...Scholarly Journal Criminology Theory October 16, 2012 Scholarly Journal The growing figures of women implicated in the criminal-justice system and the shortage of programs and assistance that are equipped toward their necessities has encouraged criminal justice experts to investigate their sanctioning and oversight procedures in terms of gender. However, there is additionally comprehensive information concerning the attributes of women in prisons and jails, there are considerably fewer facts on female delinquents in community correctional environments. The failure of mature females in criminal-justice investigation has been substantiated on the grounds that they report for only a short fraction of apprehensions and move fewer delinquencies than males. This explanation disregards the fact that, adult females who do register in the justice system, while fewer other and less vicious than their male counterparts, generally come to be extensive users of the system. In concentrating on the devastating quantity of males in the criminal and juvenile justice organizations programs, procedures and services usually fall through to produce a mixture of options for conducting with the gender and culturally specific complications of female offenders implicated in the system. For Gottfredson and Hirschi, transgression can generally be diminished to “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest,” which is speculative of both cross-cultural and reforming authentic interpretations...
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...Task 1 – How would you define criminology? (418 words) Criminology lives as discipline that many people relate to differently, depending on their academic interests, background and exposure to the topic. For me personally it is useful to acknowledge this in order to develop a deeper understanding of the subject and my charity’s work. Therefore, I believe that the overarching definition of criminology would need to fulfill all the criteria of what we would require an effective theory to embrace, whilst also allowing me to relate to it as a tool that clearly identifies the remit of criminology. Criteria, such as concrete, evidence-based, quantitative or qualitative and scientifically-rooted, are fundamental to the subject of criminology. ‘The basic idea of science is to establish a method of knowing things that is independent of people’s opinions about them.’ This avoids overgeneralisation and prevents a theory from becoming so abstract that it detaches itself and no longer defines the topic summarised under its umbrella. As a result the theory can become a source of guidance and a framework that clearly includes themes, whilst also representing a boundary that differentiates what lies within from the rest that remains outside its remit. With regard to criminology what lies within includes an agreed methodology to conduct research in order to analyse an observation. What is important is that a theory remains empirically testable and that the evidence gathered supports the theory...
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...The Relevance of Peacemaking Criminology David Esposito Troy University Abstract The realm of peacemaking criminology rests within the social conflict theories. Peacemaking criminology is a perspective that seeks ending crime through transformative and restorative justice methods to help people create peaceful solutions to crime. Peacemaking criminology can be implemented in society to focus on healing families currently touched by crime. The implementation of peacemaking criminology would be a profoundly different approach in effort to break a cycle that repeats itself in the way society currently operates. One can examine research already available and the effectiveness of current programs with similar goals and then determine their effectiveness and merit to invest time and money. The fundamental goal of peacemaking criminology is to use a non-violent methodology to solve crime. The Relevance of Peacemaking Criminology Peacemaking criminology is definitely not mainstream criminology and has only emerged in the last quarter century, as revealed in the publication of Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinney’s edited reader titled Criminology as Peacemaking (Barnes, nd). The overall argument offered by the Pepinsky and Quinney writers is that the whole of the American criminal justice system is predicated on the continuance of violence and oppression and the failure to explain for how the larger social system impacts the problem of crime (Aday, 1992). One would contend that...
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...Fundamental of Effective Communication in the Workplace Karen Alesia Powell Strayer University BUS100 Professor Doris Martin August 3, 2014 Abstract Communication is the key to a successful business or professional career. The use of effective communication is one the most important skills that I recommend for all people working in a professional position to acquire and perfect. But this skill is not easy for everyone, it can be a challenge for many even the most talented people. (Kelly, McGowen, William, 2014, Pg.125) Fundamental of Effective Communication in the Workplace Communication is imperative to achieve the goals of those who in work the law profession. Criminal justice, criminology and law enforcement workers must be able to articulate their actions and reasoning to the public in order to maintain their support. Without the ability to communicate effectively the details of the event may be seen as a public misconception. Criminologists and Investigators must be able to present their research and findings in a coherent manner to persuade the case and apprehend the subject or subjects. Three Reasons and Results How Communication is Effective The first communication skills is understanding the cultural orientation including diverse age, cultural, economic, ethnic and religious groups. With the understanding of many cultures, many businesses hire personnel with multiple languages skills. This helps the language barrier and comprehension of what being...
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...College of Criminology Laboratory Exercise Police Photography Name: _____________________________________ Date:______________________ Year level:________________ Rating: __________ Teacher’s Initial:_______________ Exercise #1 Photography and its Importance Objective: To test student memory retention of the previous lesson Instruction: Read the question carefully, give and explain briefly your answer by writing legibly and responsively. 1. Why does Photography useful in the interrogation of suspects? 2. Photography is used to preserve perishable evidence. Why is it necessary to preserve this perishable evidence? 3. What are the elements embodied in the definition of Photography? Do this Element work together to form a Photograph? Explain 4. Why is it necessary to consider lend and filter in taking photograph? 5. What is the effect if the shutter speed, aperture, and film sensitivity setting is happen to be in higher number? College of Criminology Laboratory Exercise Police Photography Name: _____________________________________ Date:______________________ Year level:________________ Rating: __________ Teacher’s Initial:_______________ Exercise # 2 The forerunners in the history of Photography Objectives: To test student memory retention of the previous lesson. Instruction: Read the question carefully: give and explain briefly your answer by writing legibly and responsively. 1. a. Sir James Herschel – b....
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...DEALING EFFECTIVELY WITH THE CRIMINOLOGY LICENSURE EXAMINATION Introduction Passing the Board Examination in Criminology known as the Licensure Examination for Criminologists is the only means to get the license to practice the profession as a criminologist in the Philippines. This is mandated under Republic Act No. 6506 – the law creating the Board of Criminology of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). Once licensed as a criminologist, it gives the holder an open door to enter several options of employment in the private and public sector as well as in the international arena. A licensed criminologist is said to be a generalist as he can perform services offered in law enforcement and public safety administration, forensic sciences, security industries, training and education sectors, and other related services. As defined under the law, a person is deemed engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum. 2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or private agency. 3. As technician...
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...DEALING EFFECTIVELY WITH THE CRIMINOLOGY LICENSURE EXAMINATION Introduction Passing the Board Examination in Criminology known as the Licensure Examination for Criminologists is the only means to get the license to practice the profession as a criminologist in the Philippines. This is mandated under Republic Act No. 6506 – the law creating the Board of Criminology of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). Once licensed as a criminologist, it gives the holder an open door to enter several options of employment in the private and public sector as well as in the international arena. A licensed criminologist is said to be a generalist as he can perform services offered in law enforcement and public safety administration, forensic sciences, security industries, training and education sectors, and other related services. As defined under the law, a person is deemed engaged in the practice of Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities: 1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a) Law Enforcement Administration, (b) Criminalistics, (c) Correctional Administration, (d) Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e) other technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum. 2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or private agency. 3. As...
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...Rendezvous Discipline Criminology is known as a ‘Rendezvous’ discipline; discuss the meaning and validity of this label The purpose of this essay is to discuss the meaning and validity of the label criminology has as a ‘rendezvous discipline’. To do this, this essay illuminates where criminology originates from and what its primary focus is. The Chicago School, Lombrosian Theory, Positivist and Classical criminology, are discussed. Other disciplines namely Sociology, Psychology, and the Criminal Justice Sector are examined and applied to the broad subject of criminology, to show the network of how this subject came to be recognised as such a discipline. Exposed are main issues that occur for the likes of criminologists and other social scientists when challenged with defining criminology; and the problems that definition’s carry with themselves. This essay will look in to the birth of criminology as a new discipline and how it has evolved in what it is known today as an applied social science. Explanation of what an ‘applied social science’ will be detailed and collectively the answer to the meaning and validity of the label of ‘rendezvous discipline’ will be provided. Topics that criminology is weaved into for instance are Globalisation, Capital Punishment, Serial Killing, Media, and Genocide. Used to demonstrate the importance that this discipline provides, in a range of contexts Media is the focus later in the essay. Criminology can be studied on its own as a subject...
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...The book is organized around three components to facilitate the integration of criminological knowledge: (1) how social context can be criminogenic, (2) how risk factors influence the individual development of criminal behavior; (3) mechanisms by which social context and individual development interact to explain crime. Because this is an edited book, the chapters are written by different authors who focus on specific questions. M. Bunge presents the limitations of holistic and individualist perspectives on crime and the benefits of a systemic (i.e. integrative) perspective. R. J. Sampson discusses whether there are contextual effects on individual development; and what causal mechanisms are involved in order to explain community variations in crime rates. P. O. H. Wikström emphasizes the importance of identifying what moves individuals to commit acts of crime when investigating explanations of individual differences in crime involvement, area and place variation in crimes rates, and changes over time in the crime rate of a geographical location. T. Moffitt and A. Caspi review studies using behavioral-genetic designs to address the interplay between measured environmental risks and genetic risks in the origins of antisocial behavior: evidence about gene-environment interactions suggests that environmental risks can affect some people more strongly in genetically vulnerable segments of the population. R. Loeber, N. W. Slot, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber uses unconventional three-dimensional...
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...A Paper titled “Global Socio-Economic Crisis and Crime Control Policies: Regional and National Comparison” presented to the International Society for Criminology (ISC) during the 2011 Kobe, Japan 16th World Congress of ISC held between August 5 -9, 2011 in Japan. By Nwokwu Mathew A delegate from Federal Republic of Nigeria National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Department of Criminology and Security Studies Special Study Centre for the Nigerian Navy, Apapa Lagos Nigeria West African Sub-Region. Your Excellency: The President of the International Society of Criminology (ISC) The Organizing Committee and Local Arrangement Committee The Japan Federation of Criminological Associations (JFCA), The Cooperating Organizations and Other Assistants, whose efforts have made this event a success, Officials from the United Nations and Council of Europe present; Criminologists all over the world present; Let me also acknowledge the presence of my brother, my father, my friend, mentor and my sponsor, Dr. Boniface Afifia-Oru, who is one of the frontiers of Socio-Economic development in Africa, the author of ‘Dynamics of Credit Economic System in Africa, a technocrat, Sir, you are now a kinsman of International Society for Criminology, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is great to come to the original abode of immortal beings. As a young man I am very curious to read about the legend that in 219 BC, Emperor Shih Huang-Ti sent 3,000 young boys and girls to your Island to bring back the herb of...
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...classical school of criminology? In particular, address the contributions of Beccaria and Bentham to the debate about punishment and the impact of these contributions in modern corrections? * Perceptual Research on General Deterrence: A Critical Review * Kirk R. Williams and Richard Hawkins * Law & Society Review, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1986), pp. 545-572 * Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Law and Society Association * Article DOI: 10.2307/3053466 * Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/3053466 2. .) In all societies certain kinds of behaviour are either encouraged or discouraged by a set of social rules, from mild discouragers such as frowns of disapproval to applause of approval. Behaviours that infringe upon the happiness of others or their property or the general wellbeing of those within the community were discouraged with stronger means such as verbal abuse, beatings and banishment. (Allen and Simonsen, 1998) 3. Theorists such as von Hentig of the early 1900’s proposed that Bentham’s theory of deterrence was invalid due to the fact that the pleasure of committing a crime is a “near object” whereas the consequence of crime imposed by the legal system is a “long-distance danger” and is unable to counteract the immediate rewards of crime. (Paternoster, 2010, p773) HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT CRIMINAL DETERRENCE? Paternoster, Raymond Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology; Summer 2010; 100...
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...causes crime, how its theory defines crime, the multiple feminist perspectives within feminism and how feminist criminology attempts to combat crime. It will then discuss the relevance and how feminist theory influences the criminal justice system, such as women’s role as professionals, as well as women as offenders and victims (Schram & Tibbetts 2013, p. 285). Finally, this essay will examine the applicability to Australian society by exploring if the suggested causes of crime apply to Australian society. It will lastly draw on the criticisms of feminist criminology and how the different types of feminist perspectives lessons the relevance of this theory in Australian society. Outlining the theory Feminist criminology first developed in the 1960’s and 1970’s which was closely associated with the emergence of the Second Wave of Feminism (White, Haines & Asquith 2012, p. 143). The Second Wave of Feminism saw the advent of many issues such as social, political and material inequalities (White, Haines & Asquith 2012, p. 143). Because men were mostly privileged as a group by society, the development of feminist criminology emphasised and raised concerns of the problem of discrimination of females in the study if crime (White, Haines & Asquith 2012, p. 143). Thus, focusing on the issue of power and on gender as a social construct. The theory of feminist criminology seeks to address the general absence of women from...
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...Define and discuss the classical school of criminology? In particular, address the contributions of Beccaria and Bentham to the debate about punishment and the impact of these contributions in modern corrections? Jennifer Summers Student Number: s2888608 Course: 2007CCJ Course Convenor: Dr John Rynne Course Tutor: Lisa Thomsen Due Date: 4th April 2014 Date Submitted: 4th April 2014 Criminological theories research and investigate a number of social and individual issues pertaining to the causes of crime, law and punishment. Classical criminology refers to a period of time known as the Enlightenment during the 18th century. The classical school was body of ideas with regards to the restructure and reform of punishment in the 18th century (Hyland, Gomez & Greensides, 2003) by a group of European philosophers and scholars, including Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. These two classical thinkers were at the forefront of criminal law and penal reform. This essay seeks to explore the role that Beccaria and Bentham had in the debate about punishment in their time and how their contributions have impacted modern corrections. To understand the contributions that Beccaria and Bentham made to classical criminology, it is fundamental to understand about the social conditions that existed when they were writing. The classical thinkers were rebelling against an arbitrary and corrupt system of law, in which the judges held and absolute and tyrannical power over those...
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...information, drafting, filing, and serving legal documents such as discovery and motions as well as managing and organizing cases. Deciding to return back to school is never an easy decision, but I believe I can one day contribute to the future minds that wish to study criminology. I recently had a daughter and I often think about the society in which she is now a member. The other day I voted and I took my daughter along to witness our beautiful system of democracy at work. I am interested in graduate school to advance my career and to obtain the additional skills to empower a world unknown of its ability. In October of 2010, I had to honor to help the attorney I was working with in assisting her with a Continuing Legal Education (CLE) to present to the other attorneys for their quarterly training. In 2011 I was a recipient of the NYC Law Department Legal Assistant Achievement Award and Certified Commissioner of Deeds for the City of New York. • Academic Experience When I matriculated into Virginia Union University, I picked a general major of Business Administration and Management. I remember my senior year, my roommate who was a Criminology Criminal Justice major expressed so much love for Criminology in America course that she was taking and asked me...
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...activities or prison work assignments. For those offenders that are struggling with addictions, there are drug and alcohol treatment programs that offer anonymous group meetings. Also, definitely as a one of very supportive programs is visitation with family and nonfamily outsiders. Parole it is a supervision that offender receives after being released from the prison. It is a similar to probation method of supervision when it comes to its conditions. Just like on probation, while on parole the convict has to obey the law, stay away from substances like drugs and alcohol and report to his or her officer until the parole is over. The word parole came from old French parole d’honneur which means “word of honor” (Burk Foster, Corrections The Fundamentals). In United States of America parole came to life at the end of 1800’s and by...
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