...Assignment 3 Rosalinda Gonzalez CollegeAmerica HCA 440 06/08/2013 Assignment 3 Human Genome Project (HGP) was a projected that was coordinated between the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy for a 13 year period. What is the Human Genome Project and what medical applications were expected to be the result from this project? What are some of the ethical, legal and social issues that surround the HGP? What are gene patenting and the potential arguments for and against gene patenting? What are my thoughts about the Human Genome Protect and why this was an important projected between the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy for a 13 year period. The Human Genome Project was started in 1990, it was supposed to last for 15 years but it only took 13 years complete since the technology was more advanced and accelerated. The goals the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy were trying to figure out from this project were to identify all the gene in the human DNA, determine the sequence that make up the pairs of the DNA, store information in databases, improve tools for the analysis for the data, transfer related technologies to a private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that might arise from this project. Some of the ethical, legal and social issues were the fairness of who would be able to have access for genetic information, who owns the privacy and the confidentiality...
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...The Human Genome Project The biotechnology application that I have chosen is The Human Genome. Biotechnology is define as any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. The human Genome Project is considered a biotechnology application because it produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences. The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. This project lasted for 13-years and was coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The potential benefits of the project are: It will provide Molecular Medicine which will improve diagnosis of disease, will have earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease, and provide Gene therapy and control systems for drugs. It will use Energy and Environmental Applications which will use microbial genomics research to create new energy sources (biofuels) and develop environmental monitoring techniques to detect pollutants. Risk Assessment which will assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures and exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer-causing...
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...The greatest scientific accomplishment ever is almost complete. What could be a greater accomplishment than man on the moon? Only one thing comes to mind, mapping of the human genome. The human genome is 3.2 billion letters long. Ninety-seven percent of it is useless trash. The Human Genome Project was created a little over a decade ago. With the project coming to an end researchers will be able to figure out exactly how each gene functions--and, more important, malfunctions to trigger deadly illnesses from heart disease to cancer (Time 1999). There is a mad race to see who will finish first. A couple of companies are in the running to finish by 2003. Independently funded Celera Genomics Corp. is in first, closely followed by the Human Genome Project, which is funded by the US government, and behind the most powerful country in the world is The Sanger Centre in England. James Watson and others started the Human Genome Project in 1988. James Watson was also the co-discover of the structure of DNA. The human instruction book was thought to take fifteen years and three billion dollars, but the project is ahead of schedule and under budget. At first people felt that we weren’t ready for the start of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project started off slow, but gained much momentum after key scientist and computers were involved. The Celera Genomics company is in the lead because Craig Venter the leading scientist of Celera. Pharmaceutical companies fund Celera Genomics...
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...Human Genome Project Website Evaluation We are humans and we all eat. But have you ever wondered what’s in that banana you’re eating? Is it really just a simple banana that grew on a tree? Or is it perhaps something much, much more complex? It’s 2013 and a big debated issue is argued on genetically modification of food and organisms. The Human Genome Project (HGP) helps people understand and identify what exactly genetically modified food and organisms are (GMO). Publications and webpages on this site were created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Biological and Environmental Research Information System and all other materials were provided by “third parties” and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Human Genome Project started in 1990, coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health, and completed their research in 2003. This thirteen-year study was designed for people to understand what genetically modified organisms are. “The project originally was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances accelerated the completion date to 2003” (Human). When one first enters the site, they can see there are many tabs at the top of the page and side margins directing one to other specific research done by HGP. Along the top of the page, the site provides tabs that explain information on a more in-depth description of genes and what exactly is going on in the microbiology essence, for those who wouldn’t quite...
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...1. What jobs is Pandora doing for its customer? Pandora is giving customers a music listening experience. With the music genome project Pandora is able to offer customers similar music based songs depending on the users musical preference input. It gives it a surprise element to the music listening experience. Pandora is able to personalize music listening. Pandora is providing this experience free of charge. Pandora’s focused demographic based musical offering gives customers a wide array of music offering that they were not aware of before. Pandora provides this music through easy access websites and smart phone apps. 2. Who else provides these jobs for customers? Will Pandora disrupt these other providers? Pandora’s main competitions are 1. Similar companies who provide “freemium” music offering like spofity, iheart radio. 2. On demand digital music downloads like iTunes 3. Traditional radio stations and HD radio stations. 4. Online radio stations 5. Music CD’s Pandora’s competitive advantage is its music genome project technology. It has the ability to offer a unique musical experience that none of the other substitutes are able to do. The project is also highly recommended by music experts. They also introduce a high switching cost to the customer once the customer enters their music preference. With the key competitive advantage Pandora will disrupt a certain part of the demographics from the traditional offerings. Pandora attracts...
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...limitations of the approach to human medicine. “Modern Genetic Technology and Personalized Medicine” Modern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each patient. This approach is a scientific breakthrough for us to understand how a person’s unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. This same research is increasing our ability to predict and recognize which medical treatments will be safe and effective for each patient (Consumer Health, 2007). The Human Genome project of 2003, enlighten our understanding of the genetic component of disease that...
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...SBE420 – Op Issues in Small Business Management Prof. Glenn Palmer Guillaume Gbado 09/03/2014 Pandora In a business world, whatever you put in with the emphasis on value is whatever you are going to get out and the possibilities are endless. However, to everything in this life, even in the business world or in an e-commerce environment, they are advantages and disadvantages to the product or service that are provided online where, whatever the business model is, will present many opportunities to entrepreneurs however, they are also faced with many challenges to become successful and develop as a small business. Pandora uses the power of the internet to deliver personalized radio content to its customers and the challenges that Pandora faced by transitioning from B2B to a consumer model is, how are they going to come up with the creative ideas, the strategy and ultimately, execute those ideas to the consumers to put forward a value proposition that the people will enjoy that will meet their needs. Secondly, technology has become more prevalent in our society and delivering a really good personalized radio service is really difficult and how are they going to target or market to that channel to build a consumer audience or reach a maximum exposure that they seek as a company. The three advertising option that Pandora had was the conventional standard marketing approach such as advertisement and a media plan. Additionally, they had the internet and the word of mouth...
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...Each of us possesses genetic material that is built upon a code that makes every organism unique. The technology to alter our genetic make-up is getting closer by the minute. I am referring to The Human Genome Project. What is a genome and what is this project you ask? The National Institute of Health or NHI defines a genome as: A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus. Basically, it is a map of how our DNA is assembled. DNA is a compound that is and the NHI gives this definition of DNA, “DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.” There are four kinds of DNA and depending on how they are arranged, defines your genetic make-up. This arrangement forms a map of sorts, and this map is the genome. Ever since DNA was discovered in 1953, scientists have wanted to make the human genome (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). Ultimately it is suggest we will use gene modification to improve human life. Proponents of The Human Genome Project or THGP argue that predicting our genetic make-up will improve the quality our lives while others argue we are opening a Pandora’s Box by programming our genes. Let’s take a look at what THGP’s goals are...
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...no-one was willing to pay so much for a service that they could get for free by switching on an FM radio. After that model failed they tried several other options until they decided to use the “freemium” model they are using today. With a freemium service the basic service is available for everyone for free, but with strict limitations in bandwidth and ads between songs which results in a lower quality listening experience. The premium service is priced at just $36 a year, 1/12 of their previous asking price. Three dollars a month is much easier for a consumer to justify. The premium service offers higher bandwidth songs and no advertising. 2. What Pandora does for its customers is provide access to music through the “Music Genome Project.” This project was started by the founders of Pandora and offers a way to classify music so that similar music by different artists will group together into what they call a personalized radio station. The music is evaluated by professional musicians for genre, and then within each genre 200-500 different data points are set for each song by the music professional. A function is used to identify the distance between songs so that similar songs can be included in a customer's playlist. A user can apply additional weights to promote or demote certain bands so they will play more or less often on their radio station. This really is impressive technology that would be almost impossible to replicate by another company. 3. The case study claims...
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...distinctions to diagnose more finely individual’s disease, select treatments that increase the chances of a successful outcome and reduce possible adverse reactions. Personalized medicine is also the ability to predict an individual’s susceptibility to diseases and thus to try to shape steps that may help to avoid or reduce the extent to which an individual will experience a disease. With that being said, the advancement in technology has made it possible for doctors and geneticists use a person’s DNA to find out what kinds of diseases are in their future; thus making it possible for them to make a stepping stone to prevent them. “The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 opened the door for better understanding of genetic components of disease that will shape the future practice of medicine. The Human Genome Project detailed the map of our DNA sequence allowing researchers to develop tools to further explore genetic variation across the globe (International HapMap Consortium 2003) (E. Phillips, 2007).” Discuss the benefits of personalized medicine. There are several benefits to personalized...
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...United States Census Bureau, approximately 3, 890,000 infants are born each year. Since the 1960s, each individual born in a hospital is screened soon after birth for medical conditions such as phenylketonuria and sickle cell anemia via obtaining a few drops of blood from the baby’s heel as part of standard hospital procedure, irrespective of parental consent. These tests commonly analyze hormone and protein content from the samples. Each state oversees their own screening program and currently there is little uniformity among the conditions studied. The costs of these tests vary from $15 to $60 and are often covered through state fees and by health insurance plans. The addition of mandatory postnatal genome sequencing would add a tremendous burden to the healthcare system. Whole genome sequencing tests can currently cost around $1000, creating a deficit of around 4 billion dollars a year. Parents would be required to meet with a genetic counselor to interpret the data and the functionality of many genes has yet to be discovered. There is room for tremendous ambiguity without prior research and a shortage of qualified individuals to interpret all the data. False positive test results for genetic tests occur, on average, more than 50 times per every true positive finding according to a study conducted by Kwon et al from JAMA Pediatrics. This could potentially lead to an increase of vulnerable child syndrome, a condition that affects the family of an infant or child who has suffered...
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...Case study 1 | Pandora | The Freemium Business Model | | Christian Ortiz | E-COMMERCE MODELS AND ITS APPLICATIONS MKT 640GEORGE ACKERMANOCTOBER 2013 | Pandora Pandora Radio started as Savage Beast Technologies and was founded by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft, and Tim Westergren. Later on after nearly failing, the company was renamed Pandora Media and launched Pandora Radio on July 21, 2005 (Arrington, 2005). Pandora is an internet radio service, recommendation service, and the custodian of the Music Genome Project. Pandora works by users entering a song or artist that they like, and the service responds by playing selections that are musically similar. Users provide feedback on approval or disapproval of individual songs, which Pandora takes into account for future selections (Crunch Base, 2013). The Music Genome Project is the backbone of Pandora Internet Radio. The goal of the Music Genome Project is to take music and boil it down to quantifiable data. Every song in the Genome’s library is analyzed by a musicologist, which is usually a musician with a strong backgrounds in music theory. The musicologist then breaks down and rates over 400 attributes of every song, from the “soulfulness” of the vocals to the rhythmic and key changes in a given song. These 400 attributes are combined into larger groups called focus traits, and there are 2,000 focus traits. Some examples of these focus traits are rhythm syncopation, key tonality, vocal harmonies, and displayed instrumental...
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...a top priority for the USDA." Nation's Restaurant News 42.13 (2008): 23. Business Full Text. Web. 22 May 2010. Elan, Elissa. "Industry's beef with meat recall centers on USDA inability to enforce regulations." Nation's Restaurant News 42.10 (2008): 4, 67. Business Full Text. Web. 22 May 2010. Finamore, Catherine. "Common Good, Common Sense." The Internal Auditor 62.4 (2005): 35-8. Business Full Text. Web. 22 May 2010. Fishman, Charles. "The Anarchist's Cookbook." Fast Company July 2004: 70-8. Business Full Text. Web. 22 May 2010. Garber, Amy. "McD seeks less cruel way to kill chickens." Nation's Restaurant News 39.4 (2005): 1, 43. Business Full Text. Web. 22 May 2010. "Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms ." Human Genome Project Information. genomics.energy.gov, 05 Nov 2008. Web. 25 Jun 2010. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml>. “Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009." Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.Gov, 17 Mar 2009. Web. 12 Jun 2010. <http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium/update.html>. "Issues: Animal Welfare." AVMA: American Veterinary Medical Association. American Veterinary Medical Association, 2010. Web. 30 Jun 2010. <http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/default.asp>. Jennings, Lisa. "Puck ‘humane,’ ‘natural’ policy prods ethics...
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...sample of blood or other body fluids/tissues, for health or medical identification purposes; it’s also a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins (Genetic Testing). The Human Genome Project, human cloning and stem cell research are all part of this group. Genetic cloning is the reproduction of a new organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing, or previously existing, being (Clone). Stem cell is an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell, and they have the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells (Stem Cell). The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Human Genome Project formally began in 1990 and was completed in 2003 (Human Genome Project). “The purpose of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to begin to understand the blueprint for building a person. As researchers learned more about the functions of genes and proteins, their knowledge has had a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and the life sciences” (What Was the Human Genome Project and Why...
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...Lyndsey Kessler English 4A 24th Nov. 2014 Mrs. Nills Biomedical Technology: Today’s Experiments Tomorrow’s Medicine I am sure you have heard of mammograms and MRIs, but did you know that they are a part of biomedical technology? Biomedical technology is any medical imaging device or a medical practice that involves biology or technology. Some people do not believe in biomedical technology because they say it had not been proven safe or effective, but it has already saved lives. This is why biomedical technology should be used in medical practices My first reason is that biomedical technology could help save many lives. This technology has the potential to cure many diseases, one example is that scientists have found that stem cells can become a wide variety of specialized cells, this could help cure Alzheimer’s. They also have the potential to help people that are paralyzed. Biomedical technology has already found ways to detect and cure many life threatening diseases. With mammograms and MRIs doctors can detect breast cancer along with other diseases much faster than they have been able to in the past. This could potentially help cure those who are diagnosed. My second reason is that biomedical technology can increase treatment options. Since mammograms and MRIs help detect diseases sooner there are many different ways to treat these diseases some of which may not be as severe. For example instead of doing radiation for cancer right away you could undergo surgery to...
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