...abnormal deficiency of moisture with the concomitant decline in runoff to a level significantly lower than usual (Guldin 1989). The history of droughts in Wyoming has been uncertain in the past, but recent studies of tree rings in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming have given insight to droughts as far back as 1260A.D. (Gray et al. 2004). Looking at tree ring records in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) trees, Stephen Gray and his colleagues discovered that droughts which have been experienced in Wyoming since the 1750's, are weak in severity and length when compared to those since. The most severe drought period in Wyoming’s history occurred from 1262 to 1281. The droughts of the 1930’s and 1950’s, which have been used as benchmarks for all other droughts in the United States in recent times (Woodhouse et al. 2002), are ranked 149th and 28th respectively in comparison (Gray et al. 2004). The five top ranking droughts for 10, 15, and 20 year periods are all prior to the 1800’s, with the four driest single years being 1263, 1274, 1278, and 1280 (Gray et al. 2004). This indicates a change in precipitation patterns in the Big Horn Basin area of Wyoming since the 18th century, as all recent droughts have been mild when compared to those of Wyoming’s past. Droughts in Wyoming’s future are unpredictable and uncertain; however, Richard Guldin of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in Fort Collins, Colorado, has made some predictions...
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...Though there are flaws in laws and the number of Chinese immigrate to America increases, the actions government took early reflect on government’s ignorance of the serious issue. According to DiNitto and Johnson, policymaking involves a combination of processes, identify policy problems, formulate policy proposals, legitimize public policy, implement public policy and evaluate public policy. “Agenda setting” is the first critical step in the policy making process. If a problem wants to get on the agenda, it must catch policymakers’ attention, otherwise, government will not make policy to deal with it. Birthright citizenship has existed for a long time, and birth tourism remains “nonissue”. In other words, increasing illegal Chinese immigration...
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...For decades, the gray wolf has been under federal protection through the Endangered species Act. However, all of that changed when President obama signed the new federal budget on April 15, 2011; Montana Senator Jon Tester added a last-minute alteration to the bill that removed gray wolves from the Endangered Species Act, therefore prohibiting further judicial review of the bill (“Did We Only Bring Wolves Back”). Despite arguments from conservationists, numerous federal wildlife agencies have declared the gray wolf population stable, and removed the gray wolf from the federal Endangered Species list. Regardless of whether the agencies thought the decision was prudent, gray wolves need to be put back on the Endangered Species list, because they...
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...elders compared to other states. Statistics showed that 13% of the population was above 65 years and about 16% of the population’s age ranged about 54-64 years (Weiland, 2008). Therefore, a quick action had to be taken since many insurance companies barely extend their services to these individuals. Implementation of this reform also reinforced insurance companies to reinstate specific services that they may have done away with before. Furthermore, specific changes within the act offered protection to new consumers. Certain guidelines were given to insurance companies, which included banning insurance companies from withdrawing or denying coverage when the insured is seemingly unwell (Gray, 2013). Arizona’s health care reform ensured improvements and extended medical services to people in remote areas. Community confidence has increased with the implementation of these reforms. Persons with communicable diseases like the influenza and pneumococcus received medication, which has led to a reduction of incidences (Santa, 2012). The implementation of this reform has significantly improved livelihood. Service delivery...
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...Immigration is something that I have seen and have heard people experience. Growing up you here unbelievable stories of how people have died and suffered in trying to cross the border. My dad came here to escape the civil war in El Salvador and my mom came for a better future. They meet in Washington D.C. and when they were both 20 years old they got married and had me when they were 21. My mom is now a proud American citizen and my dad is a resident. Thanks to the less strict laws that were placed when they were younger they were able to stay here with permission from the government. If it wasn’t for their strength and endurance to overcome their struggles to be where they are now, I wouldn’t be here writing this paper. Immigration is such...
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...American West Development Student`s Name Institutional Affiliation Submission Date Gold rush in America west [pic] Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1363522/How-American-West-really-won-C19th-images-early-settlers-Deadwood.html Above is a photograph of miners washing gold. The photo was taken in the nineteenth century at Deadwood town. The discovery of gold in American west spread like a bush fire, and within no time, a huge number of people had already camped in the mining fields ready to mine the gold and get rich. Many people left their families, jobs and moved to the goldfields’ (Limerick, 1998). During that time American west state experienced a large number of immigrants, all coming to try their luck in the fields. Those who managed to get gold became richer while those who didn’t become poorer. The gold rush brought about huge environmental changes in the country’s landscape (Limerick, 1998). There were very deep holes that were dug in search of the gold. Trees were cut down to clear the fields and to take care of the huge demand for wood that was used to power the steam engines that ran the lifting cables. The rapid destruction of the forest triggered soil erosion in the fields. The miners were less concerned with the consequences of their acts to the environment, for them, America was a place to exploit gets your wealth and leave. There was a rapid population growth in American west; this...
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...perspectives. A free access to health services might cause a “magnet” effect that attracts other migrants to enter the country illegally. Free access to health services for undocumented migrants creates a “free rider” problem which they benefit from a system that the citizens have paid for through taxes. In addition, to allow the migrants such a service increases the demand for the services in public medical institutions which obstruct citizens to receive services easily (Gray). In contrast to these arguments, it is also claimed that leaving certain groups in society as deprived of health care is a threat to the public health. unprevented minor diseases might become serious health problems in the public and also increase the expenditure of the state so that “it is also in the host state’s self-interest to provide effective access to health care for irregular migrants” (Da Lomba 367). Such services as vaccination, prenatal care, and treatment for communicable diseases are for the benefit of the public as a whole (Gray). Therefore, governments should calculate the consequences of their policies in the long-run since the effects of crisis might be more drastic in the future. Undocumented migrants’ state of health is mutually related to their living conditions (Da Lomba). Such factors as poor living conditions, insufficient nutrition, deprivation from a shelter, unhealthy working conditions, stigmatization and inability to access medicine impact their health adversely. As Bagchi states...
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...the rights of the people, all of these entities must work together in harmony to resolve issues. Advantages of Intergovernmental Relationships While state government has the most authority over the lives of the people through state laws and taxes, they often partner with the U.S. government to govern efficiently. This form of governing has its advantages and disadvantages. This theory allows the U.S. government to manage higher level situations such as international relationships as well as allocate funds or resource for issues pertaining to the country as a whole, such as military and emergency assistance, while the local government can use the available resources to assist with more local needs directly affecting the people of the area such as disaster assistance. Secondly, States are free to form policies and make decisions regarding the everyday lives of the people. This gives the citizens of the region autonomy which is...
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...The general perception around immigration through the southern border with Mexico in the U.S., is a stark contrast from the early 1900s. In fact, Mexican immigration was actively encouraged. Back in the year 1917, a letter written by a cotton company executive to then president Woodrow Wilson reads “Personally, I believe that the Mexican laborers are the solution to our common labor problem in this country. Many of their people are here, this was once part of their country, and they can and they will do the work” (Cromer). Years later, in 1924, Mexico was made exempt from the Immigration Act which put restrictions on to new immigrants. That same year, an official border patrol was launched to secure the U.S. and Mexico border (Garfield). This photo is of border patrol guards patting down, and checking the baggage of Mexicans who wish to enter America. (Garfield) As time went on, policies and the mindset of the public changed. With the war on drugs starting up, President Nixon started Operation Intercept (Garfield) in 1969. Random...
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...Fingerprints Fingerprint is an impression of marking something superficial by the last joint of the thumb or other finger(s). Fingerprint identification is one of the most distinguished biometrics. It has been used for so many years for its efficiency and reliability. This type of identification is used by law enforcement and immigration. FBI (2013). Fingerprints helps to see if the suspect’s has been arrested or had any other convictions before. It also helps to recognize missing people, amnesia victims, and unknown dead people if they are in the criminal files. Michal Lyman (2014) A fingerprint looks like series of dark lines that symbolize the high, topping portion of the friction ridge skin, while the valleys between these ridges looks like white space and are the low, narrow portion of the friction ridge skin. FBI (2013) Fingerprints was publically used for first time in 1858 by Sir William Herschel who was a British chief administrative officer for the Hooghly district, Bengal, India. In 1877, he asked permission to his bosses to identify prisoners by using fingerprints. United States recognized the used of fingerprint for the first time in 1882, by Gilbert Thompson. In 1903, New York State prison system used this method of identification for criminals. After this, fingerprints was stablished in all U.S. There are two types of prints. One is the Latent or Patent Fingerprint. This one is invisible. It is created by oil and grease make by the body, and perspiration...
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...U.S. Supreme Court UNITED STATES v. CORTEZ, 449 U.S. 411 (1981) 449 U.S. 411 UNITED STATES v. CORTEZ ET AL. CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT No. 79-404. Argued December 1, 1980 Decided January 21, 1981 Based on their discovery of sets of distinctive human footprints in the desert, Border Patrol officers deduced that on a number of occasions groups of from 8 to 20 persons had been guided by a person, whom they designated "Chevron," from Mexico across an area of desert in Arizona, known to be heavily trafficked by aliens illegally entering the country. These groups of aliens proceeded to an isolated point on a road to be picked up by a vehicle; the officers deduced the vehicle probably approached from the east and returned to the east after the pickup. They also surmised, based on the times when the distinctive tracks were discovered, that "Chevron" generally traveled on clear nights during or near weekends, and arrived at the pickup point between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. On the basis of this information, the officers stationed themselves at a point east of the probable pickup point on a night when they believed there was a strong possibility that "Chevron" would be smuggling aliens. The officers observed a pickup truck with a camper shell suitable for carrying sizable groups pass them heading west and then observed the same vehicle return within the estimated time for making a round trip to the pickup point. The officers stopped...
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...OMB No. 1615-0052 Department of Homeland Security U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services N-400 Application for Naturalization Print clearly or type your answers using CAPITAL letters. Failure to print clearly may delay your application. Use black ink. Part 1. Your Name (Person applying for naturalization) A. Your current legal name. Family Name (Last Name) Write your USCIS A-Number here: A For USCIS Use Only Bar Code Date Stamp Given Name (First Name) Full Middle Name (If applicable) B. Your name exactly as it appears on your Permanent Resident Card. Family Name (Last Name) Remarks Given Name (First Name) Full Middle Name (If applicable) C. If you have ever used other names, provide them below. Family Name (Last Name) Given Name (First Name) Middle Name D. Name change (optional) Read the Instructions before you decide whether to change your name. 1. Would you like to legally change your name? Yes No Action Block 2. If ''Yes," print the new name you would like to use. Do not use initials or abbreviations when writing your new name. Family Name (Last Name) Given Name (First Name) Full Middle Name Part 2. Information About Your Eligibility (Check only one) I am at least 18 years old AND A. B. I have been a lawful permanent resident of the United States for at least five years. I have been a lawful permanent resident of the United States for at least three years, and I have been married to and living with the same U.S. citizen for the...
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...Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturi, meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. Dead organic material functions as nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation. Characteristics of tundra include: 1. Extremely cold climate 2. Low biotic diversity 3. Simple vegetation structure 4. Limitation of drainage 5. Short season of growth and reproduction 6. Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material 7. Large population oscillations Tundra is separated into two types: Arctic tundra Alpine tundra Tundra along the Colville River, Alaska. Arctic tundra From left: tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada; tundra in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga. The arctic is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days. The average winter temperature is -34° C (-30° F), but the average summer temperature is 3-12° C (37-54° F) which enables this biome to sustain life. Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Yearly precipitation, including melting snow, is 15 to 25 cm (6 to...
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...California Reentry Program Our Mission The mission of the California Reentry Program is to assist California prisoners in successfully reentering society. This includes developing parole plans; providing prisoners assistance with developing social skills and obtaining services in their local communities; promoting public support for such programs; and providing a model for reentry programs that can be replicated in California and elsewhere. Background The California Reentry Program was started in 2003 with a single client who was interested in continuing his college education after paroling from San Quentin. Allyson West was teaching algebra at San Quentin when this student approached her about college admission and financial aid. This student told people he knew about the help he was getting, and those men also came to ask for help with college, financial aid, housing, substance abuse treatment and many other needs. Over the ensuing weeks and months it became clear that there was no systematic delivery of information about services and opportunities in local communities to prisoners prior to their release. The program expanded to the Level I facility outside San Quentin’s walls in late 2003 and then to all the prison’s mainline residents in 2004. Today the program has approximately 25 volunteers and serves approximately 150 to 200 clients per month. What we do Drop-in Assistance Drop in assistance is available for clients who need questions answered about specific issues,...
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...January 10th, 2017. The Galapagos Island is now included in the UNESCO’s list of World Heritage in Danger. It is considered the largest marine reserve in the world and because of that, it has become a target of illegal fishing by the local fishermen. Tourism is also one of the main source of income of the people around the area. There are about 100,000 travelers per year who visit the island. The government is trying hard to manage and still preserve the island even with the presence of the tourists. It has been hard for them for the past years. Even with laws that was passed, people still find loopholes in order for them to stay or move near the Galapagos Island. Some people started moving there so they implement the rules to manage the entry of immigrants in the area. This is to control the population count due to immigration. In the marine preserve, there are only 70 licensed boats that were allowed to take the tourists to the island. As Charles Darwin described the archipelago in the 1835, there are still a lot of beautiful living organisms here. And the animals that were native to the island like the giant tortoises, penguins, sea lions, finches, marine iguanas, and many more can still be found in the island. Some of them, however, are already...
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