...starting to be promoted by Sesame Street. Child development psychologists help make the show, and have used Cookie Monster to do so. They have parts of episodes where they define regulation to children, which is similar to control. Cookie Monster used to just gobble the cookies away, and now he shows more control in hopes to show children to limit their sweets to reduce obesity in children. Self-regulation skills can be taught through: play and learning through play, accountability check ins, make believe, and creative play. People get along better with people who can demonstrate self-control. How fast one’s self-control response is depends on how fast one can control his or her impulses. The part of the brain called the anterior cingulate gyrus has shown a relationship with one’s self-control ability according to Dr. Swanson. Self- regulation emerges around age one, and is an important skill to...
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...of video cues was associated with activation in the fusiform gyrus, occipital cortex and posterior temporal cortex. Individuals that were obese elicited less activity in areas associated with vision and pain processing, while those with an uncontrollable cause of stigma elicited even less activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus, an emotional processing area. In another study examining controllability of stigma, eighteen adult participants were read short sentences that attributed the cause of an individual’s homeless to either an external cause, or a preventable cause (Krendl, et. al, 2012). Participants were then presented with an image of this individual, and were asked to form an impression of this individual. Additionally, another set of participants were asked to use a likert scale survey to indicate how much pity they felt for the individual, how disgusted they were, and if they were willing to help the individual. Participants reported feeling more pity, less disgust, and were more willing to help individuals who were homeless due to uncontrollable causes. Subjects that viewed individuals who had a controllable cause of homelessness elicited greater activation in the bilateral occipital lobe, inferior occipital gyrus, and areas in the prefrontal cortex, such as the left medial frontal cortex, right ventral medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral orbital cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex. Another study...
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...Visual Information Processing Paper Laura Nancy Vargas PSYCH/64 December 2, 2013 Holly Berry Perception Paper Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one’s brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods. Describe Visual Information Processing The way a human eye and brain works together to produce visual data understandable to the brain is through a biochemical reaction to light turned into neural impulses by the brain. The section of the brain dedicated to interpreting vision is the visual cortex. . Light passes through the lens and the vitreous humor and falls on the retina at the back of the eye (J.R. Anderson, 2009, pg. 34). The retina includes the light sensing or photoreceptor cells. These cells change physical shape when exposed to light. The photoreceptor cells are of two kinds; rods and cones. At this point the photochemical process occurs that turns the information of the light, including shapes, texture, color, orientation, and depth, into neural impulses. Rods are the cells that when exposed to less light energy are responsible for less sharp images, the kind...
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...Sometimes called executive function, it is associated with the pre-frontal cortex. Most importantly the frontal lobe contains several cortical areas involved in the control of voluntary muscle movement, including those necessary for the production of speech and swallowing.Broca's Area is found on the inferior third frontal gyrus in the hemisphere that is dominant for language. This area is involved in the coordination or programming of motor movements for the production of speech sounds. While it is essential for the execution of the motor movements involved in speech it does not directly cause movement to occur. The firing of neurons here does not generate impulses for motor movement instead it generates motor programming pattern. This motor plan is sent to upper motor neurons in the precentral gyrus (motor strip) which in turn send the signals to to the lower motor neurons (cranial and spinal nerves) which take the signals to muscle end plates.Broca's area is also involved in syntax which involves the ordering of words, and morphology-the allomorphs at the ends of words e.g., hat+s=hats.Injuries to Broca's area may cause apraxia or Broca's aphasia.The precentral gyrus,...
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...Visual Information Processing Brenda Upsey Psycho/640 Dr. Samatha Hickman Visual Information Processing A person eyes and brain is the key to help express or interpret what they see. Our eyes and brain are an important part of our daily life and we need our eyes to see the world and to express what we see. The brain and eyes work together to help processing information through our vision. The brain stimulates our five senses, such as touch, smell, sight, taste, and hearing however, most stimuli are interpret through the sight. Our eyes allow us to see things, such as objects, shapes, and colors. The brain helps to perceive and interpret what we see. This process is called visual information processing which pertain to person cognitive skills. Our cognitive skills allow us to see things, process it, and interpret it to make sense. By using our eyes we can see things and hold on to memories and tell our children family history. This paper will describe visual information processing and explain two conditions that impair visual information processing. This paper wills also discuss current trends in research of visual information processing and give two scholarly peer reviews on visual information processing. Visual Information Processing The human brain is responsible for to help understand information that see to the brain.. To understand visual information processing one must for know how the brain and eyes work together. The human brain is an important part of our...
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...Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain, the functions and structure of the human brain. And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails. Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly you can hold in the palm of your hand, and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating...
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...Agreeableness was found to be linked to feelings and emotions; one of which is empathy, which is uncovered by mirror neurons. This study involved the NEO personality inventory, it found a negative relationship between the adjacent superior temporal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus as well as a significant positive relationship in terms of the retrospienial area of the posterior cingulate cortex. The predictions of this study were found as stated; however, something else was found that was not predicted and that was a positive association in the fusiform gyrus. Having an agreeable personality, has different relationships and associations with different parts of the brain, in comparison to another personality, which would have different links. Agreeable individuals have reduced capacity in their left superior temporal sulcus, which is important in social abilities, such as determining what other individuals’ intentions are. Those with an agreeable personality would be able to determine the actions better if the left superior temporal sulcus was not reduced. It was found that those who have an agreeable personality are more likely to be kind...
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...Face Recognition Face perception is the method that the brain and the conscience mind recognize and understand a face, mainly the human face. If there’s one class of stimuli for which recognition is the most important, significant, and frequent, it’s the recognition of faces (Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2008).Without the ability to recognize familiar faces, we would be awash in a sea of strangers (Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2008). When we recognize faces it is the most utilized cognitive process we perform on a daily basis. This process lets us interact with others in our environment effectively. A Model of Face Processing The Bruce and Young model (1986), which is the most widely cited face processing model, suggests that previous experience with a face influences the middle and latter stages of recognition The model is comprised of several modules, each of them representing a functional separate component (Bruce & Young, 1986). When we see a face, firstly, we form different representations of it. The structural encoding builds these representations. According to the authors, view-centered descriptions are used to analyze facial speech (Campbell, 2011) and facial expressions (Straube, Mothes-Lasch, & Miltner, 2011). Roles of concepts and Categories A category refers to a grouping of objects or ideas that have some common underlying feature or set of features (Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2008). The term concept is typically used to refer...
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...function, memory, and sensory function were extremely low resembling someone who was in a vegetative state. Dr. Steven Laurey, a neurologist at the University of Liege in Belgium stated that he viewed Graham’s PET Scan and “I’ve been analyzing PET Scans for 15 years and I’ve never seen anyone who was on his feet, who was interacting with people, with such an abnormal scan results.” (New Scientist.) The Possible causes of Cortard’s Syndrome are: • Migraines with aura: headache that strikes after or along with sensory disturbances • Traumatic brain injury • Organic lesions of the non-dominant temporoparietal cortex • 9- carboxymethoxymethylguaine (principle metabolite of antiviral drug acyclovir. • Abnormal neural communication in the fusiform gyrus and the amygdala • Has been found to be present in conjunction with Capgras Syndrome (patients are unable to recognize familiar faces.) The effects of Cortard’s Syndrome are: • Suicidal Thoughts • Belief that their body doesn’t exist • The feeling of being Immortal • Belief that they have no blood • Belief that their body is rotting • They believe that they have no internal organs. The two stages of Cortard Syndrome are the Blooming stage and the Chronic stage. During the Blooming stage, the patient starts to develop issues with the denial of their own body parts, and the denial that they are a living being. The second stage is the Chronic stage. This is when the patient has a decline in their mental processing and lose their grip...
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...To appear in: Oxford Companion to the Affective Sciences Oxford University Press Personality and Emotion William Revelle Department of Psychology Northwestern University Klaus R. Scherer Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of Geneva Personality is the coherent patterning of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires (goals) over time and space. Just as a full blown emotion represents an integration of feeling, action, appraisal and wants at a particular time and location so does personality represent integration over time and space of these components (Ortony et al., 2005). A helpful analogy is to consider that personality is to emotion as climate is to weather. That is, what one expects is personality, what one observes at any particular moment is emotion. To understand the personality-affect link it is necessary to consider the ways in which personality may be described. Since Theophrastus’ discussion of characters and Galen’s theory of temperament (Stelmack & Stalikas, 1991), dimensional models of individual differences in personality have consistently identified three (the Giant Three, e.g., Eysenck & Eysenck (1985)) to five (the Big Five, e.g., Digman (1990)) broad dimensions of personality. Two of these dimensions, in particular, Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N, sometimes referred to by the other end of the dimension as Emotional Stability) have been associated with individual differences in affective level and environmental responsivity (Corr, 2008;...
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...movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure. It makes up approximately 90% of the human cerebrum's cortical region and comprises six layers of tissue, these being, from top to bottom, the molecular, outer granular, pyramidal, inner granular, inner pyramidal, and fusiform layers. The cortex's convoluted appearance results from its numerous gyri and sulci. This greatly increases the tissue's surface area—it is estimated that the...
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...Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and the relationship between structures Physiology is the study of how the structures of the body function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Homeostasis Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17 Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic number Atomic weight Isotopes Chemical bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Polar Nonpolar Hydrogen bonds Chemical reactions Synthesis (anabolic) reactions Simple sugar + simple sugar → Carbohydrate Bond between sugars- Glycosidic bond Function of carbohydrates- energy source Amino acid + amino acid → Protein Bond between amino acids- Peptide bond Function of Proteins – body structure and functional molecules Nucleotide + nucleotide → Nucleic acid Bond between nucleotides- Phosphodiester bond Function of nucleic acids- DNA stores genetic information - RNA intermediary between DNA and protein Glycerol + 3 fatty acids → Triglyceride (lipids) Bond...
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...Neuropsychology is the branch of psychology which investigates the function and structure of the brain as it relates to processes of cognition such as; memory, perception, thinking, recognition and the human ability to solve problems, ( Jansari, 2010 p.60). Since the second half of the nineteenth century neurologist began studying brain damage in patients, more specifically their research has examined the effect of brain damage and its implication for normal cognitive functions. It has therefore being argued that in order to understand a working system, one must understand how it can fail, (Jansari, 2010 p. 59). This can refine and possibly constrain existing theories, as well as inspire the formulation of future concepts with regards to the structure of normal cognition. Evidence is based on case studies of individual brain damaged patients who show deficits in particular areas of the brain, from such studies researchers infer that different areas of the brain are highly specialized. Furthermore the development of more accurate techniques, aided by more effective research paradigms has increased our understanding of cognitive functions, in areas such as disassociation, plasticity, memory, localization and face processing, which would be explored later in the essay. Cognitive neuropsychology has however shown that there are limitations in understanding cognition where questions regarding methodology may arise, for instance studying single patient symptoms may pose problem for...
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...Psychophysiology, 51 (2014), 645–657. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Printed in the USA. Copyright © 2014 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12209 Dissociable effects of psychopathic traits on cortical and subcortical visual pathways during facial emotion processing: An ERP study on the N170 PEDRO R. ALMEIDA,a,b FERNANDO FERREIRA-SANTOS,a JOANA B. VIEIRA,a,c PEDRO S. MOREIRA,a,b FERNANDO BARBOSA,a and JOÃO MARQUES-TEIXEIRAa a Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal b c Abstract This study examined the relation between psychopathic traits and the brain response to facial emotion by analyzing the N170 component of the ERP. Fifty-four healthy participants were assessed for psychopathic traits and exposed to images of emotional and neutral faces with varying spatial frequency content. The N170 was modulated by the emotional expressions, irrespective of psychopathic traits. Fearless dominance was associated with a reduced N170, driven by the low spatial frequency components of the stimuli, and dependent on the tectopulvinar visual pathway. Conversely, coldheartedness was related to overall enhanced N170, suggesting mediation by geniculostriate processing. Results suggest that different dimensions of psychopathy are related...
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...Autism http://aut.sagepub.com/ What can innovative technologies do for Autism Spectrum Disorders? Sven Bölte, Ofer Golan, Matthew S. Goodwin and Lonnie Zwaigenbaum Autism 2010 14: 155 DOI: 10.1177/1362361310365028 The online version of this article can be found at: http://aut.sagepub.com/content/14/3/155 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: The National Autistic Society Additional services and information for Autism can be found at: Email Alerts: http://aut.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://aut.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://aut.sagepub.com/content/14/3/155.refs.html Downloaded from aut.sagepub.com by guest on November 12, 2010 Editorial What can innovative technologies do for Autism Spectrum Disorders? S V E N B Ö LT E , O F E R G O L A N M AT T H E W S . G O O DW I N L O N N I E Z WA I G E N B A U M autism © 2010 SAGE Publications and The National Autistic Society Vol 14(3) 155–159; 365028 1362-3613(2010) Technology deals with human usage and knowledge of instruments and techniques to help people control and adapt to their natural environments. The usage of technology is taking an increasingly prominent role in research and clinical practice related to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). At the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), where the idea for this Special Issue on Autism...
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