...Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning Jennifer Steele, Y. Susan Choi, and Nalini Ambady Harvard University In press in T.A. Thorkildsen, J. Manning, & H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Children and Youth Series: Nurturing Morality. New York: Kluwer Academic. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning As citizens of the United States, we are extremely fortunate to live in a democracy, and more specifically, a society that upholds egalitarian and meritocratic ideals. As a nation, we have fought wars and faced internal struggles in order to establish this system and champion these values. Within the last two centuries we have abolished slavery, given women the right to vote, and desegregated schools. In more recent years the movement towards equal opportunity has been advanced even further; public and private schools have increased financial support for economically disadvantaged scholars, and affirmative action programs have been developed as yet another means of combating inequities. It would seem that as a society, we are moving towards our moral ideal of equality for one and all. And yet, disparities remain. Race continues to be inextricably linked to socio-economic status and education level, with certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Caucasian- and Asian-Americans reaping more societal advantages on average than others, including...
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...Child Psychology Exam 3 – Study Guide What will Exam 3 Cover? Exam 3 will cover all lectures and assigned textbook material from Chapters 7 (p257-260), 8, 9, 10 (p 366-367), 11, and 12. There may be some overlap between the concepts from the first parts of this course, as many of the ideas we discussed during infancy are also important during early and middle childhood, but the exam will focus on early and middle childhood. • What are some of the main advances in children’s thinking during early childhood? o Growth of representational skills- one objects stands/represents another ex. Banana as phone • Be able to describe the findings of the various conservation tasks. What do they tell us? o Conservation of number: young children (4-5 yo) don’t understand # of chips is still same b/c now occupy more space; older children understand concept of conservation o Conservation of length; area; mass; displaced liquid: all results are same as number task 4-5 yo unable to understand conservation concept; they think more now when still is same • What does the Judy Deloache model-room study examine? How do children do on this task at different time points in development? o 2 ½ - 3 ½ y.o watched as she hid toy in model room; Results: 2 y.o didn’t know tasks were related and searched larger room at random; 3 y.o searched in same location as model room o Study examines child’s representational skills: ability to recognize that one object stands for another ie. Small model...
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...This essay attempts to analyse, using appropriate illustrations, the extent to which gender stereotyping conforms to Jean Piaget’s four stages of development, which he elaborated in his Theory of Cognitive Development. It will first begin by clearly defining the terms; ‘gender,’ ‘stereotype,’ and hence the term ‘gender stereotyping.’ It will thereafter define cognitive development and will furthermore discuss in depth the stages of cognitive development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational respectively. A critical assessment will then be made on the extent to which gender stereotyping acts in accordance to Piaget’s stages of development, to aid one have a final opinion of his Theory of Cognitive Development. Gender was a word used by Ann Oakley and others in the 1970s to describe the characteristics of men and women that are socially determined, in contrast to the ones that are biologically determined. Gender is therefore a term referring to the social and cultural construction of men and women. The word stereotype is defined as an organised set of beliefs concerning the characteristics of all members of a defined group (Golombok, 1995). Therefore, gender stereotyping is the overgeneralisation about the characteristics of an entire group of people based on their gender. It is the perception of people on how others should behave. According to Piaget (1952), cognitive development was a progressive reorganisation of mental processes...
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...efinition Gender typing projects societies' expectations regarding people's behavior based upon their biological sex.[2] [edit]Acquisition Gender typing is most typical during the formative years of developing one's identity. Through social learning theory children learn gender roles and behaviors, and begin to gender type. Through such reinforcing statements as "Big boys don't cry" or "You're such a good girl, being such a good mommy to your toys," children realize what is typical of the male and female gender and gender type other traits and behaviors as they try and discover whether they belong in 'girl world' or 'boy world.' Gender typing begins as early as age 2 or 3, as children are just beginning to distinguish between male and female voices, and develop a sense of language. Children at ages 2–4 are gender typing by the clothes they see other children wear, hairstyles and what toys are okay for boys to play with and what toys girls play with. By age 5, a child now has the ability to gender type by observing behavior, traits and tools used by men and women. A child may associate a man with the words aggressive, brave, autocrat, dominant and independent, a woman with the words emotional, sentimental, fragile, dependent and submissive.[3] In many languages, words are masculine or feminine ("la primavera" or "el invierno"), everything in the child's world takes on a female or male presence and is gender typed.[4] The Cognitive development theory is also important in...
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...Gender Schema Theory Name Institution Professor Course Date Explanation This theory which was initially developed by Sandra Bem (1981) and later improved by Charles Halverson and Carol Martin in 1983. The theory stresses the fact that children adjusts to the gender norms and also the expectations which their culture demands. The position of a society pertaining male and female traits greatly influences their development. Gender schemas therefore influences the beliefs, attitudes and the behaviors of the children during their mind development (Liben & Signorella, 1993). Through this the children learn various character traits which are associated with their gender depending on whether one is male or female. This is backed by the fact that in traditional societal cultures, any child who always sees women taking the role of raising children may strongly belief that the role of women in a society is caring for the young ones unlike men who are seen as family “breadwinners”. It is from this situation that children in such environments form schemas which directly influence their views and thoughts about their surroundings. Gender schema helps to organize the experiences of a child and aids in articulating sense of the social information gotten. For example the children of between five and eight years of age may develop a schema with an information of the dressing style for girls and boys. It is from this point that a boy will deny wearing what he sees as girl’s clothing...
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...Having a healthy self-image, self-concept, and body awareness help them have a sense of security about themselves, teaches them to be confident, gives them a sense of belonging and being accepted, a sense of purpose and pride, becoming successful, and feeling empowered. Self-concept is the image or memories that you have about yourself that includes your physical, psychological, and social attributes which can be influenced by the individual's attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas image of a being's knowledge and understanding of his or her self. Self-awareness is the awareness of the self as separate from the thoughts that are occurring at any point in time. It gives one the option or choice to choose thoughts being thought rather than simply thinking the thoughts that are stimulated by the accumulative events leading up to the circumstances of the moment. Body awareness is the sense that we have of our own bodies. It is an understanding of the parts that make up one's body, where they are located, how they feel, and even what they can do...
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...PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Workbook- Assignment 2 Sonia Chiciak Student No.11534832 Word Counts (excl. citations) provided for each section. PSY111- Foundations of Psychology for Health and Human Services Exercise 1- Memory Question 1- Summary: (253 words) Grant, H. M., Lane, B.C., Clay, J., Ferrie, J., Groves, J.E., McDorman, T. A., Dark, V.J. (1998). Context-dependent memory for meaningful material: information for students. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 617-623. This study tested whether the environmental context dependency effect is seen through test performances where matched and mismatched study and test noise conditions were used. Throughout the study, the researcher used the same text to test the difference context dependency has on short answer (recall) and multiple choices (recognition). Using previous research that has shown that characteristics of environment are encoded in the memory, and can be used to retrieve other information; the researchers changed whether or not there was general background noise in controlled study and test conditions and measured the results based on performance in the test. Overall, studying and testing in the same environment resulted in better performance than in mismatching studying environments. This study also found that, unlike in Smith (1986, as cited in Grant 1998), the context dependency effect for newly learned material is seen regardless of whether short answer or...
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...Strategies for focusing a broad research topic Are you overwhelmed with how much information you are finding? Try the suggestions below: * Develop a tentative focus List what you already know and questions you have about the topic and focus on those you find most interesting. * Find background information on your topic Check our Electronic Reference Collection for an article in an online encyclopedia you can trust. * Look for magazine articles Magazine articles tend to be shorter and can provide a general idea of key issues or controversies related to your topic. Try: * Academic Search Complete * Academic OneFile * Search CQ Researcher This is a great source for finding background information and overviews of a wide array of topics. * Choose a particular perspective on the issue How do scholars from different subject fields approach your topic? Finding different points of view can provide you with a better sense of direction. Look through our subject-specific databases listed on the Find Articlespage like: * Education Full Text (EBSCO) * Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (ProQuest) * PubMed (National Library of Medicine) * Limit your search to a specific time period Look for date limit options when searching a database. * Need more help? Ask a Librarian for assistance. Finding research topic ideas You'll be spending a bit of time on your research paper, so be sure to choose a...
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...Analysis of Selected Examples The purpose of this essay is to explore how media, especially Disney cartoons, affect gender, particularly young girls and how the representations of females within the media affect the viewers through stereotypes or ideals to live up too. THE INTRODUCTION (the explanation of media influences and basic notions of women representations in Disney Production) A good deal of feminist writing in the field of culture has been concerned with the representations of gender and of women in particular, and it is claimed that these representations of females reflected male attitudes and constituted misrepresentations of “real women”. Meehan (1983) analyzed the stereotypes into which women are commonly cast on television and the analysis showed that “good women” are, or are expected to be submissive, domesticated and home-centered while “bad women” are rebellious and independent. She concludes that “American viewers have spent more than three decades watching male heroes and their adventures, muddied visions of boyhood adolescence repete with illusions of women as witches, bitches, mothers and imps “. All researches about the media influence give the same conclusion that the mass media is a powerful resource through which viewers develop their identity and come to understand the role that gender plays in the real world. Disney is one of the largest media corporations in the world and it is a very powerful...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...Disney characters : the reflect of women's place in the society Walt Disney, under his real name Walt Elias Disney was born in 1901 in Chicago. He founded in 1923 the famous Walt Disney Company with his brother Roy as the Disney Brothers Studios. After three years, the studios take the name Walt Disney Company. Their first animated film came out in 1937 "Snow White" inspired by a famous children's story by the Brothers Grimm. Thereafter follow many animated films like Cinderella, Mulan, or Rebel. One of the most important question in recent years is : What image Disney returns with respect to the role of women and the role that women play in society in the twenty-first century? In fact, Disney is primarily a media and integrate media stereotypes and habits of society to which they belong in their history or animated movie. Disney is the reflects of the habit of society to which they belong in their history or their short films. Thus heroines like Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora are submitted to wish than others, especially men, have chosen for her. They are docile women who spend their time dreaming. They are always save by men from a evil spell and are submit to the will of men. Instead, the heroines of the late twentieth century are beginning to take their lives and rebel against the male authority . In the twenty-first century heroines are increasingly rebelling and advocate of feminist principles : women are the equals of men. This analysis allows us to see a marked increase...
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...Cross sectional study – a study of development in which individuals of different ages are compared at the same time Longitudinal study – a study of development in which observations of the same individuals are compared at different times of their lives Prenatal Period – approx. nine months between conception and birth, development depends on genetic contribution from gametes - x chromosome inactivation is one example of this factor at work, one of two x chromosomes is silenced by women, most of its genes don't synthesize properly; determins whether chromosomes will be inherited from mother or father - x chromosome inactivation is an example of an epigenetic modificatoin zygote stage - where zygote divides many times and the internal organs begin to form embryonic stage – of prenatal development (2-8) weeks - zygote= embryo, fast development, most susceptible to chemicals and toxins like rubella - teratogens: substances, agents and events that can cause birth defects gonads will become either ovaries or testies if testies present, begin to secret sex hormones called androgens; most important = testosteronel development of female sex organs occurs naturally; doesn't need hormones Fetal stage= seven months. bone cells and ends with birth, 3rd = organ, 4th = heartbeat Kisilevsky and colleagues- mothers voice = faster heartt rate of baby salapatek – 1-2 month babies their scanning strategy is limited to fixations on a few parts object 4 and 5 months – can descriminate...
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...Educational Psychology: Developing Learners This is a protected document. Please enter your ANGEL username and password. Username: Password: Login Need assistance logging in? Click here! If you experience any technical difficulty or have any technical questions, please contact technical support during the following hours: M-F, 6am-12am MST or Sat-Sun, 7am-12am MST by phone at (800) 800-9776 ext. 7200 or submit a ticket online by visiting http://help.gcu.edu. Doc ID: 1009-0001-158C-0000158D Jeanne Ellis Ormrod Professor Emerita, University of Northern Colorado University of New Hampshire ISBN 0-558-65860-1 Boston ● Columbus ● Indianapolis ● New York ● San Francisco ● Upper Saddle River Amsterdam ● Cape Town ● Dubai ● London ● Madrid ● Milan ● Munich ● Paris ● Montreal ● Toronto Delhi ● Mexico City ● Sao Paula ● Sydney ● Hong Kong ● Seoul ● Singapore ● Taipei ● Tokyo Educational Psychology: Developing Learners, Seventh Edition, by Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Editor-in-Chief: Paul A. Smith Development Editor: Christina Robb Editorial Assistant: Matthew Buchholz Vice President, Director of Marketing: Quinn Perkson Marketing Manager: Jared Brueckner Production Editor: Annette Joseph Editorial Production Service: Marty Tenney, Modern Graphics, Inc. Manufacturing Buyer: Megan Cochran Electronic Composition: Modern Graphics, Inc. Interior Design: Denise Hoffman, Glenview Studios Photo...
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...,Introduction * Anthropology -The study of the lives and cultures of human beings, alive or dead. -They also study the evolution of these cultures over time as well as significant changes. * Sociology -Sociology is the study of human social life, groups, and societies. -They also study the interactions among these groups and the individuals within them. * Psychology -The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. -Psychologists look at how the brain functions and what is the result on peoples personalities, behaviors, and attitudes. <Introduction to Sociology> * What is sociology? - The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society (institutions) and how it works - Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior * Sociology subjects matter - Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts * Hierarchy - Hierarchy is the ranking system used in any particular environment based on authority or power - Each position or role requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society - In order to distinguish between these roles people are expected to dress and act in a certain way - On any given day we can play many different roles in society – eg. A parent can drive their kids to school and then go to work and teach their students * The roles...
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...Week 2, Chapter 2 1. Why are males more likely to have a sex-linked trait than females? Answer Men have only one X chromosome which makes the poor schleps chances of x linked traits bigger than women, who have two X chromosomes. Having two X chromosomes means that the trait can be cancelled out by the opposing X. 2 Characteristics such as hair color and height are called Answer 2 answers * phenotypes. * chromosomes. * genotypes. * zygotes. 3 A genotype Answer 3 answers * is a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic information. * reflects an individual's physical and behavioral characteristics, determined both by environmental and genetic factors. * refers to the genetic makeup of an individual. * is a directly observable characteristic. 4 The DNA of humans and chimpanzees is between __________ percent identical. Answer 4 answers * 75 and 80 * 20 and 25 * 50 and 55 * 98 and 99 5 A person whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY Answer 5 answers * has PKU. * is male. * has Down syndrome. * cannot be a fraternal twin. 6 A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces ...
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