...Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. Whereas environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment and of pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce the negative impact of chemistry on environment by preventing pollution at its source and using fewer natural resources. As a chemical philosophy, green chemistry applies to organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and even chemical engineering. While green chemistry seems to focus on industrial applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. Click chemistry is cited as a style of chemical synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green chemistry. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and maximizing the efficiency of any chemical choice. In 2005 three key developments in green chemistry were identified: use of superficial carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis. Examples of applied green chemistry are supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions and dry media reactions. Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as shikimate, a Tamiflu...
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...What Factors Affect the Intensity of Color? Megan Miller, Abdullah Alturki, Meghan Nepomuceno, Jake Johnston Chemistry 113 Laboratory, Group 4 Instructor: Carutha Senaratne March 16, 2016 Introduction: A company need for group of student to determine the factors that involve the intensity of color. The company has specific background and special information about these factors as they relate to their food coloring products and that company sent to the group three samples of their food products to explore using spectroscopy as your technique for analysis. A variety of factors can affect the calculations intensity of the color of a result. In this investigation you will explore some of these factors. Materials In order to test the intensity of light, there are several different materials needed. Those materials are as follows; colorimeter probe (spectrophotometer), red food color solution, blue food color solution, green food color solution, deionized water, test tubes and rack, pipet, and a timer. Procedures: Part 1 The first part in the experiment is to pour each colored solution into a vial, then calibrate the spectrophotometer. The calibration steps are to set it on the 430nm wavelength, and to place a vial of de-ionized water inside, then press the calibration button and letting it calibrate for 10 seconds. The spectrophotometer should show a percent transmittance of 100% since it is pure water being tested. Calibration is needed before every test is completed...
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...The Chemistry behind a Cheeseburger The first cheeseburger was created between 1924 and 1926 by a 16 year old chef from Pasadena, California named Lionel Sternberger. The anecdote goes that a passing homeless man suggested Sternberger should add a slice of cheese to his hamburger order. Sternberger then added this to his main menu at the Rite Spot and the cheeseburger was born.1 Today the cheeseburger is marketed by not only fast food chains like Steak-N-Shake and McDonald’s but also steakhouses such as Longhorn and Logan’s Roadhouse. Whether you choose to cook your cheeseburgers at home on the grill or grab one on the go, cheeseburgers are an American tradition that everyone can enjoy. However, not all who devour this scrumptious piece of American history actually know the chemistry behind the ingredients that come together to make this delicious masterpiece. A cheeseburger would not exist without the bun to hold all of the ingredients together. The bun is made of flour, a starch or long chains of sugars molecules known as polysaccharides, yeast, salt and water. Flour, or grains are comprised mainly of wheat. When these ingredients mix, the flour gums up and absorbs all the water to produce a protein matrix called gluten. Gluten is elastic and holds the bread together to give it structure. As you knead the dough, the yeast, a living single cell creature, begins to eat the starch. When the starch is consumed by the yeast, carbon dioxide is produced. The process of microbes...
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...Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. * Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about thereaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. * Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. * Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (theelectrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). * Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in attosecond timescales,[1] and will sometimes form intermediate products. * Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles...
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...experiment is conducted according to the published procedure in General Chemistry I: CHM 151 Laboratory Experiments, Wake Technical Community College, summer 2014, pp.70-74. Get an analytical balance and zero it to begin this experiment. Then weigh out one gram of copper chloride hydrate use the evaporating dish to weigh this substance. After that, record the mass of the substance. Use a hot plate to heat the evaporating dish and use the temperature to control the crackling noise. Make sure that there are no clumps, so use a stirring rod if necessary. After color change has taken place and the substance is done heating, then reweigh the substance, but be sure to zero out the balance before doing so. Then record weight. Add 20 ml of deionized water to change the substance to bluish green. Then place the aluminum coil wire in the solution fully submerged and occasionally knock off any copper particles on the wire with the glass stirring rod, this will allow the process to be completed quicker. A Buchner funnel was used to filter the water from the copper and then heated until dry. Data: Item | Mass (g) | Evaporating dish | 52.1795 | Evaporating dish + Salt | 53.1904 | Dish + Anhydrous Salt | 52.9639 | Watch glass + filter paper | 53.783 | Watch glass + filter paper +copper | 54.103 | Observations: When the substance is heated it changes from a light green to a brownish color. The green color fades and the wire will bubble and become coated with red copper...
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...The application of nanoscale materials and structures, usually ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm), is an emerging area of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials may provide solu- tions to technological and environmental challenges in the areas of solar energy conversion, catalysis, medicine, and water treatment [1,2]. This increasing demand must be accompanied by “green” synthesis methods. In the global efforts to reduce generated hazardous waste, “green” chemistry and chemical processes are progressively integrating with modern developments in science and industry. Implementation of these sustainable processes should adopt the 12 fundamental principles of green chemistry [3–7]. These principles are geared to guide in minimizing the use of unsafe products and maximizing the efficiency of chemical processes. Hence, any synthetic route or chemical process should address these principles by using environmentally benign solvents and nontoxic chemicals [3]. Nanomaterials often show unique and considerably changed physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their macro scaled counterparts [8]. Synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles for applications such as catalysis, electronics, optics, environmental, and biotechnology is an area of constant interest [9–15]. Gold, silver, and copper have been used mostly for the synthesis of stable dispersions of nanoparticles, which are useful in areas such as photography, catalysis, biological labeling...
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...Herman Miller Darden Case Study 8Nov05.doc Herman Miller’s Design for Environment Program November 2005 Mark Rossi, Scott Charon, Gabe Wing, and James Ewell 1 Herman Miller launched its Design for Environment (DfE) program in the 1990s. At the core of the Herman Miller DfE program is the McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) Cradle to Cradle Design Protocol, which evaluates new product designs in three key areas: • • • Material Chemistry -- What chemicals are in the materials we specify, and are they the safest available? Disassembly -- Can we take products apart at the end of their useful life to recycle their materials? Recyclability -- Do the materials contain recycled content, and more importantly, can the materials be recycled at the end of the product's useful life? Herman Miller’s commitment to DfE includes requiring all new products be evaluated within the MBDC Protocol. Material Chemistry Assessment When Herman Miller launched its DfE program, the challenges for the DfE team were substantial: Learn how to use and integrate the MBDC protocol into the launch of new products, modify MBDC’s protocol to meet the needs and unique circumstances of Herman Miller, gather the data necessary to meet material evaluation criteria as required by MBDC’s material health protocol, gain acceptance from product development teams for design process changes, and complete all this work on a schedule that would not delay the launch of products. A core component...
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...AP Chemistry Summer Assignment Mr. Ronnenkamp Welcome to SPHS AP Chemistry!! You already have a background in chemistry from your General Chemistry class, but AP Chem is very different. Rather than memorizing how to do particular types of problems, you must really understand the chemistry and be able to apply it to different kinds of problems. AP Chemistry is a challenging course. To succeed, you must keep up with the assignments and be willing to spend time working through the material. Like all AP classes, AP Chem comes with a summer assignment. It is due the second day of class - August 25th - and will count as ½ of a test grade. ALL YOUR ANSWERS FOR THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT SHOULD BE PUT ON ANOTHER SHEET OF PAPER!!!! We will then have a CLASS TEST on the SUMMER ASSIGNMENT ON 9/1/2015 (depending on schedule)!!! This class test will count as the second ½ of your first test grade. I check my e-mail frequently, so feel free to contact me if you are having problems doing the summer assignment. I can offer help via email. My e-mail address is: ronnenkampd@pcsb.org Please take the summer assignment seriously. Completing the summer assignment will allow you to enter AP Chemistry in August ready to succeed!!!! Each section of the summer assignment is referenced with web tutorials to help you if you have forgotten some of your General Chemistry, but feel free to use any good website. I will also be giving you access to an online textbook. ONLINE...
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...1. Food Classic Chemistry Demonstrations 69 69 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY 29. The reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerol Topic Redox reactions. Exothermic reactions. This is also a spectacular ‘fun’ demonstration. Timing About 1 min. Level Any. Post-16 students may be able to appreciate the colours of the different oxidation states of manganese. Description Glycerol is poured onto potassium permanganate crystals. After a short lag time, steam is given off and a spectacular pink flame is produced. Apparatus w w One clean tin lid – from a sweet tin for example. Heat proof mat. Chemicals The quantities given are for one demonstration. w w 2–3 g of potassium permanganate (potassium manganate(VII)) in the form of fine crystals. About 1 cm3 of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol). Method The demonstration Put 2–3 g potassium permanganate on a tin lid standing on a heat-proof mat and make a well in the centre of the pile. Pour about 1 cm3 of glycerol into the well. After about 20 seconds, steam is given off and a bright pink flame is produced which burns for a few more seconds. Visual tips A white background is useful. The reaction would look spectacular in a dark room. Teaching tips Dissolve the residue in water and a green solution will be seen (suggesting Mn(VI)) as well as a brown solid (suggesting Mn(IV)). This confirms the redox nature of the reaction. Point out the lilac flame, which is characteristic of potassium salts....
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...my real interest was in chemistry. This interest led me to be fascinated with all the subjects related to it, Applied Chemistry during my undergraduate program and Chemical Engineering during my Master’s program. What is more, I am determined to take up chemical engineering as my lifelong pursuit. My formal advanced education in chemistry started with my undergraduate program in Applied Chemistry at the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of XX University. As is often said, the journey of exploring the realm of knowledge and probing into the unknown is infinite and strenuous. However, to me, the desire to fulfill ambitions and the joy from discoveries prevailed over any sense of hardship. My undergraduate program was as rewarding as it was joyful. I believed that the most important task as a undergraduate was to lay a firm groundwork in terms of the basic knowledge and experimental techniques so that more advanced studies could be pursued. Based on this awareness, I decided that a good job in all the core courses, including experiment courses, was primary. I tried to understand the principle underlying each chemical phenomenon and how each principle was derived. To do so, I had to understand the textbooks thoroughly and supplement my classroom education with information from the Internet, the library, the lectures and other sources. This way of learning allowed me to become familiar not only with the core courses like Physical Chemistry, Principles of Chemical...
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...insight in limited cases are discussed. The present status of the promising furfural platform in producing second generation biofuels (furanics and hydrocarbon) is reviewed. The performances of each catalytic system are assessed in terms of intrinsic reactivity and selectivity toward furfural production. Overall, this minireview attempts to highlight the scope of further developments for a sustainable furfural process and upgrading to fuels. 1. Introduction While the easily accessible oil fields are becoming depleted and CO2 emissions from fossil fuels are affecting the earth’s climate, the most imminent result that awaits mankind is the tremendous crisis of energy if we remain dependent on the Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi, India....
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...OFFICE BUILDINGS, RETAIL STORES, MANUFACTURING FACILIES AND IN/OUT BOUND TRANSPORTATION] * LABOR – THE FACTORIES THAT SUPPLY THE NIKE BRANDS EMPLOY MORE THAT 1 MILLION PEOPLE. 67% FEMALES, AVERAGE AGE OF 31. LOOKING BACK 15 YEARS AGO, NIKE HAS HAD MANY LESSONS LEARNED. THEY HAVE WORKED WITH THE CONTRACT FACTORIES TO BUILD THEIR HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SKILLS. CORUPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS WERE COMMON. WITH THE MAJORITY OF CONTRAC. FAC’S IN CHINA, VIETNAM AND INDONESIA. NIKE HAS IMPROVED THE CAPABILITIES OF CANTRACT FACTORY MGMT LEADING TO SAFER WORKING CONDITIONS, LABOR RIGHTS, LIVING CONDITIONS IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. * CHEMISTRY – MATERIAL VENDORS & MANUFACTURING USE CHEMICALS IN DYEING AND OTHER PROCESSES. NIKE HAS BANNED THE USE OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS BECAUSE OF THEIR ENVIR. IMPACT AND PROMOTED THE USE OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND USE OF OTHER NON-TOXIC ALTERNATIVES * WATER – IN ALL OF NIKE’S SUSTAINABILITY EFFORTS THEY FICUSON THE AREAS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN WHERE THEY HAVE THE GREATEST POTENTIAL TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS, FOR WATER THAT IS IN GROWING AND PRODUCTION&PROCESSING OF MATERIALS....
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...o Unknown sample (18) is yellow in color o First time attempting to dissolve, the solution looked like it fully dissolved but once it began to cool, it began to crystallize again boiled again o After adding the charcoal, solution started to turn a mint green color and after heating again the solution became very clear and light green color o Accidently got charcoal in flask when it was being filtered so we filtered it twice o 1st filtration had too much water, crystals did not form when placing flask in ice bath Discussion and Results: When determining the melting point of Benzoic Acid, we observed that the solid began melting at a temperature of 122.6 ºC. Due to this temperature reading we came the conclusion that apparatus #4 has a calibration error of approximately ±0.2 ºC. This error could be due to small impurity of the solid as well as technical malfunctions with the...
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...AS/A Level GCE GCE Chemistry A OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry A H034 OCR Advanced GCE in Chemistry A H434 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 version 2 – February 2008 QAN 500/2425/5 QAN 500/2347/0 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Three-Unit AS The Six-Unit Advanced GCE Qualification Titles and Levels Aims Prior Learning/Attainment 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 Summary of Content 2.1 2.2 AS Units A2 Units 6 6 7 3 Unit Content 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 AS Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups AS Unit F322: Chains, Energy and Resources AS Unit F323: Practical Skills in Chemistry 1 A2 Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis A2 Unit F325: Equilibria, Energetics and Elements A2 Unit F326: Practical Skills in Chemistry 2 8 8 20 38 40 51 62 4 Schemes of Assessment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment Unit Order Unit Options (at AS/A2) Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) Assessment Availability Assessment Objectives Quality of Written Communication 64 64 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 5 Technical Information 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Making Unit Entries Making Qualification Entries Grading Result Enquiries and Appeals Shelf-life of Units Unit and Qualification Re-sits Guided Learning Hours Code of Practice/Subject Criteria/Common Criteria Requirements Arrangements for Candidates with Particular...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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