...MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS INSTITUTIONALISM: POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT Government institutions have long been a central focus of political science. Public policy is authoritatively determined, implemented, and enforced by these institutions. Therelationship between public policy and government institutions is very close. Strictly speaking, a policy does not become a public policy until it is adopted, implemented, and enforced by some government institution. Government institutions give public policy three distinctive characteristics. •First, government lends legitimacy to policies. Government policies are generally regarded as legal obligations that command the loyalty of citizens. •Second government policies involve universality. Only government policies extend to all people in a society; the policies of other groups or organizations reach only a part of the society. •Finally, government monopolizes coercion in society, only government can legitimately imprison violators of its policies. The impact of institutional arrangements on public policy is an empirical question that deserves investigation. Federalism recognizes that both the national government and the state governments derive independent legal authority from their own citizens. PROCESS: POLICY AS POLITICAL ACTIVITY Today political processes and behaviors are a central focus of political science. Political scientists with an interest in policy have grouped various activities according to their relationship...
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...Goals, Outcome Statements and Budget Estimates of The Federal Government of Pakistan Compiled by Tariq Husain (thusain@rabt-e-nau.com) for Rabt-e-Nau (www.rabt-e-nau.com) Islamabad Resource Number: GOVERN-R-001 on the Website 31 January 2011 Introduction In June 2010, the Finance Division of the Government of Pakistan presented an innovative budget document, called the Green Book, or the Federal Medium Term Budget Estimates for Service Delivery 2010-13 (http://finance.gov.pk/budget/mtbf_2010_13.pdf). The purpose, as stated in its Preface, “is to provide Parliament and other stakeholders with the clearest possible statement of the services which are to be delivered and the investments to be undertaken through the application of the funds appropriated by Parliament and, equally importantly, the results which are expected to be achieved in terms of the achievement of goals of public sector activity and the benefits expected to accrue to different population groups from the activities of the Federal Government. The publication of the Green Book marks a major step forward in enhancing the transparency of the federal budget.” The Preface highlights the innovative features of the Green Book in the following words: (a) The Green Book uses the 3-year framework for budgetary planning which lies at the heart of the MTBF reforms. Under this process ministries make their plans and prepare budgetary estimates for a rolling 3-year budgetary horizon. (b) The centerpiece of the Green...
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...In a free market society where firms and households shape the economy, government intervention can significantly contribute to economic stability and improve current economic outcomes. The successful use of government policy tools is evident through an examination of environmental economics, monetary policy and the labour market. With regards to the environment and the labour market, the government have made use of taxes, permit trading systems, general regulations and transfer payments to influence economic outcomes in each of these respective fields. By studying monetary policy it is also apparent that control over the interest rate mechanism is another effective tool used by policymakers to enhance the present and future economic circumstances of a nation. As society continues to expand, the quality of the environment is beginning to deteriorate. Governments to prevent this from occurring and to avoid market inefficiency, can help the economy through policy tools such as enforcing taxes and regulating pollution permit trading systems. As shown in Figure 1 below, market equilibrium (Me) on its own is inefficient because it does not take into consideration the negative externalities that arise during production and does not account for a lack of incentive by firms to incorporate additional production costs. The implications of market failure will mean that a society will not be allocative efficient and as a result output will be greater than it what it should be (Q0 instead...
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...1. The whole of government challenge Chapter findings The report has defined 'whole of government' in the Australian Public Service (APS) as: Whole of government denotes public service agencies working across portfolio boundaries to achieve a shared goal and an integrated government response to particular issues. Approaches can be formal and informal. They can focus on policy development, program management and service delivery. APS agencies should review their work in light of this definition to assess the potential impact of this report on their work. There are many imperatives which make being successful at whole of government work increasingly important. These include pressures on the APS to offer sophisticated whole of government policy advice which comprehends a range of stakeholders' views, and to respond to complex policy challenges such as environmental or rural issues. There are pressures to join up program management, including security threats and intractable social issues such as drug dependence. There are rising community expectations for easier access to government by integrating service delivery. Agencies should review the impact of these imperatives on their work, including taking a long-term view of possible scenarios. Whole of government approaches to Australian government work are a relative strength for Australia and are not new. The increasing pressures on the APS demands that its history in whole of government work is understood to ensure it...
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...Handbook for Development Practitioners Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System A Handbook for Development Practitioners Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System Jody Zall Kusek Ray C. Rist THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 07 06 05 04 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the...
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...GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) “Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy” OCTOBER 2013- DECEMBER 2018 Contents List of Acronyms......................................................................................... 3 Foreword ................................................................................................. 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1............................................................................................... 12 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Chapter 2............................................................................................... 16 2.0 Situational Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16 Chapter 3............................................................................................... 26 3.0 Towards an Empowered Society and a Growing Economy:………………………………………26 Chapter 4............................................................................................... 45 4.0 Implementation Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………….45 Chapter 5............................................................................................... 47 5.0 Monitoring and Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………………….47 Chapter 6................................................................................
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...Globalisation and Rising Inequality in Australia Is Increasing Inequality Inevitable in Australia? Tom Conley Griffith University Introduction I want to dedicate my government to the maintenance of traditional Australian values. And they include those great values of mateship and egalitarianism.1 10 years ago a Mitsubishi type development would have flattened people psychologically. Now they take it in their stride … 2 Policy-makers and commentators have long been cajoling Australians into accepting that they are a part of the global economy, which means an acceptance of a whole range of ‘new realities’. One of the major themes of the pro-globalisation position is that Australia has accepted these new realities and adjusted well to globalisation by embracing economic liberalism. The results, it is argued, have been overwhelmingly beneficial. John Howard points out the Australian economy has grown for fourteen years straight – a remarkable achievement by any standards. This success story of growth has tended, however, to override more disaggregated, negative analyses of social outcomes in Australia. A less sanguine part of this new globalising ‘reality’ appears to be an acceptance of rising inequality. Indeed, it is often implied that rising inequality is a spur for growth. The argument is that everyone is better off, it’s just that some people are better off than others. While commentary is often not explicit about the association of globalisation and rising inequality...
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... Since government actions shape business environments, that is the starting point for country analysis. In this view, nations have strategic purposes, the capacity to mobilize resources, and the power to affect their economies. The country analysis framework has three interrelated components: strategy, performance, and context. Each of these has economic, political, and social dimensions. All governments have a national strategy composed of explicit or implicit goals and a set of policies to achieve those goals. These lead to performance, which can be judged by assessing how well the country is doing economically, politically, and socially. These outcomes also depend on a country’s context, which has domestic aspects (economic, political, social, institutional, and ideological) and international aspects (trading relationships, political links, multilateral institutions, global industries). In turn, the outcomes affect the context for future strategies. Thus, strategy, performance, and context are interdependent. Country analysis can therefore begin with any of the three components, but requires examining all of them. Country analysis is not a mechanistic or deterministic process; it requires critically interpreting data, analyzing causal relationships, and assessing options. One can begin with the descriptive question: What is the country’s strategy, performance, and context? But full analysis requires follow-on questions such as: Why did the government chose its...
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...IS-LM model and Aggregate demand 1. Draw Keynesian cross as a comparison of planned and realized expenditures. What is the intercept of planned expenditure line? What is its slope? If government expenditures would be positive function of output, how would the Keynesian cross change? We will go over this on the review session – easier to explain than on paper. The intersect point represents the equilibrium output. Black line – planned expenditures Blue line – realized expenditures If government expenditures would be positive function of output the blue line would shift up. 2. What are the tools of fiscal policy? Fiscal policy has 3 tools: 1. Increase or decrease government expenditures 2. Cut or increase taxes 3. Increase or decrease transfer payments 3. Explain the mechanism of government expenditures multiplier – why is the effect on the output greater than initial increase in government expenditures? The government purchases multiplier is ∆Y/∆G Initially, the increase in G causes an equal increase in Y, so ∆Y=∆G, But with increasing Y will be increasing C(Y-T) →further ↑Y →further ↑C →further ↑Y So government purchases multiplier will be greater than 1, it is same principal like with Bank’s creation of money when lending out. 4. Explain the mechanism of tax multiplier – why is the...
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... A) Dawud Abdirahman Student Reference Number: 130002288 C300 TMA1a 1000 Words Do you think Ha-‐Joon Chang’s idea of ‘Institutionalist Political Economy’ (IPE) provides a better explanation for government intervention than the concept of market failure? In this essay, the author discusses, if Ha-‐Joon Chang’s idea of ‘Instituionalist Political Economy (IPE)’ provides a better explanation for government intervention than the concept of market failure. The essay – which is part of a course module assignment in Public Policy and Management Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies – discusses both theories, and articulates their merits and constraints as per the author’s views. Various examples have been employed to support these views. Market failure is a concept ...
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...Introduction The national development plan (“NDP”), first published on 11 November 2011, is aimed at steering South Africa along a new path and will attempt to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality in the country by 2030 (National planning commission, 2011). This document has received vastly differing reviews from various sectors of society ranging from unequivocal support from big business, to downright antagonism from trade unions. What is clear from the document is that South Africa’s current trajectory is not desirable, nor is it sustainable in the long term. The NDP outlines a failing healthcare system as one of its nine “central challenges”. Debate around the world still rages around the private sectors role in delivering healthcare to the masses, especially in developing economies (Hanson et al., 2008). Universal coverage in these countries is virtually non-existent, and it will take strong collaboration between the private and public sector in South Africa in order to provide broad access to healthcare. An extension of this debate is how healthcare should be financed and whether it should be totally financed by the public or private sector (Bennett, Ellias, & Ole, 1994). This paper seeks to explore the potential use of Social Impact Bonds (“SIBs”) in the financing of healthcare projects in South Africa, as well as the potential benefits that may be achieved in mitigating widespread corruption in the country. The NDP highlights the need to analyze the current...
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF PURE CAPITALISM Although there are as many economic systems as there are countries, we will discuss the basic elements of pure capitalism. Purely capitalist economies are characterized by exclusive private ownership of productive resources and the use of markets to allocate goods and services. Pure capitalism stands in stark contrast to socialism, which is characterized by partial or total public ownership of productive resources and centralized decision making to allocate resources. Capitalism in its pure form has probably never existed. In all countries characterized as capitalist, government plays an active role in the promotion of overall economic growth and the allocation of goods and services through its considerable control over resources. The reason we examine capitalism in its pure form is essentially twofold. To begin with, most western, developed, economies fundamentally are capitalist, or market, economies. Moreover, and perhaps more important, understanding capitalism in its pure form will better position the analyst to understand deviations and gradations from this “ideal” state. Economies that are characterized by a blend of public and private ownership is known as mixed economies. Most of the discussion in this text will assume that our prototypical firm operates within a purely capitalist market system. Although the complete set of conditions necessary for pure capitalism is not likely to be found in reality, an understanding...
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...The Issues with Measuring Reliability and Preparedness MSG Steven McNally CJ 452 November 20, 2012 Mr. Victor Talavera The Issues with Measuring Reliability and Preparedness Many governmental and nongovernmental agencies have plans in place to handle terrorist attacks and natural disasters. However, many planners have only written these plans to meet a requirement. Many planners have not vetted their plans. As a result, their plans may not produce the desired outcomes when they are executed. Some effective methods planners can use to examine their plans are through assessing inputs and outcomes, evaluating the reliability of the system and response reliabilities. These methods can provide another way of assessing plans in order to make necessary changes to provide a more effective and efficient plan. Inputs versus Outcomes Every plan involves inputs and outcomes. Inputs are the resources and personnel used in a plan. An example of a plan can be how a city would respond to a wildfire. A small sample of resources can be local and state firefighters, firefighting airplanes and helicopters, and vehicles and shelters for evacuation efforts. Federal wildfire experts, local and state law enforcement leaders, and city and state emergency management teams are just some examples of experts needed to be brought in to help execute the plan. Plans exist at every level, from city to federal on how to handle natural disasters and terrorist acts. These plans usually include...
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...exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off. (The outcome is not Pareto optimal.) Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient – that can be improved upon from the societal point-of-view.[1][2] The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958,[3] but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick.[4] Market failures are often associated with information asymmetries,[5] non-competitive markets, principal–agent problems, externalities,[6] or public goods.[7] The existence of a market failure is often used as a justification for government intervention in a particular market.[8][9] Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction.[10] Such analysis plays an important role in many types of public policy decisions and studies. However, some types of government policy interventions, such as taxes, subsidies, bailouts, wage and price controls, and regulations, including attempts to correct market failure, may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources, sometimes called government failure.[11] Thus, there is sometimes a choice between imperfect outcomes, i.e. imperfect market outcomes with or without government interventions. But either way, if a market failure exists the outcome is not Pareto efficient...
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...As our governments discusses about the best policies to aid the middle class and the poor, it is vital to keep in mind that economic and social policies are health policies in that they impact life circumstances, diseases rates, insurance costs for all Americans. Policies that affect income and wealth may have essential health outcomes, and this enhancement can also be true for policies that do not target jobs directly but that enhance conditions for economic success. For instance, policies that promotes better educational outcomes can convert into better health outcomes, lower health care costs and economic well-being. Some policy-based resolutions lie in government programs that play an essential role in supporting and maintaining personal incomes and offer health benefits. Other policies lie in economic policies that help in job creations and skills to foster economic self-sufficiency for poor class. Other interventions include valid investments in early childhood education that set the path for...
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