...The Detection of Gravitational Waves, How Close Are We? Since the realization that the general theory of relativity predicts gravitational waves, there have been attempts to actually detect these waves. Indirect observations have been made that support their existence but no direct measurement. This paper gives a brief explanation of gravitational waves and discusses the current condition of the experimental search for gravitational waves. It deals with the newest techniques that will enable their detection. The focus of the paper is on three experimental groups: LIGO, VIRGO, and LISA. From our research of these groups we believe that the detection of gravitational waves will occur within the next decade. Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We listseveral possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discussthe characteristic signals each source sendsto Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being...
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...being applied in the quest for gravitational waves, the conviction being that their identification could essentially help the examining of the universe. Be that as it may, starting yet, they have been distinguished just indirectly[1]. The expectation of the presence of gravitational waves comes as an immediate outcome of Einstein's hypothesis of general relativity[1], and measuring such waves stays one the last tests of his theory[2]. As per general relativity, gravity can be communicated as a space-time curvature[1], with gravitational waves being "swells" in these four measurements which spread as waves[2]. Not at all like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves can go through matter without being impeded[3]. For example, the electromagnetic radiation discharged from supernovae blasts will be scattered endless times thus data from the blast will be lost[4]. The same does not remain constant for gravitational waves, which gives them specific criticalness in space science. Pretty much as cosmologists use optical telescopes to watch galactic wonders today, the trust is that the same will be made conceivable utilizing hardware that can distinguish gravitational waves[1]. About all galactic wonders radiate gravitational waves in some form[4], including frameworks, for example, dark opening communications, which have no electromagnetic signature[5]. In this manner, new wonders might get to be discernible if the force of gravitational waves can be bridled. Locators...
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...Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Final draft Physics 222 November 11, 1999 Aaron Astle Dan Hale Dale Kitchen Wesley Krueger Abstract Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We list several possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discuss the characteristic signals each source sends to Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being implemented. These include resonant mass detectors and laser interferometry. We also discuss improvements being made to each system and how these improvements further our progress towards detection of the waves. Finally, we conclude with a prediction that laser interferometry will first detect these waves within the next few years. In 1905 Albert Einstein presented his Theory of Special Relativity with two postulates that led to a new realm of reasoning and observing the universe. Eleven years later Einstein extended these postulates to form the General Theory of Relativity. This theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves and describes properties these waves must have. If such gravitational waves could be detected, they could reveal much about...
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...Leaving Cert Physics Long Questions: 4. Circular Motion and SHM (all higher level) Remember to photocopy 4 pages onto 1 sheet by going A3→A4 and using back to back on the photocopier 2015 - 2002 Solutions begin on page 7 Circular Motion 2012 Question 12 (a) An Olympic hammer thrower swings a mass of 7.26 kg at the end of a light inextensible wire in a circular motion. In the final complete swing, the hammer moves at a constant speed and takes 0.8 s to complete a circle of radius 2.0 m. (i) What is the angular velocity of the hammer during its final swing? (ii) Even though the hammer moves at a constant speed, it accelerates. Explain. (iii) Calculate the acceleration of the hammer during its final swing (iv) Calculate the kinetic energy of the hammer as it is released. 2011 Question 6 (c) A simple merry-go-round consists of a flat disc that is rotated horizontally. A child of mass 32 kg stands at the edge of the merry-go-round, 2.2 metres from its centre. The force of friction acting on the child is 50 N. Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the child as the merry-go-round rotates. What is the maximum angular velocity of the merry-go-round so that the child will not fall from it, as it rotates? If there was no force of friction between the child and the merry-go-round, in what direction would the child move as the merry-go-round starts to rotate? 2006 Question 6 (i) Define velocity. (ii) Define angular velocity. (iii) Derive the relationship...
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...measuring the time it took a pendulum to make 30 complete oscillations. We divided that time by 30 to get the period and then took the average of all 5 trials, getting an average period of 1.88 seconds. To compare our results, and see if they were correct, we used the given equation for the period of motion that includes the length of the pendulum to calculate the period for the same pendulum, resulting in 1.87 seconds, which agreed with our earlier results. This shows that period of oscillations can be determined by length and gravitational acceleration, and doesn’t depend on mass. In our other activity, we measured the period of an oscillating mass connected to a spring. We had a hanging spring, and hung mass to the bottom of it, each time measuring the change in length of the spring from the time before. To find the spring constant, we used the masses added to calculate each of their elastic forces, by multiplying each by gravitational acceleration, then plotting them with their corresponding spring deformation, and the slope of that graph was the spring constant, k, which was 8.22 N/m. Using this value, we calculated the period of motion for the mass of 0.1 kg using a different given equation than the one before, obtaining a period of 0.69 seconds. To verify our results, we used the VideoCom to graph the spring as we placed 0.1 kg on it and then bounced it, then calculated a period from position, velocity, and acceleration vs time graphs by finding the distance...
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...What I have learned In Science 7 What I have learned In Science 7 7-IPIL 7-IPIL SUBMITTED BY: PATRICK GENESON GONZALES SUBMITTED BY: PATRICK GENESON GONZALES CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY MATTER MATTER MASS- the measure of the amount of matter WEIGHT- the composition of the mass of the body and gravity VOLUME- amount of space occupied by an object STATES OF MATTER STATES OF MATTER State- physical condition of a matter Phase- refers to TEMPERATURE that change in state SOLID- particles are tightly pack, vibrating in a fixed position -have definite shape and volume LIQUID- has definite volume but have indefinite shape -tightly pack but far enough apart to slide over one another GAS- very far apart -have indefinite shape and volume PLASMA BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) ACID, BASE and SALT ACID, BASE and SALT pH- power of HYDROGEN in water Measurement: 0-6 ACID 7 SALT or NEUTRAL 8-14 BASE ACID- a substance that breaks into (H+) ION in an water WEAK: * Citric * Ethanoic * Carbonic * Acetic * Phosphoric * Nitrous STRONG: * Hydrochloric * Sulphuric * Nitric * Hydrodic BASE- a substance that breaks into (OH- (HYDROYYL) ION in water WEAK: * Potassium Carbonate * Sodium Carbonate * Ammonium STRONG: * Hydroxide Sodium * Phosphate Barium * Hydroxide Calcium * Hydroxide * Sodium ACID+BASE= SALT (NEUTRALIZATION) INDICATOR- a compound that will change color in the...
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...[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Core [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Options [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Constants How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course |Formula |Name |Comments |Typical Problem |Typical Answer | |[pic] |Wave Equation |v= velocity (m/s) |Calculate the wavelength of a water wave |[pic] | | |8.2.1 |f = frequency (hz) |travelling at 3 m/s whose frequency is 6 | | | | |( = wavelength (m) |Hz. | | |[pic] |Intensity Law |I = intensity (no units) |A globe is viewed...
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...How to Succeed in Physics (and reduce your workload) Kyle Thomas, Lead Author Luke Bruneaux, Supporting Author Veritas Tutors, LLC How To Succeed in Physics | 2 About the Authors Kyle Thomas Kyle is currently a PhD candidate in the Psychology Department at Harvard University where he studies evolutionary social psychology and serves as a teaching fellow for graduate and undergraduate courses. Kyle has primarily tutored and taught Physics and Organic Chemistry through the UC Santa Cruz peer tutoring program where he became a program administrator. About Veritas Tutors Founded by two Harvard graduates in 2005, Veritas Tutors (www. veritutors.com) is the premiere provider of educational services and products in the Boston area. Offering subject tutoring, standardized test preparation, and admissions consulting, Veritas Tutors is dedicated to providing the best possible instruction to each of its students. Working with educators and consultants from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, MIT, and other elite academic institutions, our students all receive personalized guidance to achieve their goals in and out of the classroom. If you Luke Bruneaux have any questions, comments, or concerns, please contact us at info@ Luke holds a BA Summa Cum Laude from the University of Pennsylvania, veritutors.com or 1-877-265-6582. an MS from the University of Chicago and is working towards a PhD in physics at Harvard University. Luke was awarded a 2011 Derek Bok ...
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...n physics, a wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through spacetime, accompanied by a transfer of energy. Wave motiontransfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium—that is, with little or no associated mass transport. They consist, instead, of oscillations or vibrations around almost fixed locations. Waves are described by a wave equation which sets out how the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave. There are two main types of waves. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium, and the substance of this medium is deformed. The deformation reverses itself owing to restoring forces resulting from its deformation. For example, sound waves propagate via air molecules colliding with their neighbors. When air molecules collide, they also bounce away from each other (a restoring force). This keeps the molecules from continuing to travel in the direction of the wave. The second main type of wave, electromagnetic waves, do not require a medium. Instead, they consist of periodic oscillations in electrical and magnetic fields generated by charged particles, and can therefore travel through a vacuum. These types of waves vary in wavelength, and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Further, the behavior of particles in quantum mechanics is described by waves and researchers...
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...Essay on the gravitational force of Earth. The gravitational force at the surface of the planet is the force that binds all bodies to earth. This force is one of the four forces recognized by physicists, and this kind of force, known as ‘gravity’, attracts every celestial object to earth. Though it is the most important of the forces essential for our lives, it is the least comprehended of them all. Throughout ages scientists have tried to solve the mystery of gravity. One of the first discoveries concerning gravity was made by Aristotle who concluded from his experiments that the downward movement of any body is that has weight had a proportional relationship between its quickness in motion and its size. This theory was accepted for centuries, but after a series of experiments made by Galileo, Aristotle’s theory was proved to be incorrect, as Galileo said after a series of experimenting at the Pisa tower that body of different sizes fall with the same speed. Later on, the idea that the force is needed so as to change the motion of the body was discovered. After that, a great scientist was to improve all the previously accepted theories, this scientist was Newton who was to make decisive advances in understanding gravity. In his first law, Newton said that a body in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line will keep on moving unless acted upon by a force, while in his second theory, Newton expressed his first law in a more quantitative way as he said that force...
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...a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. 2) Waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound waves. There are different types of waveguides for each type of wave. The original and most common[1] meaning is a hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio waves, particularly microwaves. 3) Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical Fiber to replace all or part of the usual metal local loop used for last mile telecommunications. 4) Simplex communication refers to communication that occurs in one direction only. 5) A half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). 6) A full-duplex (FDX), or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. 7) Photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. 8) Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. 9) Analog (or analogue) transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude...
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...Lab#2: Activity P41: Waves on a string Jonathan Alevy Physics 1302.101 Partners names: Henry Haws, Johnathan Rios & Miguel Castellano Pre-Lab Direct Calculation of the Linear Mass Density 1. Measure the mass of a known of the string. Length = L = 1.77 meters Mass = M = 5.7 x 10-4 kilograms µ = mass/length = 5.7 x 10-4 / 1.77m= 3.22 x 10-4 kg/m Table 1: Change Tension – Constant Frequency and Length Frequency = 120 Hz Length = 1.0 m T=mg T=mg Segments, n | Experimental Mass (kg) | Theoretical Mass (kg) | % difference: Exp-Theo | Tension, T (N) | 1/n2 | 1 | 1.84 | 1.89 | 2.78% | 18.0 | 1.00 | 2 | 0.463 | 0.473 | 2.14% | 4.54 | 0.250 | 3 | 0.207 | 0.210 | 1.44% | 2.03 | 0.111 | 4 | 0.113 | 0.118 | 4.33% | 1.11 | 0.0625 | 5 | 0.0720 | 0.0760 | 5.41% | 0.706 | 0.0400 | Slope= 18 The slope is equal to = 18; = 3.125 x 10-4 kg/m Linear mass density = 3.125 x 10-4 kg/m Table 2: Vary Frequency Tension = 4.9 N Tension = Mass x Gravity = 0.500kg x 9.81m/s2 = 4.9 N Length = 1.0 m Segments, n | Experimental Frequency (Hz) | Theoretical Frequency (Hz) | % difference Exp-Theo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 62.00 | 61.68 | 0.520% | 2 | 125.7 | 123.4 | 1.88% | 3 | 189.0 | 185.0 | 2.12% | 4 | 251.1 | 246.7 | 1.76% | 5 | 313.9 | 308.4 | 1.77% | Slope = 62.9 The slope is equal to = 62.9; =3.096 x 10-4 kg/m Linear mass density = 3.096 x 10-4 kg/m Table 3: Results Method | Linear mass density | % difference | ...
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...attitudes in understanding the nature of waves as carriers of energy. They become acquainted with the different types of waves, know the different characteristics and properties of each disturbance, and through the process, develop appreciation on the importance of wave to man’s life and his environment.Year Level Standards: Understand the nature of wave as energy carriers, differences between electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves, and their characteristics and properties | Waves | Number of Days – 20 days | Content Standards * Demonstrate understanding on: * the nature of waves as energy carriers and the wave properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference * differences between electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves and give examples of each * characteristics of waves, amplitude, crest, frequency, period, trough, and wavelength * different properties of waves | Performance StandardsConduct research works, carry out mathematical equations, and produce outputs that will reflect the existence of waves including their importance and impact to man and his environment | Lesson Number/Title | Key Understanding and Key Questions | Knowledge | Skills | Teaching Strategies | Assessment Strategies | Resources | 1. Vibrational MotionNumber of Days: 5 daysLesson Focus: * - Simple Harmonic Motion * -Kinds of Waves | KU:-Wave is an important component in the transmission of energy and information.-Knowing wave motion is essential in understanding...
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...sinusoidal manner. These pulses cause distorted current wave shapes which in turn cause harmonic currents to flow back into other parts of the power system.” The problem with this phenomena is that current distortions cause voltage distortions. Which in turn creates waste in your system which is trying to supply the extra current needed to overcome the harmonics. It can also cause component heating and extra charges from your utility company for the excessive draw or disturbance to your neighbor’s power factor. What happens electrically is the ac voltage is ran through diodes which rectify the voltage, and charges a capacitor. The equipment being powered draws the high DC voltage powering the circuit, the capacitor is recharged over and over again. The capacitor only draws when the sine wave is at its peak. In industrial plants the most common causes of harmonics currents are three-phase and non-linear loads like electronic motor drives, and uninterruptible power drives, causes of harmonics in the commercial world are desktop computers, electric light ballasts, and dimmer switch applications. Identifying harmonics is not difficult when you know what signs to look for. As you tour your facility you can check transformers for excessive heat, examine transformer secondary current, and sub panel neutral checks. To verify you have harmonic issues you must use a true RMS multi-meter, these meters give more accurate wave readings than standard multi-meters. These meters read crest...
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...Q1. A single slit diffraction pattern is produced on a screen using a laser. The intensity of the central maximum is plotted on the axes in the figure below. (a) On the figure above, sketch how the intensity varies across the screen to the right of the central maximum. (2) (b) A laser is a source of monochromatic, coherent light. State what is meant by monochromatic light .................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... coherent light ............................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... (2) (c) Describe how the pattern would change if light of a longer wavelength was used. ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... (1) (d) State two ways in which the appearance of the fringes would change if the slit was made narrower. ...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................
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