...CONTEXT Crucial difference that distinguishes humans from animals is LAUNGUAGE. Noam Chomsky humans have a special part of the brain that allows us biologically to learn language automatically. This explains why human cultures all over the word have language and why children develop so quickly. HAYES AND HAYES work with a chimpanzee called Vicki. Aimed to teach her vocal language in 6 years Vicki learnt 4 sounds English words. MAMA PAPA CUP AND UP BRYAN vocal apparatus of a chimpanzee different from humans. Chimpanzee capable making different sounds vocalisation tends to occur situations of stress or excitement when chimpanzees are often quiet. Gardner and Gardner identified vocal language wasn’t appropriate. YERKES laboratory chimpanzees capable spontaneously developing begging and similar behaviours using there hands to manipulate but also solve problems. Using their hands particular skill that could form sign language. AIM Investigate teach chimpanzee to communicate using American sign language they used a chimpanzee because there intelligent, sociable and have strong attachments’ to humans. PROCEDURE The methodology used for G+G was a longitude case study; Washoe was an female at the age of 8-14 months. Washoes interactions were similar to a child as washoe had built a daily routine and built a relationship for those who cared for her. Washoes was taught American Sign Language. Washoe was trained by DIRECT INSITUTION, USING SIGNS, PROMPTING, IMITATION, BABBLING...
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...According to the United Nations Human Rights Office, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has killed about 60,000 people. In Sudan, the Janjaweed Militia have killed at least 250,000 men, women, and children. In refugee camps, the Janjaweed Militia “attack towns, villages, and refugee camps, kill the men and boys, rape the women and girls, and poison the wells. Their goal is to replace these African peoples with Arab herders.” In the Democratic Republic of Congo the dead range from three to five million. (Genocide Watch) This type of violence is occurring as I write this paper. Syria, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo are all male dominated cultures. The book Demonic Males, by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, makes a strong case that human violence, especially in males, is biological. Wrangham and Peterson do a nice job presenting evidence of our link to the great apes. The authors also prove that apes are capable of premeditated acts of violence. Psychologists believe human behavior is 50 percent biology and 50 percent culture while traditional conception of human behavior maintains that people are good or bad, depending on familial and cultural influences. When people do bad things, it is because they came from a dysfunctional family, or they have psychological issues. When culture is responsible for violent acts, a traditional conception is that the culture has the wrong belief system. This culture’s belief system is wrong because it differs from the norm. The norm...
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...For a long time, humans have believed that they are the only unique species in the world because of their intelligence, ability to feel compassion and creations of society. However, in the world of anthropology, that belief has been continuously challenged by evidence of humanlike qualities seen in primates. There is a term called ‘anthropomorphism’ which has been used to describe the concept of projecting human abilities, characteristics or qualities to non-human entities such as inanimate objects or animals. Primates get anthropomorphized because they are so similar to humans, but this tends to frowned upon in science because primates are only recognized as animals, even though it is important because it highlights many of the things that make human beings human. Primates are animals, but their similarities towards humans cannot be denied, and many scientists, including primate behaviorist Meredith Small, discover and state that human beings and primates had shared a common ancestor and “still have much behavior in common” with them (Small M. 1992, pg. 97). In fact, a journalist named Dan Falk had written in the Crux about a few similarities chimps share with humans, saying that they are very clever creatures who are able to communicate through “vocalizations, as well as hand gestures and facial expressions” and can use “sticks and rocks as tools” (Falk, 2014). These similarities show that they do have intelligence that brings them closer to humans, as intelligence is what deemed...
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...lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. Donald Johanson and his co-workers were very happy and did not sleep that night. They had been playing the Beatle’s song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds over and over again at their camp. So I had been named Lucy and gave more insight to the evolution of humans and apes. The scientists are not really sure about what I was; human or ape. I had a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, no chin, more humanlike teeth, pelvis and leg bones that resembled those of modern man. My body was smaller than my male friends and the relationship of sexual dimorphism and social group structure was like a modern ape. My father had a number of wives and lived in family groups. It was not like then gorillas; more sexually dimorphic than humans or chimpanzees. Scientists assume I lost of an abductable great toe and the ability to grasp with the foot and was no longer adapted to climbing. My fingers and toe bones were curved and longer than the modern human. I am classified as an ape, not a human. It is a Hominid, which is an ape closely related to human beings. My body size, brain size and skull shape is similar to a chimpanzee but I also have some human characteristics like...
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...Chimpanzees One of the the four ape species that professor Stanford discusses in his book, Planet Without Apes, is the chimpanzee. Chimpanzees can be found throughout the continent of Africa; they are primarily located in rain forests, but can also be found inside open woodlands or areas where trees and brush are present. Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion societies, which means that there community breaks apart for some part of the day, before coming back together as a single whole group for the rest of the time. In the chimpanzee community, males are known to never leave the place in which they were born and raised; while females are known to emigrate during or right after puberty. One of the biggest problems concerning chimpanzees is deforestation. Deforestation kills chimpanzees and separates many others from their communities, leading to territorial conflicts. As it is known, chimpanzees are very territorial animals who often fight against neighboring communities for territory. Deforestation tears down the communities of chimpanzees which forces them to move out and find new homes. While looking for a new place to live, chimpanzees will often times fight because there will be other chimpanzees residing in the territory which they are trying to move into. The other issue with deforestation is it leads to problems with genetic flow. Female chimpanzees are supposed to emigrate from their communities during or after they hit puberty to breed. If deforestation is killing...
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...Extinction of Great Apes The great apes are humankind’s closest relatives. Great apes include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos, which are also known as pygmy chimps. At the turn of the century, there were approximately one million chimpanzees in Africa. This number has declined down to 150,000. Mountain gorillas have halved in size over the last ten years, leaving only 320 to roam the trees of their homeland. Some say these great apes will face extinction within a decade. Why is this the case and should we let this happen? These apes lose areas of habitat on a daily basis. They are also constantly slaughtered for meat and body parts. These two enormous contributors of great ape depletion are just unnecessary additional threats to the existence of our relatives. We must not forget that there is also disease and environmental catastrophes that kill off these intelligent human-like primates. Humans share up to 98% of their DNA. This makes the great apes a very valuable and important subject for study. There is a lot we can learn from them. Because we are so closely related, this may also be a link to global extinction. Perhaps a more thorough evaluation of each of the factors which contribute to the depletion of the four great apes may help to understand how damaging and unnecessary this depletion has become for them, as well as for us. One of the most influential causes for the mass decline in great apes is due to habitat loss. Habitat loss includes the clearing...
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...chimpanzees had the ability to teach their young valuable skills such as using tools to crack open nuts. Boesche (1991) found that; “Chimpanzee mothers may influence the development of nut cracking in three ways (excluding the very widespread nut sharing): (1) stimulating; and (2) facilitating nut cracking; and (3) active teaching. Mothers can stimulate nut cracking by leaving hammers or nuts near the anvil” Humans are always teaching their children valuable skills to help in their survival, just as chimpanzee mothers did. There has also been evidence that Australopithecines evolved to make sharp stone tools for other food preparation (Benton, 2013). Another trait we share with the Great Apes is relationships between females. Mountain gorillas have been shown to show more aggression to females they associate with less in the group. Marshian and Nashida (1996) discovered that “Maternal relatives are close associates and often interact affinitively. Serious aggression between them is rare....
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...Animal vs human language Arbitrariness Human: * There is no natural connection between a word’s form and its meaning * A written word does not look like its meaning. Animals: * Animal communicative sounds are closely correlated with their meanings. * An animal’s „vocabulary“ is finite and limited. Displacement * Humans can talk about the past, present or future. * Humans can talk about things that don’t exist or we can’t see. * Animal communication is about the here and now. * Animals can’t displace in either time or space. Productivity * Human vocabulary and sentences are infinite and open-ended: We can create new words in our Lexicon in unlimited combinations. „Colourless green ideas sleep furiously“ (Noam Chonsky). * We have a morphology and a grammar which allows us to combine new words in new structures. Cultural Transmission * We acquire our speech from the environment we are raised in, our culture, which includes our language, our accent and our expressions. A meow is a meow wherever because it is instinctual, inborn. Some birds are born with some calls and songs instinctually and some are learned. 7 week window for birds: If birds are not exposed to bird song in the first 7 weeks, they will still produce songs, but abnormal ones. Song-singing is instinctual. 7 years window for children: If a child is not exposed to language within the first 7 years, it will develop...
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...World monkeys and catarrhines incorporate Old World monkeys, gorillas, and people. All New World monkeys are arboreal and live in the woods of Central and South America, while Old World monkeys incorporate both earthly and arboreal species. New world monkeys wandered from Old World monkeys around 30 million years back. New World monkeys have numerous remarkable attributes. Their teeth are organized as two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars in every quadrant of the mouth. They have wide noses with round nostrils that open outward. New World monkeys have prehensile (getting a handle on) tails and Old World monkeys don't. Old World monkeys have characteristics that vary from New World monkeys. The teeth of Old World monkeys are composed as two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in every quadrant, which is an indistinguishable game plan from human teeth. They have limit noses with their nostrils pointing descending. Old World monkeys have either long or short non-prehensile tails. Old World monkeys have trademark anatomical specializations, including calluses on their posteriors for sitting on hard, intense tree limbs or the ground for long eras. Old World monkey females experience obvious estrus, substantial swellings around the genitalia telling guys that they are ovulating. Sexual dimorphism is by all accounts more predominant in Old World monkeys, particularly in the earthbound species....
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... Have you ever seen a monkey in a zoo before that knows how to speak in sign language? Personally, I have not seen one other than me, but the difference is I don’t live in a zoo. I know how to speak using the sign language letters and can be fairly strange sometimes. Some people say they can blame it on my brain activity and others say it’s because I have the higher functioning Autism known as Asperger’s and epilepsy. Luckily for me the seizure disorder in which I tend to get grand mall seizures has been controlled through prescribed medication for one year and four months. Also, I like to say dickhead. Though it has nothing to relate to my monkey like disabilities, you are probably wondering why. The reason I love the word dickhead is because when me and my sister were little, we would always try to imagine a dick on a head and wonder if anyone had a dick on their head. If you think that’s my favorite curse word, then you are wrong because that is my favorite word. Just remember I am a monkey so it may seem strange to you. However shit is a curse word which just so happens to be my favorite curse word. Now you might ask why. The reason is because when I was a little monkey I went to a Girl Scout camp that had horses where they required you to do a chore dealing with horses in which you picked the chore as a group. Until one day where they chose the chore for us which they have never done before which was picking up horse poop. That was everyone’s worst part of the day since...
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...lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. Donald Johanson and his co-workers were very happy and did not sleep that night. They had been playing the Beatle’s song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds over and over again at their camp. So I had been named Lucy and gave more insight to the evolution of humans and apes. The scientists are not really sure about what I was; human or ape. I had a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, no chin, more humanlike teeth, pelvis and leg bones that resembled those of modern man. My body was smaller than my male friends and the relationship of sexual dimorphism and social group structure was like a modern ape. My father had a number of wives and lived in family groups. It was not like then gorillas; more sexually dimorphic than humans or chimpanzees. Scientists assume I lost of an abductable great toe and the ability to grasp with the foot and was no longer adapted to climbing. My fingers and toe bones were curved and longer than the modern human. I am classified as an ape, not a human. It is a Hominid, which is an ape closely related to human beings. My body size, brain size and skull shape is similar to a chimpanzee but I also have some human characteristics like...
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...Are we really in anthropodenial? I love to watch chimpanzees at the zoo. In fact, no visit to the zoo is complete without a visit to the chimpanzee cage. Moreover, we always joke that visiting the chimpanzees is like visiting our relatives. All joking aside, we do tend to think of chimpanzees as having human characteristics. However, according to Frans De Waal, attributing human emotions to animals has long been seen as a scientific blunder. However, attributing human emotions to animals gives us insight into them and us (Waal, 1). I think that chimpanzees seem to understand things like humans do. I was particularly in awe that Georgia, a chimpanzee can play with people by spraying them with water. Also, I was amazed that Georgia could sense that she should refrain from spraying Waal with water based on Waal’s gestures. I understand that by giving nonhuman animals human characteristics is anthropomorphism; however, I believe that chimpanzees are very intelligent and that they are the closest animals to humans based on evolution. In short, I tend to agree with Waal claim that both humans and chimpanzees behavior can be explained in the same manner that we explain our own behavior—as the result of both a complex and a familiar inner life (Waal, 5). Therefore, it seems that anthropomorphism has a place in the scientific community. Moreover, I think it is worth the risk of overestimating chimpanzee’s mental life because how else are scientific discoveries going to be made. ...
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...he feels secure in his role as a fireman of an ocean liner. But when Mildred Douglas comes to the stokehole, she sees him and calls him a filthy beast, which causes an identity crisis in Yank. He goes to New York and finds that he doesn't belong there, either. Eventually, he goes to see the gorillas in the zoo, and the beast kills him in the end of the play. Yank is a representative of an early 20th century industrial worker who loses faith in the machine. The world in "The Hairy Ape" is bleak. Man has lost faith in himself. Many people have idealized wealth and privilege. O'Neill uses Yank's search for belonging to show that loss of faith ends up in death. O'Neill uses steel throughout the story to represent strength. Steel also represents the cage that Yank feels that he is in. This cage is first symbolized by the fireman's forecastle of the ocean liner. "The lines of bunks, the uprights supporting them, cross each other like the steel framework of a cage."(1103) The workers are described as brutes, "hairy-chested, with long arms of tremendous power, and low, receding brows above their small, fierce, resentful eyes."(1104) This description could be used by many to describe the gorilla later in the play. Yank represents their leader, and in the beginning of the story, the men agree with his opinion, and follow along with his jokes when he is trying to "t'ink". The men speak in unison and are compared to machines, suggesting they have been dehumanized. Yank describes his unhappy...
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...particular seeks to bring to the light the biology and behavior of the mountain gorilla, and by the end also attempt to show the reasons and attempts to conserve this critically endangered species of primates. The mountain gorilla is considered one of the biggest primates in terms of physical attributes. The classification of this type of gorilla is very direct. Under the kingdom Animalia, the taxonomy flows to phylum Chordata, then subphylum Vertebrata, then class Mammalia and then its specific order Primates. The family is Hominidae, which is the same family as human beings, thus explaining the similarity in some attributes. This family also houses the chimpanzees and orangutans. The Hominidae are characterized by the existence of thumbs and also relatively big toes, of course excluding human beings. Further, they have well developed forearms for holding things and relatively longer legs for locomotion. More often than not, this family is confused with the family Hylobatidae which houses the apes and gibbons. However, the distinctive difference is the fact that Hominidae do not have a tail and their denture is more developed. Their teeth structure is very unique due to the presence of canines that have been known to develop into some form of tusks, and incisors are very broad to accommodate their feeding habits and diets. (Lanjouw, 2008). Down the classification tree, these primates are under the genus Gorilla. According to primatologists, this genus is...
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...Chimps and Human Influence It is commonly believed that chimps and humans have very similar cognitive functions for the first few years of their lives. Many studies have been done to demonstrate this assumption. However, chimps act so similar to humans due the influence of human interaction and there are still large differences between the way chimps and humans interact. Chimpanzees do not show joint attention like humans do (Tomasello & Carpenter, 2007). Hayes and Hayes (1952) demonstrated that human raised chimps, and cage raised chimps differ in cognitive abilities. They showed significant differences when asked to perform tasks. Human raised chimps differ from both humans, and cage raised chimps. Viki is a human raised chimp. She was adopted by the authors shortly after she was born, and lived with them for four years. Viki’s imitation was by washing clothes and do the dishes, much like a human child would do. Her imitation occurred minutes after she saw a demonstration, not immediately after. Sometimes she even did better than the human children on certain tasks, for children ages 26-36 months old. However, in a task that required Viki to pull on three levers to open a box, it took her a long time to memorize the order of the levers instead of realizing that they were in a sequence. She was not able to make the connection of pattern which made it very difficult for her to complete this task without the help of the experimenter. Hayes and Hayes found that Frans, the...
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