...Difference between Male and Female Leadership Styles Abstract Leadership styles differences in men and women have been attributed to upbringing, gender, environment, and development. Women were determined to have faster brain development than men. Societal norms suggested being raised differently because of gender caused differences in leadership styles. Some studies concluded innate traits cause males to be more aggressive versus a female’s nurturing nature. Still, others claim environmental factors, more specifically a male dominated workplace, are responsible for the difference in how male and females’ leader. The issue is many women are not reaching the upper levels of management based on the perceived notions mentioned above. Is there one specific reason that causes the difference between male and female leadership styles? Is there one determining (controlled) factor to bring the two leadership styles to conformity? During the research process the causes of leadership style differences were explored in detail by the use of questionnaires, surveys, and interviews to ascertain what workers, at all levels, in the business community perceived to be the determining factor. Overall, these findings propose psychological or physiological differences in males and females as the cause of different styles when using uncontrolled factors. My choice of a methodological perspective as a qualitative research method, to include the use of surveys, questionnaires, and a group...
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...Gender Roles in the Workplace: Annotated Bibliography Karissa Roveda Oakland University Rochester, MI Adler, M. A. (1994). Male-Female power differences at work: A comparison of supervisor and policymakers. Sociological Inquiry, 64(1), 37-55. This article spoke of the positions of power between men and women, and how policymakers and supervisors distribute that power to men and women. In the work place, when considering for advancement, employers have undefined criteria such as personality characteristics and potential managerial qualities. These standards become the cause of inequality in authority and power at work place. Jobs that are available for women have low wages and also less authority. Similar research studies have shown similar points, in that inequality is found at the workplace because of such gender based characteristics. Even though women were shown to be more educated, they do not follow the same status. The researcher in this study used methodology to find these inequalities at the work place. The study consisted of four data points to test and used 531 women and 619 men for this data. The author collected data for power in wage labor, employment, sample characteristics and occupation by education. The results showed that men achieve higher positions and also showed they have a higher chance at a supervisory level and more authority than women. In the workplace, gender is a major part of determining positions of power. Also, it shows that education...
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...Communication Differences and Strategies Understanding communication differences and the strategies to prevent conflict because of these differences is important when establishing relationships. According to Christopher (2008), “men and women have differing frameworks for how they view the world” (p. 1). The following presentation will provide information on types of verbal and nonverbal communication and how communication differs among men and women. Information on some common miscommunications and examples are also included in the presentation. The presentation includes a description of a situation that occurred that involved sexual harassment in the workplace, and recommendations for strategies to prevent this type of hostile conflict in the workplace. Types of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication People communicate verbally and nonverbally. Verbal communication is the exchange of words, for example, face-to-face, by telephone, or via technologies, such as a computer (Engleberg & Wynn, 2011).The language used is also important when communicating verbally. Language refers to the individuals’ ability to express his or her ideas and influence the listener (Engleberg & Wynn, 2011). The content and tone of a verbal message is an indication of the type of relationship between two individuals (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). For example, a simple “hello” to someone in a warm tone of voice conveys a sense of friendship and familiarity, whereas a hollow, perfunctory tone may indicate a more...
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...Alawi 1031350 Aysha Al Shamisi 1012981 Najla Al Otaibi 1038068 LEADERSHIP AND WOMEN CAREER SUCCESS: THE GLASS CEILING EFFECT WITHIN THE UAE CEDARS - Jebel Ali International Hospital TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 Problem statement 3 Significance of the study 3 STUDY ORGANZIATION: CEDARS - Jebel Ali International Hospital 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 An introduction to Leadership: 5 DIFFERENT STYLES OF LEADERSHIP 6 Authoritarian Type of Leadership: 6 Democratic Leadership style: 7 Laissez-Faire Leadership : 8 The underlying concept of Glass Ceiling Effect : 9 Women Leadership Styles and Female Career Advancement 12 Relationship between Leadership Style and Glass Ceiling Effect in connection with women career 14 RESEARCH METHODOLGY AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 16 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH: 17 Section 1: Leadership Style 17 Section 2: Perceived Glass Ceiling Effect in context of CEDARS 20 Section3: Women Career Pathways 24 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29 REFERENCES 31 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Authoritarian Leadership style 16 Figure 2: Democratic Leadership style questionnaire 17 Figure 3: Laissez - Faire Leadership style questionnaire 18 Figure 4: Perceived glass ceiling effect 19 Figure 5: Women career pathways survey 1 23 Figure 6:Women career pathways survey 2 23 INTRODUCTION Problem statement The increasing role of women in management couldn’t be denied as obvious the leadership traits they exhibit worldwide...
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...direct influence on the level of commitment, motivation and performance of their organization. Leadership definitions on the other hand are simple statements that encapsulate the core beliefs, values, and attitudes a person holds towards leadership. This paper will explore the differences in leaders when it comes to ethics in leadership, transactional, transformational and spiritual leadership. Literature Review Ethics Research Ethics in all forms of leadership has emerged as a concern which has led to studies being completed in both academic literature and business press alike. These concerns are widespread in newspapers, magazines, internet and television broadcastings within multiple associations to include organizations, law, medicine and education. According to FirstSearch, 2002 there were over 1,000 scholarly and practitioner articles along with 1,500 books published on ethics from 1990 through 2003. There are numerous bodies of research which seek to assess the role gender plays in perceptions of ethical decision making. Regrettably, the majority of the research is largely theoretical with respect to the role of gender. Even studies providing more comprehensive reviews of gender effects have been limited to descriptive "vote...
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...it is controlled by a competent and persuasive supervisor. While mentors motivate their subordinates, it is not the only thing managers can do. A virtuous supervisor can configure the workplace in the position he desires. He epitomizes the principles of the establishment and most significantly, it has been perceived that effective leaders enjoy a capability to proliferate the productivity of the business. Background In 1992, the Department of Corrections built a prison in my hometown of Lancaster, California. Many of my friends applied for the five hundred job openings as a correctional officer. Although I was reluctant to apply for a career in such as a harsh environment within a state prison, these same friends convinced me to submit my application. After a rigorous twelve month hiring process coupled with a sixteen week academy, I was sworn in as a full time peace officer in April of 1994. As a peace officer, I was stationed at the Lancaster State Prison as a correctional officer. My leadership skills were negligible at this point in my career, as I only had attained entry level positions prior to the acceptance of this employment. Working as a correctional officer gave me the foundation of leadership as I supervised inmates on a daily basis. Effective communication with a diverse group informally enhanced my leadership skills. Inside the prison walls, the environment of “them versus us” is omnipresent. Breaking that barrier takes strong leadership...
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...live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continent. For this reason, organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Therefore maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today. Since managing diversity remains a significant organizational challenge, managers must learn the managerial skills needed in a multicultural work environment. Supervisors and managers must be prepared to teach themselves and others within their organizations to value multicultural differences in both associates and customers so that everyone is treated with dignity. Diversity issues are now considered important and are projected to become even more important in the future due to increasing differences in the population of many countries. Companies need to focus on diversity and look for ways to become totally inclusive organizations because diversity has the potential of yielding greater productivity and competitive advantages. Managing and valuing diversity is a key component of effective people management, which can improve workplace productivity. Unmanaged diversity in the workplace might become an obstacle for achieving organizational goals. Therefore diversity can be perceived as a “double-edged sword”. 2. Concepts of Diversity Diversity is a subjective phenomenon, created by group members themselves who on the basis of their different social...
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... Peter Salovey and John Mayer initially defined emotional intelligence as: A form of intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). The current characterization and the most widely accepted. Emotional intelligence is thus defined as: The ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions, and to regulate emotions to promote personal growth (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). This section will review the emotional intelligence literature. First, description of two models of emotional intelligence is outlined. Second, research on the gender and age differences in emotional intelligence will be discussed. Third, the application of emotional intelligence to everyday living will be explored. Salovey and Mayer: An Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence Peter Salovey and John Mayer first coined the term "emotional intelligence" in 1990 (Salovey & Mayer, 1990) and have since continued to conduct research on the significance of the construct. Mayer and Salovey's conception of emotional intelligence proposes that emotional intelligence is comprised of two areas: experiential (ability to...
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...International Dimensions in Organizational Behavior | Cross-Cultural Communication INTRODUCTION "We didn't all come over on the same ship, but we're all in the same boat." – Bernard Baruch, American financier and statesman. The Internet and modern technology have opened up new marketplaces that allow us to promote our businesses to new geographic locations and cultures. And given that it can now be as easy to work with people remotely as it is to work face-to-face, cross-cultural communication is increasingly the new norm. For those of us who are native English-speakers, it is fortunate that English seems to be the language that people use if they want to reach the widest possible audience. However, even for native English speakers, cross-cultural communication can be an issue: Just witness the mutual incomprehension that can sometimes arise between people from different English-speaking countries. In this new world, good cross-cultural communication is a must. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Obviously, not all individuals acculturate similarly. Some find the daily challenges of responding to another culture to be too stressful and overwhelming. If possible, such individuals will choose to return to their cultural origin; if they cannot do so, various kinds of maladaptive adjustments, or even mental illness, can occur. People misunderstand each other for a wide variety of reasons, and these misunderstandings can occur between people who are culturally...
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... | |HCL Technologies, the “employee first” philosophy has helped catapult the company from peripheral player to center stage in the intensely | |competitive IT industry. HCL Technologies is headquartered in Noida, India. CEO Vineet Nayar is committed to creating a company where the job | |of company leaders is to enable people to find their own destiny by gravitating to their strengths. His goals for the “Employee First” program| |include creating a unique employee experience, inverting the organizational structure, and increasing transparency. The workplace reforms the | |company implemented involved better communication with the CEO and a pay scheme that gives workers more job security. A major part of the | |workplace company referred to as “trust pay.” Unlike the standard IT industry practice of having 30 percent of its engineers’ pay variable | |(that is, dependent on performance), the company decided to pay higher fixed salaries that included all of what would have been the variable | |component—essentially trusting that employees would deliver performance meriting that pay. These changes have helped the company grow and, | |more importantly, become a...
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...12:06 Page 1 WOMEN, GENDER AND WORK People are not defined solely by their work, nor is it possible to ignore the effects of factors outside the workplace on a person's status at work. To seek equality at work without seeking equality in the larger society – and at home – is illusory.Thus an examination of the issues surrounding women, gender and work must be holistic. That means considering the role of productive work in life as a whole and the distribution of unpaid work as well as the myriad questions relating to employment. This important anthology brings together the thinking of leading philosophers, economists and lawyers on this complex subject. Selected recent articles from the multidisciplinary International Labour Review are assembled for the first time to illuminate questions such as how we should define equality, what equal opportunity means and what statistics tell us about differences between men and women at work, how the family confronts globalization and what is the role of law in achieving equality. There is an examination of policy – to deal with sexual harassment and wage inequality, for example, as well as part-time work, the glass ceiling, social security, and much more. A major reference on the best of current research and analysis on gender roles and work. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi has been Editor-in-Chief of the International Labour Review, a Senior Economist for the Brandt Commission and in the ILO’s Employment and Development...
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...tremendous changes in the management and conduct of business and organizations. Globalization requires multinational organizations to eliminate borders and barriers of trade between nations resulting in a shift in traditional patterns of investment, production, distribution and trade. Due to elimination of geographical boundaries, multinational organizations face some unique cross-cultural people management challenges that can be addressed by effective diversity management initiatives. In this paper, I will present solutions to such unique issues from a hypothetical leader’s perspective. In the first section of the paper, I will explain the concept of diversity management through a thorough literature review, and propose an effective leadership style that can help to reinforce the affirmative action plans and foster diversity in multinational organizations. In the second section, I will assume the role of a human resource practitioner in a hypothetical multinational organization and explain my role as a transformational leader in solving a cross-cultural people management issue. Diversity Management Although...
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...subordinates do not perform to the level of their capabilities, lack motivation, and may be dissatisfied. This chapter describes what leadership is and examines major leadership models and theories that have been developed by various researchers. It also describes how managers engaging in transformational leadership can have a dramatic impact upon their organization and discusses the impact of gender on leadership. Learning Objectives 1. Describe what leadership is, when leaders are effective and ineffective, and the sources of power that enable managers to be effective leaders. 1. Identify the traits that show the strongest relationship to leadership, the behaviors leaders engage in, and the limitations of the trait and behavior models of leadership. 2. Explain how contingency models of leadership enhance our understanding of effective leadership and management in organization. 3. Describe what transformational leadership is, and explain how managers can engage in it. 4. Characterize the relationship between gender and leadership. MANAGEMENT SNAPSHOT: EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP STYLES FOR TOUGH TIMES: LESSONS FROM HOWARD SCHULTZ, RICHARD SCHULZE, DAVID FARR, AND LOU GERSTNER Each of these persons is a current or former chairman or CEO. Their companies compete within different industries. What they have in common is that as leaders, they developed effective strategies that helped their respective companies to deal successfully with the challenges that it faced. Each...
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...BRAZIL: Over the past few years, Brazil has moved from a country with great promise 'some time in the future' to being seen as one of the hottest investment opportunities in the world. A more stable political system and currency, coupled with vast mineral wealth of the country make Brazil a 'must' for all companies with truly global ambitions. With a population of 194 million, Brazil represents the fifth largest market opportunity in the world — after China, India, Indonesia and the USA. It is also the fifth largest country in the world by geographic size. An IMF (International Monetary Fund) report indicates that Brazil leads all other South American countries in terms of infrastructure and technological development. Combine these facts with the stabilising economic and political landscape — (the twin nightmares of corruption and hyper-inflation ravaged the country for decades) — and it is easy to see why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of total global foreign direct investment year on year. However, anybody wishing to do business with Brazil and the Brazilians should be aware of the various cultural and structural barriers which might confront them. Probably the most pervasive barrier encountered by the unwary traveller would be the 'Custo Basil' or the 'Brazil Cost'. This term refers to the very real extra costs of doing business in Brazil — corruption, governmental inefficiency, legal and bureaucratic complications, excessive taxation, poor infrastructure, inflation...
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...Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank to accompany A First Look at Communication Theory Sixth Edition Em Griffin Wheaton College prepared by Glen McClish San Diego State University and Emily J. Langan Wheaton College Published by McGrawHill, an imprint of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright Ó 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with A First Look At Communication Theory provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. PREFACE Rationale We agreed to produce the instructor’s manual for the sixth edition of A First Look at Communication Theory because it’s a first-rate book and because we enjoy talking and writing about pedagogy. Yet when we recall the discussions we’ve had with colleagues about instructor’s manuals over the years, two unnerving comments stick with us: “I don’t find them much help”; and (even worse) “I never look at them.” And, if the truth be told, we were often the people making such points! With these statements in mind, we have done some serious soul-searching about the texts that so many teachers—ourselves...
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