...power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released. Answer: D Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component. C) the percentage of carbohydrates in the component. D) the number of enzymes in the fraction. E) the presence or absence of lipids in the component. Answer: B Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly...
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... The organ systems are interdependent on each other. | Tasks: | Design a report analysing cells, tissues and major organ systems (1800– 2,500 words) | The report could be structured under the following headings : | Structure and Function of Animal Cell organelles ,Structure of Tissues , Function of Tissues, Main Organs of the Body, Analysing Examples of Organs and Tissues. | Task 1. | | Design a tabular column to explain the main structural features/components of a typical animal cell, and the functions of the main components of an animal cell as seen under the electron microscope. (L.O1,A.C1.1) | | Name of Organelle | Structural Features | Function | Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Mitochondrion Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Cell- membrane Lysosome Centrioles Centrosome Cytoplasm Ribosome Vacuole | NUCLEUSThe Nucleus is spherical in shape. It is surrounded by a structure called a nuclear envelop.NUCLEOLUSNucleolus is round shaped organelle situated inside the nucleus. It is a dense structure composed of RNA and protein.The nucleus is sourounded by two membrane.A inner memebrane and a outer memebrane which is called Nuclear membrane or Nuclear envelop. The shape of nuclear...
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...Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell This chapter introduces the topics of microscopy and cell fractionation, followed by a review of the cell and the major organelles and structures of eukaryotic cells. A challenge with this chapter is to keep this data from simply being a list of parts. In addition to the structure and function of individual organelles, questions probe student understanding of the cell as a dynamic, interconnected system: the flow of membrane and proteins in the endomembrane system to the plasma membrane; the flow of information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; and the connection between the cytoskeleton, the plasma membrane, and the extracellular matrix. An evolutionary perspective goes beyond structural distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to examine theories concerning the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes and key eukaryotic cell structures. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using A) a phase-contrast light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) a confocal fluorescence microscope. E) a super-resolution fluorescence microscope. Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy...
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...Review Biology Test #1 Chapter 3: Water and life • Polar covalent bonds in water result in Hydrogen bonding between the molecules. These bonds give water its special properties • In presence of water, ionic bonds are weak and covalent bonds are strong. Without water, ionic bonds are stronger. • Each water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds. • Water properties: 1. Polarity 2. Surface tension 3. Cohesion 4. Adhesion 5. Capilarity 6. High specific heat 7. Heat bank 8. Heat of vaporization allows evaporation cooling. 9. Abundant and versatile solvent 10. Solid is less dense than liquid 11. It is a reactant and a product in many biological reactions (Photosynthesis, dehydration reaction, hydrolysis…) 12. It can ionize into H3O+ and OH- • When substances dissolve in water, water molecules form hydration shells by breaking their attractions to other water molecules and attracting to the solvate particles. • The dissociation of water molecules into Hydronium and hydroxide ions is a reversible reaction that occurs in a state of equilibrium (pure water). • The concentration of each ion in pure water is 10-7 M. [OH-][H3O+] = 10-14 M. This way, whenever we know the concentration of one ion, we can calculate the concentration of the other. • Adding acids and bases can change these concentrations of ions in water • When acids dissolve in water, they donate H+, increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. This results in an acidic solution • When bases dissolve in water...
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...www.asbiology101.wordpress.com An introduction to the microscope and magnification MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLUTION Because cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye, the light microscope was developed to produce enlarged and more detailed images of cells. The magnification of an image is how much bigger it appears under the microscope than it is in real life, and is worked out using the following formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size unit metre decimetre centimetre millimetre micrometre nanometre picometre symbol m dm cm mm μm nm pm metres 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 01 However, magnification on its own does not increase the level of detail seen, it just increases the size. The term resolution refers to the ability to see two distinct points separately. For example, if the resolution of a light microscope is 200nm (0.2μm), this means it can see any two different points as separate objects if they are 200nm apart or more; but if they are any closer than this amount, they appear as one object. THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light microscopes use a number of lenses to produce an image that can be viewed directly at the eyepiece. Light passes from a bulb under the stage, through a condenser lens and then through the specimen. This beam of light is passed through an objective lens and then the eyepiece lens. The light microscope usually has a number of objective lenses which can be rotated into position...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...Definitions List: Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another Gross - means macroscopic something you can see with the naked human eye Microscopic – something you can’t see with the naked human eye e.g. to identify different types of bacteria Microscopic Anatomy - *cytology – cell study and functions *histology – study of tissues Different systems - integumentary (skin), musculoskeletal (metabolism and movement), neurophysiology (impulses and synaptic transmissions) Physiology - the study of the body functions; it is the study of biochemical, physical and mechanical functions of living organisms i.e. the study of the body’s cells, organs and systems Design of the human body – Cells - is the smallest living unit in the human body. A cell exchanges material through communication with other cells and organs Specialization - the adaption of an organ or an organism to a specific function or environment Phospholipid - an important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Phospholipid Bilayer - is more or less the plasma membrane. It contains phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. It protects, supports and controls exit and entry of materials Mitochondria - an intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required...
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... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers |peptide bonds (c-n) |bond (C-OH) |units (aggregates) |and phosphate | | |2nd structure- weak hydrogen bonds | | |Hydrogen bond b/w nitrogen | | |3rd structure-sulphide | |...
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... * The study of the structures of the human body. Name its subdisciplines: * Embryology: deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms. * Histology: the study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues * Gross anatomy: The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that can be seen with the naked eye Describe different levels of structural organisation of the human body: * Chemical elements and compounds combine to form * CELLS: basic units of life (cytology: study of the structure and function of the cells) * Group of similar cells and cell products that perform a special function. * TISSUE: e.g. muscle, epithelia tissue (histology) * Two or more different tissues form: organs; e.g. heart, brain * ORGAN: e.g. heart, brain (gross anatomy) * Set of organs with a common function form: * SYSTEMS: e.g. digestive, urinary (gross anatomy) * All systems together * HUMAN BODY (gross anatomy) http://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html Name the systems that make the human body: 1. Circulatory system 2. Respiratory system 3. Digestive system 4. Excretory system 5. Nervous system 6. Endocrine system 7. Immune system 8. Integumentary system 9. Skeletal system 10. Muscle system 11. Reproductive system Name the organs and describe their function: HUMAN BRAIN * Body’s...
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...Organisation of the human body OrgaOOrgavdfdgdfws Lesson objective: To outline the funstions of the main cell components TASK –research each of following and reference useful websites in order to create the poster Key term | Definition / Function | Cell & Cell membranehttp://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Cells/Cell-Membrane-Function.php | Cell Membrane - a thin structure that is also known as the plasma membrane.The main functions of the cell membrane are:to maintain the physical integrity of the cell - that is to mechanically enclose the contents of the cell, and alsoto control the movement of particles e.g. ions or molecules, into and out of the cellCell - is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the "building blocks of life" | Electron microscopehttp://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Techniques/What-is-an-Electron-Microscope.php | An electron microscope is a microscope (i.e. an imaging device used to view very small items or areas) that uses beams of electrons instead of rays of visible light to form larger than "real life" images of tiny areas, materials or biological specimens. | Photomicrographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph | A photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an item. This is opposed to a macrographic image, which is at a...
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...003 Chapter 03 Cell Biology and Genetics Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the A. ribosome. B. cell. C. organ. D. organelle. E. plasma membrane. 2. All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell A. reproduction. B. metabolism. C. communication. D. inheritance. E. movement. 3. Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a means of A. communicating. B. metabolizing. C. reproducing. D. synthesizing. E. using energy. 4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell? A. reproduction and inheritance B. metabolism and energy use C. movement D. synthesis E. communication 5. Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? A. a magnifying glass B. scanning electron microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. binoculars E. light microscope 6. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use A. x-rays. B. flashlights. C. a transmission electron microscope (TEM). D. tissue cultures. E. a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 7. The plasma membrane A. separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. B. is a rigid protein membrane. C. is not permeable. D. has a single layer of phospholipids. E. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. 8. The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately...
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...organisms; why antioxidants are good; What are the 4 main molecules of living organisms; What are the main functions of each of these types of molecules; Know the main organelles of the cell, and their function Three Primary tissues; layers of the skin (2 main layers); Two main regions of the skeleton; regions of the spine; bones of the arm and leg; ball and socket joints; three types of muscle and the function of each; the BASICS or muscle contraction; 2 types of muscle contraction; fast and slow muscle fibers, which type of athlete would have which kind of muscles?; know the three types of levers described in class, and be able to give an example or each Immune system Cold vs the flu; what is a virus? What is a bacteria? Which is killed by antibiotics?; know the components of the: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE; SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE; THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE; what is immunity? How do you acquire immunity? Why is the flu a serious disease (I am not referring to the flu you typically get) Cardiovascular system Know the chambers of the heart; Sino-Atrial Node; Atrio-ventrical Node’ Blood flow through the heart and out to the body, and blood returning to the heart. Arteries, veins and capillaries (structure and function); the basics of the electrocardiogram (EKG); blood pressure (what is systole and diastole?) (and problems and causes of hypertension). What is a heart attack? General Aspects of the Movie “The Human Body” (as we develop and age) Changes in the Body-maybe as an essay…describe...
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...dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopy, as applied to high-energy collisions, has been a key tool in developing scientific understanding not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the strong and weak nuclear forces. The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus. The response is usually recorded as a function of radiation wavelength. A plot of the response as a function of wavelength is referred to as a spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation consists of discrete packets of energy, which call photons. A photon consists of an oscillating electric field component, E, and an oscillating magnetic field component, M. The electric and magnetic fields are...
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...1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The way in which physical processes and functions take place in the body can be looked at on four main levels, moving progressively from the detailed to the general. At the most detailed level are the cells – the most basic of the physical structure units. Similar cells, when combined and held together, form tissue, the next main structure unit. Organs are collections of tissues that are combined to perform a particular function in the body. Organs do not work in isolation, however, and combine with other organs to create a biological system. Cells The cell is the most basic structural unit in the body. There are around 300 different cell types in the human body. While they differ in function, there are certain fundamental components or features that they generally have in common, such as a nucleus (with the exception of red blood cells), cytoplasm and a cell or plasma membrane. A cell membrane is composed of 60% protein, and 40% lipid, or fat. This membrane is a phospholipid bilayer which contains embedded protein molecules. It is a living boundary separating the living contents of the cell from its environment. Its function is to regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. Within the membrane, the cell consists of cytoplasm, a gel-like substance containing organelles - small structures each with their own function. Common to all human cells except red blood cells, the nucleus is...
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...Biology 119, Spring 2015 Review sheet for Exam 1 The exam is worth 100 points total. It will consist of approximately 47 multiple-choice questions worth 2 point each and 3-4 short essay questions. Bring a scantron and pencil to the exam. The best way to study is to review the posted lecture notes. I suggest printing of a blank copy and filling them in referring to your book and notes as little as possible. Continue this process until you can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover chapters 1-3 and 6. 1. How long have microbes been on the planet? How has this affected the evolution of more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae ...
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