...Understanding FFTs and Windowing Publish Date: May 04, 2015 Overview Learn about the time and frequency domain, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and windowing as well as how you can use them to improve your understanding of a signal. This tutorial is part of the Instrument Fundamentals series. Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Understanding the Time Domain, Frequency Domain, and FFT Windowing Summary Additional Instrumentation Resources 1. Understanding the Time Domain, Frequency Domain, and FFT The Fourier transform can be powerful in understanding everyday signals and troubleshooting errors in signals. Although the Fourier transform is a complicated mathematical function, it isn’t a complicated concept to understand and relate to your measured signals. Essentially, it takes a signal and breaks it down into sine waves of different amplitudes and frequencies. Let’s take a deeper look at what this means and why it is useful. All Signal Are the Sum of Sines When looking at real-world signals, you usually view them as a voltage changing over time. This is referred to as the time domain. Fourier’s theorem states that any waveform in the time domain can be represented by the weighted sum of sines and cosines. For example, take two sine waves, where one is three times as fast as the other—or the frequency is 1/3 the first signal. When you add them, you can see you get a different signal. Figure 1. When you add two signals, you get a new signal. Now...
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...Let Us C Fifth Edition Yashavant P. Kanetkar Dedicated to baba Who couldn’t be here to see this day... About the Author Destiny drew Yashavant Kanetkar towards computers when the IT industry was just making a beginning in India. Having completed his education from VJTI Mumbai and IIT Kanpur in Mechanical Engineering he started his training company in Nagpur. Yashavant has a passion for writing and is an author of several books in C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is a much sought after speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His current affiliations include being a Director of KICIT, a training company and DCube Software Technologies, a software development company. In recognition to his contribution Microsoft awarded him the prestigious “Best .NET Technical Contributor” award recently. He can be reached at kanetkar@kicit.com. Preface to the Fifth Edition It is mid 2004. World has left behind the DOTCOM bust, 9/11 tragedy, the economic downturn, etc. and moved on. Countless Indians have relentlessly worked for close to two decades to successfully establish “India” as a software brand. At times I take secret pleasure in seeing that a book that I have been part of, has contributed in its own little way in shaping so many budding careers that have made the “India” brand acceptable. Computing and the way people use C for doing it keeps changing as years go by. So overwhelming...
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...enter the correct amount. If the amount is not enough, the system will instruct them to enter more money. If it is too less, however, the system will them issue out change. Use of Visual Basics Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) will be used because it is a programming language built right into many Microsoft programs. This language is built on the Basic programming language made popular by PCs over the past 25 years. VBA shares similarities with other Windows implementations of the Basic language, such as Visual Basic. If you are familiar with programming in a different language (including using macros), you can quickly get up to speed with VBA. There are a few terms you should know before you start programming in VBA: * Procedure. A section of programming code, designed to accomplish a specific task, which your program statements can use throughout your program. There are two types of procedures: functions and subroutines. * Function. A procedure that returns a value after it completes its task. When called, functions typically appear on the right side of an equal sign in an expression. * Subroutine. A procedure that does not return a value after it completes its task. * Module. A named collection of procedures. You typically attach modules to specific forms or reports. You can accomplish many tasks simply by using macros. This implies--and correctly so--that not everyone needs to use VBA. As a general rule, if you can accomplish a task by using macros, do so...
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...Windows Programming Assignment No.1 Group 4 Submitted To: Submitted By: E.R. Mandeep Kumar Zennia 81307113049 I.T. Q.NO.1 What is device context? Explain how it is used. Ans. Device Context: A data structure in Windows programming that is used to define the attributes of text and images that are output to the screen or printer. The device context (DC) is maintained by GDI. A DC, which is a handle to the structure, is obtained before output is written and released after the elements have been written. One of the advantages of windows is its device independence. Device independence means that same program should be able to work using different devices like keyboard, screen, printer etc without modification to the program. Windows take care of the hardware allowing the programmer to concentrate on the program itself. How is it used: Windows program do not send data directly to the screen or printer. Instead, the program contains a handle (ID value) for the screen or printer’s device context. The output data is sent to the device context (DC) and then windows take care of sending it to the real hardware. The part of windows that converts the windows graphics function calls to the...
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...Let Us C Fifth Edition Yashavant P. Kanetkar Dedicated to baba Who couldn’t be here to see this day... About the Author Destiny drew Yashavant Kanetkar towards computers when the IT industry was just making a beginning in India. Having completed his education from VJTI Mumbai and IIT Kanpur in Mechanical Engineering he started his training company in Nagpur. Yashavant has a passion for writing and is an author of several books in C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is a much sought after speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His current affiliations include being a Director of KICIT, a training company and DCube Software Technologies, a software development company. In recognition to his contribution Microsoft awarded him the prestigious “Best .NET Technical Contributor” award recently. He can be reached at kanetkar@kicit.com. Acknowledgments It has been a journey of almost a decade from the stage the book idea of “Let Us C” was conceived up to the release of this Fifth Edition. During this journey I have met so many students, developers, professors, publishers and authors who expressed their opinions about Let Us C. They have been the main motivators in my effort to continuously improve this book. In particular I am indebted to Manish Jain who had a faith in this book idea, believed in my writing ability, whispered the words of encouragement and made helpful suggestions...
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...Let Us C Fifth Edition Yashavant P. Kanetkar Dedicated to baba Who couldn’t be here to see this day... About the Author Destiny drew Yashavant Kanetkar towards computers when the IT industry was just making a beginning in India. Having completed his education from VJTI Mumbai and IIT Kanpur in Mechanical Engineering he started his training company in Nagpur. Yashavant has a passion for writing and is an author of several books in C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is a much sought after speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His current affiliations include being a Director of KICIT, a training company and DCube Software Technologies, a software development company. In recognition to his contribution Microsoft awarded him the prestigious “Best .NET Technical Contributor” award recently. He can be reached at kanetkar@kicit.com. Acknowledgments It has been a journey of almost a decade from the stage the book idea of “Let Us C” was conceived up to the release of this Fifth Edition. During this journey I have met so many students, developers, professors, publishers and authors who expressed their opinions about Let Us C. They have been the main motivators in my effort to continuously improve this book. In particular I am indebted to Manish Jain who had a faith in this book idea, believed in my writing ability, whispered the words of encouragement and made helpful suggestions...
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...Overview Define system software and identify the two types of system software Summarize the features of several stand-alone operating systems Describe the functions of an operating system Summarize the startup process on a personal computer Briefly describe various server operating systems Summarize the features of several embedded operating systems Explain the purpose of several utility programs See Page 397 for Detailed Objectives Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 8 2 System Software • System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Operating systems Page 398 Utility Programs Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 8 3 Operating Systems • An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources Start and shut down a computer Coordinate tasks Provide a user interface Manage programs Establish an Internet connection Control a network Manage memory Configure devices Monitor performance Provide utilities Pages 398 - 399 Automatically update Administer security 4 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 8 Operating Systems Pages 398 – 399 Figure 8-1 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 8 5 Operating System Functions • The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting Cold boot • Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely Page...
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...attending this course, students must have: Working knowledge of relational databases. Basic knowledge of the Microsoft Windows operating system and its core functionality. Before attending this course, students should have: Basic understanding of virtualization technology (Classroom labs utilize virtual machines) To help you prepare for this class, review the following resources: Book: T-SQL Fundamentals for Microsoft SQL Server 2012 and SQL Azure MCTS Self Paced Training Kit 70-461 About this Course This 5-day instructor led course provides students with the technical skills required to write basic Transact-SQL queries for Microsoft SQL Server 2012. This course is the foundation for all SQL Server-related disciplines; namely, Database Administration, Database Development and Business Intelligence. This course helps people prepare for exam 70-461. All the labs for this course can be performed using the provided virtual machines. However, if you have a Microsoft Windows Azure account and the classroom virtual machines connect to the internet you may be able to connect to your Windows Azure server and database from the classroom. Many of the labs in this course are enabled for you to perform the lab while connected to your own Windows Azure database in the cloud. Your instructor should be able to provide a current list of Windows Azure enabled labs. To acquire a trial Windows Azure account click here. Audience Profile This course is intended for Database Administrators, Database Developers...
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... | |Procedure |Expected Result Achieved |Pass/Fail |Actual Results/Comments | | | |(P/F) | | |Application Functionality | |Performs primary functionality and |Yes |P |Updating and maintaining databases with access | |maintains stability | | |to run commands as needed. | |Windows Fundamentals | |Installs under a user account |No |P |Does not install under student user account | |Installs under a power user account|Yes |P |Installs correctly | |Installs under an administrator |Yes |P |Installs correctly | |account | | | | |Completes a minimal installation |NA |NA ...
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...architecture. Knowing the differences between the various 8086-based processors can help you select the appropriate target processor for your programs. The instruction set of the 8086 processor is upwardly compatible with its successors. To write code that runs on the widest number of machines, select the 8086 instruction set. By using the instruction set of a more advanced processor, you increase the capabilities and efficiency of your program, but you also reduce the number of systems on which the program can run. Processor Modes Real mode allows only one process to run at a time. The mode gets its name from the fact that addresses in real mode always correspond to real locations in memory. The MS-DOS operating system runs in real mode. Windows 3.1 operates only in protected mode, but runs MS-DOS programs in real mode or in a simulation of real mode called virtual-86 mode. In protected mode, more than one process can be active at any one time. The operating system protects memory belonging to one process from access by another process; hence the name protected mode. Protected-mode addresses do not correspond directly to physical memory. Under protected-mode operating systems, the processor allocates and manages memory dynamically. Additional privileged instructions initialize protected mode and control multiple processes. 8086...
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...The purpose and function of an operating system is, to manage software that manages the computer hardware and software resources. It also provides common services for the computer programs, an operating system is a vital part of a computer system, and most applications require an operating system. An operating system acts as a middle component between the applications and you the person who is using it, and the hardware or applications that are trying to perform any function. An operating systems starts when, you first turn on your computer and ends when you turn your computer off. Some of the functions of an operating system are, booting your computer up, an operating system manages input and output devices that you are using on your computer. An operating system also provides a graphical user interface to create a user- friendly environment for the person who is running the operating system. An operating system also manages system resources and manages data. One difference among Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems is, Mac OS X operating system is, Mac OS is the operating system used by apple for their Macintosh computers. Mac OS has an Intel processors however, it is not compatible with regular PC-hardware and PC- based operating systems, such as windows or Linux. A second difference among Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X operating system is, Linux is an open source program that is ever expanding. This means anyone is able to change it if they have the knowledge...
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...engineering problems. The language itself bears some similarities with ANSI C and FORTRAN. MATLAB works with three types of windows on your computer screen. These are the Command window, the Figure window and the Editor window. The Figure window only pops up whenever you plot something. The Editor window is used for writing and editing MATLAB programs (called M-files) and can be invoked in Windows from the pull-down menu after selecting File | New | M-file. In UNIX, the Editor window pops up when you type in the command window: edit filename (‘filename’ is the name of the file you want to create). The command window is the main window in which you communicate with the MATLAB interpreter. The MATLAB interpreter displays a command >> indicating that it is ready to accept commands from you. • View the MATLAB introduction by typing >> intro at the MATLAB prompt. This short introduction will demonstrate some basic MATLAB commands. • Explore MATLAB’s help capability by trying the following: >> help >> help plot >> help ops >> help arith • Type demo and explore some of the demos of MATLAB commands. • You can use the command window as a calculator, or you can use it to call other MATLAB programs (M-files). Say you want to evaluate the expression [pic], where a=1.2, b=2.3, c=4.5 and d=4. Then in the command window, type: >> a = 1.2; >> b=2.3; >> c=4.5; >> d=4; >> a^3 + sqrt(b*d) - 4*c ans = ...
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...The Purpose and Functions of an Operating System The operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems can be found on many devices that contain a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS.. History 1. Windows - The first Windows system was released in 1985. Originally, it was just a graphical user interface on top of MS-DOS – a state of affairs that lasted until the release of Windows 95, when MS-DOS products were integrated into Windows. Windows 95 was a huge departure from the previous systems and was the first major...
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...other peripherals such as printers and scanner. It also has the role of managing hardware resources such as data storage, memory, processors alongside input and output devices. M1-Compare the features and functions of different operating systems Introduction There are two main operating systems that I will be talking about, the names of these operating systems are Windows and Linux. These operating systems have similar properties, features and functions. However they also have different functions as well as features. I will be comparing the features and functions of the two different operating systems, Windows and Linux. Ability to customise Operating systems should be customisable, this means if operating systems have the ability to change their backgrounds of desktops, colour schemes and changing the layout. Windows XP, Vista,7 and 8, all allow you to customise the background of the desktop. This means that a picture...
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...Within the operating system world, there are several things to consider before making a decision as to which one best suits your needs. One of the most important things within an operating system is the ability to manage its memory. It is crucial for the operating system to be able to handle large amounts of information at the same time by using the processor, the RAM and the Hard Drive. Operating systems need a way to be able to allocate and de-allocate memory within the sectors of the RAM using the Kernel. However, every operating system handles this very differently. Let’s take a look at the differences between the three major operating systems and how they each manage its memory. We begin by analyzing UNIX/Linux. Linux, a form of UNIX, is very different in how it manages its memory to the other operating systems. Linux uses a tree like structure for memory management, and also using a numeric algorithm to make the best use of its valuable memory. The memory it manages is maintained in structures which enable protection of them by converting the list into the tree like structure. The tree is also balanced and not too much in depth. This helps for the information to be reached much more easily because it is closer for the processor to grab and use. It also cuts the time it takes for the processor to reach the data that would otherwise take longer to reach. The Virtual Address Descriptors marks the nodes within the tree as reserved, committed, or free. MAX OS works in...
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