...burning, dismemberment, etc. Everyone accused of a wrongdoing should be allowed to have a legal trial. Most by far of those lynched are African American. 19 African Americans and 15 Whites were lynched between 1882-1968. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave the rights of citizenship to anyone born in the United States, regardless of their race or color, or whether or not they were previously slaves. However, Whites opposed African Americans having equal rights because they wanted to be the most superior race. State and local governments often felt apathetic about lynchings, which was basically giving the lynchers implicit approval to continue. They also asserted that they couldn’t deal with the White mobs who lynched African Americans. The first politician to attempt to speak out against lynching was President Harry S. Truman in 1946. He was shocked by a lynching in Monroe Georgia, where four people, including a World War II veteran, were pulled off a bus and shot various times by a mob....
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...Chapter 22 – Life in the Industrial Age. (1800-1914). (1) The Industrial Revolution Spreads. (2) The World of Cities. (3) Changing Attitudes and Values. (4) A New Culture. First Belgium. Factories. 1807. Daguerre Perfects. Photography. 1839. Darwin. Publishes. 1859. Wright Brothers. Fly. 1903. (1) The Industrial Revolution Spreads. Setting the Scene. The second Industrial Revolution is marked by the spread of industry, the development of new technologies, and the rise of big business. By 1880s, steel replaces steam as symbol. New Industrial Powers. In first Industrial Revolution Britain stands alone as world industrial giant. Britain tries to protect its lead through laws against export of inventions (or inventors). By mid-1880s, others challenge Britain dominance. In Europe. Elsewhere. 1807. Belgium becomes first European nation outside Britain to industrialize. British mechanic (William Cockerill) opens factories to make spinning, weaving machines. 1871. Germany unifies into powerful nation. Becomes Europe’s leading industrial power. 1900. USA emerges as world’s leading industrial power. Some nations in southern and eastern Europe (sans resources) are slower to industrialize. Japan industrializes rapidly after 1868 to become leading industrial power in Asia. Technology and Industry. In first Industrial Revolution inventions (like steam engine) are work of gifted tinkerers. In second Industrial Revolution professional chemists and engineers create new products. Early inventors...
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...2. Education medical care of business regulation civil and criminal prosecutions under control of local and state governments. 3. Republicans supported high tariff, pursued a fiscal policy based on reducing federal spending, repay national debt and withdrawing paper money. 4. Democrats opposed high tariffs and resisted demands from debt ridden agricultural areas for increasing money supply. 5. Return to gold standard 1879. 6. Republican economic policies strong favorite interest in Eastern industrialists and bankers. Reform Legislation pg 620 1. Civil service act of 1883- created merit system for federal employees with appointment via competitive examinations rather than political influence. 2. This act marks first step in establishing a professional civil-service And removing office holding from the hands of political machines. 1. 1887 established interstate commerce commission-ensured that the rates railroads charge farmers and merchants were reasonable and did not offer more available treatment. 2. ICC had little impact on railroad practices. 3. 1890 Sherman antitrust act-...
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...“The problems caused by poverty were mainly responsible for Social reform, 1880-1980.” Discuss Poverty has certainly been a key factor in causing social reform between 1880 and 1980. However it has not been the only influence and along with other causal factors like war, political ideology, economic policy and political self-interest, it has played a lesser or greater part at different times over this one hundred year period. Poverty was rife in 1880 but there was little interest from the government in reforming social conditions. The prevailing attitude of the government was “laissez faire”. Samuel Smiles a social commentator championed the ideal of ‘self-help’. If poverty did influence social reform at this time, its influence was negative. The belief that helping the poor would make them lazy and dependant was a key reason why many politicians opposed the introduction of social reform. They were happy to stay with the hopelessly outdated Poor Law which punished poverty with the workhouse, believing that the poor, chose to be poor and were feckless. Charles Booth was of this opinion until he carried out a study of the poor in London between 1889 and 1903.In his book “Life and Labour of the people in London” he concluded that despite working hard, 30% of London’s population was in poverty. This shocked the public and the government. When a similar study on the city of York was published by Seebohm Rowntree it simply confirmed what Booth had found; poverty was endemic. This...
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...viewed parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful “business” which was making money for money’s sake rather than the productive “industry” which was making goods to satisfy real needs. • Jacob A. Riis was Danish and immigrated to the U.S. He was a reporter for the New York Sun, and he wrote How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class Americans in 1890; he talked about diseases, and how dirty and how bad off the New York slums were. It influenced New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt. • Theodore Dreiser wrote the The Financier and The Titan. He battered promoters and profiteers. • A lot of the socialists were European immigrants where there were already socialist movements in the old world. Messengers of the social gospel promoted a brand of progressivism based on Christian teachings. They used religious doctrines to demand better conditions for the poor. The number of Feminists also multiplied. Jane Addams and Lilian Wald fought to improve the conditions of families living in the cities. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers • During the beginning of the 20th century, American publishers exposed the evils of the u.s. • McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, and Everybody’s, were popular magazines. •...
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...Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution of heretics increase during the high and later Middle Ages? You may focus on the persecution of one heretical group if you wish. R.I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society; Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy; Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages 7. To what extent did the ideals of medieval knighthood match its realities? Maurice...
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...Кафедра іноземної філології Literary and Social Concerns in the Novels of William Thackeray and Charles Dickens CONTENTS |INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… |3 | |PART 1. A review of literary and social concerns in the novels of William Thackeray and Charles Dickens………………………………………………… | | |1.1. Social concerns as a mirror of current literature in the XIX century…. |4 | |1.2. Social and literary problems in “Vanity Fair” by William Thackeray... |4 | |1.3. Art, veracity and moral purpose in “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens |5 | |Conclusion ……….…………………………………………………………….. |7 | |PART 2. Approaches and manners of the social problems transmission………. |10 | |2.1. The problem of poverty and social inequalty in society. The authors’ approach to this |11 | |problem............................................................................... ...
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...obert Burns (January 25, 1759-July 21, 1796) is the national poet of Scotland. Since they were first published, his poetry and songs have never been out of fashion. Translations have made him a classic in other languages. In households where books have been few, an edition of Burns's poetry has often stood on a shelf with the Bible. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "The people who care nothing for literature and poetry care for Burns." With their writing Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott created an enduring Scottish identity at a time when the Scots might have been entirely absorbed into a general British culture. In particular, Burns preserved the Scots tongue in literary form. The most loved figure in Scottish history and literature, his birthday, January 25, is the annual occasion of "Burns Night" festivities. He is celebrated by the Unitarians of Scotland as a religious forbear. Robbie was born in a thatched cottage in Alloway, Ayrshire. His father, William Burnes, was a moderately well-educated farmer who did some of the teaching of his children and occasionally provided private tutors. He wrote his own relatively liberal catechism for his children as an alternative to that of the Westminster Assembly. Robbie did a lot of reading on his own, including works by philosophers John Locke and Adam Smith. He worked on the family farm until his father's death in 1784 and continued farming with his brother Gilbert, 1784-86. As a young man Burns made a study of local religious phenomena...
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...William Wells Brown and His Contributions to Society William Wells Brown and His Contributions to Society Martin Luther King, Jr. Booker T. Washington. Harriet Tubman. These African-Americans have become household names and their contributions to our nation cannot be overestimated. However, there are many other African-Americans who made important contributions to society whose names are often overlooked in the history books. For example, William Wells Brown was an African American writer, reformer, and abolitionist. William Wells Brown was born near Lexington, Kentucky in 1814. His father was George Higgins, a white plantation owner, but his mother was a black slave. "My mother's name was Elizabeth. She had seven children, Solomon, Leander, Benjamin, Joseph, Millford, Elizabeth, and myself. No two of us were children of the same father" (Brown 13). George Higgins was a physician who owned a large farming plantation. His plantation primarily focused on the milling, selling, and farming of hemp and tobacco. Of the forty slaves Higgins owned, twenty-five were field-hands and were overseen by a man named Grove Cook (Farrison 298-314). Brown served his master as a house slave essentially from the time he was born until the day he escaped. As a house slave, he was treated marginally better than the field workers in ways such as being better fed and clothed, not to mention that a house slave did not endure nearly as much grueling physical labor as a field worker (Osofsky 175-...
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...The First Great Awakening Research Paper Submitted to Dr. William Bryant CHHI 302-D01 201340 BY Chris Jones November 21, 2013 Introduction The Great Awakening, which found its beginnings in 1740, was the first event to effectively influence all of the British colonies. In recent years religion had become complacent, and many people were going to church, but not really benefitting from the teachings. Going through the motions and acting like they were gaining something out of it was the main thought of the time. During this time, strong minded evangelists emerged and began preaching with fire-and-brimstone on their tongues; declaring the only way to find salvation was through conversion. This spirited revival became what is known as the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening empowered people to begin thinking on their own, making their own decisions, which brought them closer in relationship with God. The Great Awakening is believed to be one of the reasons the colonists lost favor with the British Empire, and gave rise to the beginnings of the American Revolution. The Great Awakening The Great Awakening had its beginnings in the American colony of New Jersey. Frelinghuysen and Gilbert Tennent are recognized as the first to organize the Awakening. Frelinghuysen, a Dutch pastor raised in the Dutch reformed churches, began teaching the necessity of deep transformation in the 1720’s. Tennent followed his father when he continued organizing the “log colleges” where...
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...Moral Education His 324 –History of Education in America Rhonda Campbell July 19, 2010 How do we generate moral behavior? Perhaps in fear of spewing unwanted religious or philosophical dogma, public schools in America eschew a cognitive approach. Instead, schools take a behaviorist approach, and students learn to act in fear of punishment while hoping for reward. This reality is the result of an education system that serves a changing population with ever-evolving needs. To best appreciate this phenomenon, we need to consider significant developments in the history of education in America in light of moral education. Then, we must look at the current state of moral education in America. Currently, however, American teachers have little official incentive to engage in much discussion of morality with students. Yet, when we read about crime in our communities, watch a high-speed police chase, or hear the details of a school shooting, we cannot so easily shirk responsibility for assisting students’ moral growth. Parents and the wider family should hold the highest degree of responsibility in this matter. However, if they fail, we are perhaps the only barrier left between the students and potentially life-devastating decisions (Brimi, 2009). Historically, one of public education’s purposes in America has been the development of moral citizens. However, educators currently face more academic accountability due to No Child Left Behind. Consequently, teachers must strike...
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...not intervene in European affairs. d. demanded that Germany pay reparations for the sinking of the Lusitania. 3. A practical demonstration of the principles that Theodore Roosevelt announced to Congress in December 1904 can be seen in events in the Dominican Republic, where the United States a. supported a revolution to oust the repressive dictator and institute a liberal democracy. b. operated the customs service and took over the management of the foreign debt. c. supervised the election of the first free-elected president of the nation. d. invited two rival powers to a peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 4. The "gentlemen's agreement" was an a. understanding between Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan on regulation of the trusts. b. agreement between the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and Germany on the territorial integrity of China. c. agreement between Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan over the formulation of foreign policy. d. arrangement...
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...between two classes of phenomena” Williams and McShane defined it as “generalizations of a sort; explains how two or more events are related” . According to Shoemaker the theory is : “a systematic collection of concepts and statements purporting to explain behavior” . And according to Hoover the theory is “a set of related propositions that suggest why events occur”. We can define theory as "Statement of a relationship between two or more propositions and concepts . which explains and/or predicts some behavior ". Introduction to Theories of criminology : There are many "theories" of criminology suggested by many writers. It would not be practical to list them all. a few only that have received some support. The almost prominent schools of criminology Were : The Classical School, "which began about 1755 to 1764" after Beccaria (1738-94) published his famous Essay on Crimes and Punishments; Along with Beccaria, the thinkers of the Classical School were Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jeremy Bentham, William Blackstone, Samuel Romilly, and others. The Positive School, " which began after the publication of Lombroso's L'uomo Delinquente (The Criminal Man) in (1896-97). Along with Lombroso, the thinkers of the Positive School were Enrico Ferri (1856-1928), Rafaele Garofalo (1852-34), and others. The Social Schools which began in 1889, after Colayanni published his famous Essay . _____________ (1) Franklin P. Williams III and Marilyn D McShane , Criminological...
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...industries and their leaders. 17-2 Describe how America’s regional and local markets merged into one truly national market and how this influenced the consumer demand for products and services, as well as some of the costs associated with the transition. 17-3 Discuss the functioning of national, state, and local politics during the late 1800s. 17-4 Describe the formation of the early labor unions in the United States, including their goals, activities, and situations at the end of the nineteenth century. 290 C h apt e r 15 The Continued Move West “ The world that had consisted of small farms, artisans’ workshops, and small factories transformed into a full-scale industrial society. ” As the process of ensuring political, economic, and social rights of African Americans waned during the 1870s, most Americans turned their attenNo invention had more lasting impact than the incandestion to another transformation cent light bulb. brought on by the Civil War: the Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Industrial Revolution. During 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 the half-century between 1865 and 1915, the United States evolved from a relative economic backwater to become the most powerful economy in the world. Industrialization played a key role in the nation’s advances, and both the Civil War and a core group of innovative, aggressive, farsighted, and opportunistic entrepreneurs were the main stimulants...
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...earlier draft of this paper. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, 1998. © 2005 Royce A. Singleton, Jr. Is Sociology a Science? A Classroom Exercise for Promoting Discussion Abstract Though sociology was founded on the idea that the social order is subject to scientific study, the “science” question remains controversial. By learning about this controversy, students can learn much about the discipline. This paper describes an exercise, together with data collected from six classes, that asks students to project their personal images of scientists and social scientists. These images invariably contain half-truths and misconceptions that can be used to address three related questions: (1) What is science? (2) How is sociology scientific? and (3) What are the major challenges to sociology as a science? I draw upon my own students’ responses to show how the exercise can generate a wide-ranging discussion of these issues. Is Sociology a Science? A Classroom Exercise for Promoting Discussion The question of whether sociology is a science has a long history in the discipline. It was addressed by virtually all the classical social theorists. But for some time the debate about the scientific status of sociology was muted. In the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s, quantitative methods were ascendant and theorists and methodologists alike embraced sociology as a positivist endeavor. Since then, however, a sharp...
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