started to talk about the two main people that create the cyborgs project. The two people were very important to this project because not only they made the cyborgs; they made something that most people would not have made. The idea was to create a cyborg with animals and machines that will response in section they create it for. The cyborg they waned to create was a man-machine hybrid that would become an artifact-organism system in what is an implanted electronic device. The device was to have a bodily feedback singles that would automatically response to the wakefulness and metabolism and even the respiration, heart rate, but other as well that would be feedbacks signals. Also explain how the device work as in if its was a toilet seat that would be flush. The way the toilet seat that flush: It would have a to be flush in order to have the water flows into the ballcock and than the water would be riding on the rising tide, which would reaches to the preset level and than after that it would thus recloses the valve. This is like systems that are like homestatically being controlled. 1. Summarize the distinction from the traditional Klines & Clines definition of the cyborg vs. the one that Clark is proposing? 2. What kind of model might you have that is different than this? The other...
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...sense of …的感觉 It has been given the name 'facial vision', because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch,on the face. 意译：这被叫做“面感视觉”，因为据盲人说感觉到有障碍物的时候就像脸部被触摸一样。 直译： 词语：report 据说，据传 句型：because 引导原因状语从句（时间上无联系，例：I feel so tired now ,because I stayed up last night.） One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near his home, using facial vision. 意译：一则报道称一位完全失明的男孩能凭借面感视觉绕着附近街区快速骑三轮车。 直译：一则报道称一个完全使命的男孩，能够绕着他家附近的街区骑着他的三轮车 单词：tricycle 三轮车 good speed 较快的速度 句型：who引导的同位语从句，详细解释这个男孩做了什么 Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb. 意译：实验表明面感视觉实际上与“感”和“面”没有任何关系，尽管这种感觉可能被认为源自面部正前方，正如幻肢中的牵涉性痛感一样。 直译：实验表明，事实上，面感视觉对于接触或者面前没有任何关系，尽管这种感觉可能被认为在面部前面，像痛被归入幻肢。 词语：sensation感觉 refer to 认为 phantom limb幻肢 句型：that 指代上文的现象 The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. 意义：事实是，面感视觉是通过耳朵传输的。 直译：面感视觉，结果是，真的通过耳朵。 句型： Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection...
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...world. Prevalent elements include ghosts, aliens, vampires, werewolves, curses, satanism, demons, gore, torture, vicious animals, monsters, zombies, cannibals, and serial killers. Conversely, movies about the supernatural are not necessarily always horrific.[2] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 1890s–1920s 1.2 1930s–1940s 1.3 1950s–1960s 1.4 1970s–1980s 1.5 1990s 1.6 2000s 2 Sub-genres 3 Influences 3.1 Influences on society 3.2 Influences internationally 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links [edit]History [edit]1890s–1920s See also: List of horror films of the 1890s, List of horror films of the 1900s, List of horror films of the 1910s, and List of horror films of the 1920s Lon Chaney, Sr. in The Phantom of the Opera The first depictions of supernatural events appear in several of the silent shorts created by the film pioneer Georges Méliès in the late 1890s, the best known being Le Manoir du diable, which is sometimes credited as being the first horror film.[3] Another of his horror projects was 1898's La Caverne maudite (aka, The Cave of the Unholy One, literally "the accursed cave").[3] Japan made early forays into the horror genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei, both made in...
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...Pain is necessary and important. In fact, it is an inborn drive, vital to our very existence (Hebb). Pain prompts us to change something, for instance, to move our hand off of a hot stove. It, therefore, prevents us from causing damage or even death to ourselves. It motivates us to protect an injured area, and the abatement of that pain lets us know when it is safe to use that area of our body again (Doctor's Surgery Center). While pain is a crucial sensation, required for our survival, it’s no secret that in our day to day lives we want to avoid it at all cost. Pain doesn’t feel good. Therefore, if we can avoid it, we will. This desire to avoid pain makes pain control a very big business. Google the word “pain” and you will get a return of about 215 million websites. These websites offer a vast array of pain management options, including a variety of medications, surgeries, medical therapies, complementary therapies, alternative therapies, emotional therapies, products, tools, and more. Notice the next time you watch television or listen to the radio how many advertisements there are for these products. To get some idea of how much money is spent annually on pain control we will look at just a few of these pain management options. Acetaminophen is the pain relieving ingredient found in Tylenol as well as a few other prescription and over-the-counter medications. The sales of this drug in 2009 were 2.6 billion dollars (Aubuchon). More than 400,000 carpal tunnel surgeries are...
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...PSYCH-205, Abnormal Psychology. PART 1: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE WHAT IS ABNORMAL? * It is behavior, specifically persistent behavior associated with cognitive, emotional, or perceptual distortions that are not socially acceptable, and are potentially dangerous. Many behaviors fit the criteria, but are not considered abnormal. Astronauts for example are not considered to be psychologically abnormal despite engaging in dangerous and persistently deviant behaviors. Legal insanity is different from a clinical diagnosis, although a clinical diagnosis will determine whether or not a person can be judged insane by a court. To define behavior as abnormal, it must meet the following standards. 1. Distressful – It is upsetting for self and others. 2. Dysfunctional – It is maladaptive, inhibits personal goals or ability to function on own. 3. Dangerous – Potentially to self or others. 4. Deviant – Is not tolerated by cultural norms and/or is statistically odd, keeping in mind context of behavior. (Religious practice gets a pass.) 5. *Duration – Behaviors, Affects and/or Cognitions are persistent regardless of circumstance over time. 6. *Detachment – Person holds beliefs or acts in ways that do not correspond to reality. (Religious practice gets a pass.) TYPES OF RESEARCH- One and two apply only to the social sciences, whereas three, four and five apply to both natural and social sciences, with exception to history, which relies solely on case studies and...
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