...Date of Submission: 15/11/2013 Issues In Relation to Genetic Diversity Nature unveils in all its superiority and success but is oblivious of the dangers of biological evolution which either enhance it or make it inferior and extinct. The study of Genetic Diversity gives us a broad understanding of the process of evolution and somehow prepares us for expecting changes in biological evolution. Genetic diversity which also known as genetic variation is an inconsistency of phenotypes within a population of the same species. In relation to genetic diversity is high diversity and low diversity. High genetic diversity occurs when there are a numerous variety of genes within a population; on the other hand low diversity is when the entire population of the same species inherits similar alleles. In a research study by G.Vida (1994) she wrote, “Genetic diversity within species is highly significant during their adaptation to environmental changes and, consequently, for their long-term survival. The genetic variability of species is also the basis for the evolution of higher levels of biodiversity, the evolution of species, and it might be an indispensable prerequisite for the functioning of our biosphere.” ( G. Vida 1994). There are several factors which can influence genetic diversity in a population such as migration , sexual reproduction,mutation and population size which can either enhance or jeopardize biodiversity...
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...Issues Related to Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity is related to many different characteristics. “Genetic diversity refers to the number of different species as well as the diversity within the species.” (www.biology-online.org) The genetic diversities provide a way for the world to comply with the changing surroundings. As the world changes, the more creatures will adapt to their proper environments. The creatures offspring will have a higher survival rate. Genetic diversity is important because it serves as a path for population to change. Without genetic diversity, everything would look the same generation after generation. Ultimately, over time the species would become extinct. Mutation is changing the structure of a gene resulting in a different form in future generations. DNA is constantly subject to mutation or changes in the code. Mutations can be a good or bad thing. Most are actually good for us. “The good mutations that keep the world healthy are called silent mutations.” (www.geneticstheteach.org) But the mutations we hear about the most are the ones caused by sickness. Mutations caused by a single gene are some of the most well known diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. Most inherited genetic diseases are recessive, meaning a person must have two copies of the mutated gene to inherit the disease. Diseases caused by only one defective gene are extremely rare. Natural selection tends to change over time because the carriers are...
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...A Discussion of the Issues relative to Genetic Diversity an essay by Timothy D. Roxbury A Discussion of the Issues relative to Genetic Diversity Introduction When we discuss genetic diversity, we describe the genetic differences of certain members of a population, whether they are mammal (humanoid or animal), plant or any other type of living organism. Upon first discovery of genetic differences, we notice that the alleles for each diverse characteristic may be placed under one of two categories: high genetic diversity or low genetic diversity. In the case of high genetic diversity, we will find a variety of differing alleles for each characteristic. Conversely, nearly all of the members of a population will have the same alleles when the case of low genetic diversity is considered. The following discussion will take into consideration the concept of genetic diversity, how it is introduced into a population and what, if any, are the resulting factors. The four means of introduction are: • Migration • Mutation • Population Size • Sexual Reproduction In the following synopsis, each means of introduction will be considered separately followed by a conclusion of the assignment. Migration as it relates to Genetic Diversity Migration is defined as the movement of a living organism from one place to another. During the process of migration, the living organism is subject to spread its alleles among other like living beings. This,...
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...Indian J. Genet., 69(4) (Spl. issue): 352-360 (2009) Analysis of diversity among cytoplasmic male sterile sources and their utilization in developing F1 hybrids in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (R.) Br] C. Tara Satyavathi*, Sakkira Begum, B. B. Singh, K. V. Unnikrishnan and C. Bharadwaj Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012 Abstract The present study aims at analysis of diversity among parental lines of different cytoplasmic sources and their utilization in developing F1 hybrids. Seven male sterile cytoplasmic lines belonging to A1 – 3; A4 – 2 and A5 – 2 were crossed with three elite restorers. The cluster analysis done with molecular data obtained from genomic DNA using SSR markers grouped the parental lines belonging to A1 cytoplasm into one cluster, A4 into one and A5 into the other. The assessment of the performance of the F1 hybrids was done through standard heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis. The study clearly indicated that all the seven cytoplasmic male sterile lines coming from different cytoplasmic sources are capable of producing new superior hybrids. Physiological characters like chlorophyll, relative carotenoids and root length density have also been studied to assess the performance of parents and F1 hybrids. Higher economic heterosis was observed for yield in A 1 cytoplasm compared to A4 and A5 cytoplasms. Desirable effects of earliness and maturity can be obtained using A4 cytoplasm while desirable...
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...“phenotypic characterization of AnGR” is used to refer to the process of identifying distinct breed populations and describing their characteristics and those of their production environments. In this context, the term “production environment” is taken to include not only the “natural” environment but also management practices and the common uses to which the animals are put, as well as social and economic factors such as market orientation, niche marketing opportunities and gender issues. Recording the geographical distribution of breed populations is here considered to be an integral part of phenotypic characterization. Complementary procedures used to unravel the genetic basis of the phenotypes of AnGR, their patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next, and to establish relationships between breeds are referred to as molecular genetic characterization (FAO, 2010b). In essence, phenotypic and molecular genetic characterization of AnGR are used to measure and describe genetic diversity in these resources as a basis for understanding them and utilizing them sustainably. The guidelines distinguish between two phases or levels of characterization. The term “primary characterization” is used to refer to activities that can be carried out in a single visit to the field (e.g. measurement of animals’ morphological features, interviews with livestock keepers, observation and measurement of some aspects of the production environment, mapping of geographical distribution)...
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...Biodiversity a.Biodiversity- is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future. b. bioinformatics-is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to study and process biological data. c. endangered species-is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as likely to become extinct. "Endangered" is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after Critically Endangered (CR). d. threatened species- are any species (including animals, plants...
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...ASSIGNMENT 04 SC160 Basic Biology Farah Shirmohammadi AC1110896 09/18/2012 Discuss the issues related to genetic diversity; mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different alleles for a trait originated as a result of mutations sometime in the past and have been maintained within the gene pool of the species as they have been passed from generation to generation during reproduction. Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism. If a mutation produces harmful allele, the allele will then remain uncommon in the population. For example, the “Anopheles” mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African counties. At some point in the past, mutations occurred in the DNA of these mosquitoes that made some individuals tolerant to the insecticide Pyrethrin, even before...
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...How genetic diversity comes about? Genetic diversity is a branch of Biology which refers to large number of different species that can be found on earth as well the diversity within a particular species. Also, genetic diversity is affected by several ongoing natural issues that are related to mutation, sexual reproduction, migration, and the size of the population. The first issues that related are mutation. What is mutation? Mutation defined “an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration,” (www.thefreedictionary.com, 2008). The issue with mutation is that it permanently change the characteristics of the species involved in the mutation. This could lead to permanent loss of certain characteristics in a species. According to Concepts in Biology, “the Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African countries,” (2008). The large number of people who fear that mutation can lead to disharmony in the environment. In addition, mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationship. Second issue that related is sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction? According to Concepts in Biology, “the propagation of organisms involving the union of gametes from two parents," (2008). In human form the males carry sperm which are small and motile. The female carry eggs which provide food for embryo. In addition, male his sex organs main purposes are to produce the sperm and deliver it in the reproduction tract of a female. However...
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...Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different alleles for a trait originated as a result of mutations sometime in the past and have been maintained within the gene pool of the species as they have been passed from generation to generation during reproduction. Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism. If a mutation produces harmful allele, the allele will then remain uncommon in the population. For example, the “Anopheles” mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African counties. At some point in the past, mutations occurred in the DNA of these mosquitoes that made some individuals tolerant to the insecticide Pyrethrin, even before the chemical had been used. These alleles remained very rare in these insect populations until Pyrethrin was used. Then these alleles became very valuable to the mosquitoes that carried them. The mosquitoes...
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...Genetic Diversity How genetic diversity comes about? Genetic diversity is a branch of Biology which refers to large number of different species that can be found on earth as well the diversity with in a particular species. Also, genetic diversity is affected by several on going natural issues that are related to mutation, sexual reproduction, migration, and the size of the population. The first issues that related are mutation. What is mutation? Mutation defined “an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration,” (www.thefreedictionary.com, 2008). The issue with mutation is that it permanently change the characteristics of the species involved in the mutation. This could lead to permanent loss of certain characteristics in a species. According to Concepts in Biology, “the Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African countries,” (2008). The large number of people who fear that mutation can lead to disharmony in the environment. In addition, mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationship. Second issue that related is sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction? According to Concepts in Biology, “the propagation of organisms involving the union of gametes from two parents," (2008). In human form the males carry sperm which are small and motile. The female carry eggs which provide food for embryo. In addition, male his sex organs main purposes are to produce the sperm and...
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...Subject: Science Grade Level: 8 Description of diversity activity First, the students would get into groups of 4 or 5 to collect data on the different genetic traits the students may have. Some of the traits could be hair color, eye color, attached or detached earlobes, dimples, freckles, curly hair, left or right handedness, and hitchhiker’s thumb. After the students are finished collecting this data and still in groups, I would give them words like “diversity,” “culture,” “prejudice,” “respect,” and “acceptance” to define with their partners. When this is complete, the groups of students would share results with the rest of the class and we could make a table depicting all the different genetic traits and their prevalence. Then I...
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...Before we begin to discuss the issues related to genetic diversity, we have to know exactly what genetic diversity is all about. It is a " term used to describe genetic differences among members of a population", according to Concepts in Biology 12th Edition written by Eldon Enger. There are several topics we can discuss when speaking about genetic diversity such as mutation, sexual reproduction, migration and population size. Let's start with Mutation. Mutation brought recent information into a population by transformaing alleles that already exist. Sometimes you will find that a mutation will introduce a new allele into the gene pool of a species. Many other times, a mutation can also introduce an allele that was not present in a regional population, although it is produced in other populations of the species. For example, if a dog is a carrier of a disease causing allele, the dog can transmit this disease to a human if bitten. Initially, it may just be a few dogs that are troublesome. Over time, mutations occur that enables a significant number of dogs to be carriers. This would now be considered a major issue for humans. On another hand, you have sexual reproduction that does not originate new alleles. Sexual Reproduction incline new genetic ingredients when the genetic report from two individuals combines with one another during the process of fertilization, creating a one of a kind individual. But, this doesn't alter the incidence of alleles within...
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...Discuss the issues related to genetic diversity: mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size What is genetic diversity? Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. “High genetic diversity indicates many different kinds of alleles for each characteristic, and low genetic diversity indicates that nearly all the individuals in the population have the same alleles”. There are certain issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Mutations are stable changes in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can be caused by many different things. They can be caused by radiation. They can also be induced by the organism itself. Mutations happen naturally when genes have dysfunctions. Modifications in DNA caused by mutations can cause errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. “Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism”. Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. These gametes have specific needs. A gamete has to meet and unite together. They also must have food to nourish the developing embryo. “The new member may have a unique combination of characteristics so superior to those of the other members of the population that the new member will be much more successful in producing offspring”. “Migration...
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...Discuss the issues related to genetic diversity: mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size What is genetic diversity? Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. “High genetic diversity indicates many different kinds of alleles for each characteristic, and low genetic diversity indicates that nearly all the individuals in the population have the same alleles”. There are certain issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Mutations are stable changes in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can be caused by many different things. They can be caused by radiation. They can also be induced by the organism itself. Mutations happen naturally when genes have dysfunctions. Modifications in DNA caused by mutations can cause errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. “Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism”. Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. These gametes have specific needs. A gamete has to meet and unite together. They also must have food to nourish the developing embryo. “The new member may have a unique combination of characteristics so superior to those of the other members of the population that the new member will be much more successful in producing offspring”. “Migration...
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...Introduction Maintaining diversity within any population is exceptionally important to the sustainability of any ecosystem or environment. The cycle of life shows us that all species have another species that they rely on for several necessities. Some species use other species for sustenance, some for shelter, or hunting skills. The reasons why species rely on each other vary; however, the need is infinitely important. We will discuss why genetic diversity is so important. We will explain why population management and diversity is necessary to the successful survival of every population. Lastly, we will compare and contrast the ex situ and in situ methods of conservation. It is extremely important for humanity to take responsibility for the failings of some ecosystems and this paper allows us to see the ways that we, as humanity, can help to reverse that damage. Genetic Diversity in Populations Genetic diversity also known as the level of biodiversity simply measures the number of genetic characteristics that the genetic makeup of a particular species consists of. It is different from the term genetic variability as they are many times used alternatively but in reality they are different. So why is genetic diversity so important? It is the basis for the populations of various living species to adapt themselves as the surrounding environment changes. If there is no genetic diversity many of the species will vanish off the face of earth. The environment on the earth changes...
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