...gyeoun eoneu nal ne nunmureul dakka jul [All] Geureon han saram doel su itdamyeon [Baekhyun] Eodideun cheongugilteni [D.O] Neol saranghage dwaebeorin nan ije deo isang Doragal goshi eobseoyo nalgaereul geodwogasyeotjyo (oh no) [Baekhyun] Yeongwonhan sarmeul irheotdaedo haengbokhan iyu [Baekhyun/D.O] Naui yeongwon ijen geudaeinikka [Baekhyun/Suho] eternally love [All] Neoui sesangeuro [Baekhyun] yeorin barameul tago, yeah [All] Ne gyeoteuro [Suho] eodieseo wannyago, from you [D.O] Haemarkge mutneun [Suho] oh [D.O] nege bimirira malhaesseo, oh [All] Manyang idaero hamkke georeumyeon [D.O] Eodideun cheongugilteni Gregor Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Silesia, Austrian Empire (now Hynčice, Czech Republic), and was baptized two days later as Johann. He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel, and had one older...
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...MENDELIAN GENETICS DEFINITION OF TERMS * Genetics – the study of heredity and variation * Heredity – the transmission of traits from one generation to another, from parents to offspring; the protoplasmic continuity between parents and offspring * Variation – any difference existing between individuals of the same species * Chromosome – rod-shaped body in the nucleus of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that contains the hereditary units or genes seen particularly during cell division * Gene – the unit or heredity occupying a particular location on the chromosome and passed on to offspring * Locus – the location of a gene on a chromosome * Diploid – the 2N number of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes * Haploid – the N number of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes * F1 generation – first filial generation; the first-generation offspring of a genetic cross that has at least two generation * F2 generation – second filial generation; the second-generation offspring of a genetic cross * Homozygous – a pair of similar of like genes for any one character * Heterozygous – a pair of contrasting traits of two kinds of genes * Genotype – the particular genes of an individual that determine a specific trait * Phenotype – the outward appearance of an organism, caused by genetic and environmental influences * Allele –...
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...Composition 1 April, 11th 2013 Genetic Engineering Tentative Thesis: Even though altering DNA can lead to such horrifying events as genocide or viral diseases, genetic engineering is an important scientific breakthrough because by altering DNA, we can cure many diseases and solve many of mankind's problems. 1. History of Genetic Engineering A. What Led to the need for genetic engineering a. Prehistoric Times-1900 B. Gregor Mandel b. European botanist genetically altering plants 2. Modern Genetic Engineering C. DNA c. Watson & Krick 1. discover DNA a. How it affected science d. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen 2. recombinant DNA D. Government e. Supreme Court 3. Diamond v. Chakrabarty f. FDA 4. Approval of genetic engineered food 5. Field Testing b. Tobacco c. Tomatoes g. International Bio-safety Protocol E. Advancements & Achievements h. Technology i. Disease curing j. World Hunger 3. Ethical Issues F. Religious k. Are we playing God? G. Environmental l. What’re the long term environmental effects H. Bio Ethics m. What if we make something we can’t control n. Is it possible the technology may be used to create slaves? o. When does...
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...Associate Program Material Genetics Worksheet Review the images below and answer the follow-up questions. Key: male affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected male female affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected female Generation I II III IV a a a A V Pedigree showing inheritance of cystic fibrosis A Key: male affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected male female affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected female Generation I II III IV a a a A V Pedigree showing inheritance of cystic fibrosis A Questions: 1. According to the pedigree, is cystic fibrosis inherited as a dominant or as a recessive traitKey: male with Huntington’s Disease unaffected male female with Huntington’s Disease unaffected female Generation I II III IV V Pedigree showing Inheritance of Huntington’s Disease Key: male with Huntington’s Disease unaffected male female with Huntington’s Disease unaffected female Generation I II III IV V Pedigree showing Inheritance of Huntington’s Disease ? Explain how you made your conclusion using evidence from the pedigree and the principles of genetics. According to the pedigree, the disease, cystic fibrosis is an inherited recessive trait. Each parent can be the carrier of the diseased allele and not have developed the disease themselves, but they do pass it on to the next generation. Any individual having two duplicates of this allele will develop cystic fibrosis. This means that...
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...Analysis/Discussion: Mendel had three different laws to describe genetics which were The Law of Segregation, The Law of Independent Assortment, and The Law of Dominance. Law of Dominance - The law of dominates states that one factor for a trait will be dominant, and the other will turn out to be recessive. As an Example, if a hybrid red fly (Rr) crossed with a pure white fly (rr), the results (50% Rr, and 50% rr) would carry the white gene (r). Though only 50% of fruit fly would show it cause of the dominance of the red trait (R). Law of Segregation - This sates that two alleles for a trait are split half and half into the gametes, which give the offspring an equal chance of getting either one. An example, in all of the punter squares that each fly was given the chance to have each trait, even though a couple may not have been shown. A red fly has an equal possibility to be red as thew other fly. Law of Independence - This law states that alleles for different traits are passed on independently. This means that each gene (alleles) combination is likely to occur. As an example, each offspring get one gene from each...
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...When Reginald Punnett was in college we study worms. Reginald read an article about genetics and thought to himself that that was interesting so he decided to become one. A genetics is a person who studies inherited characteristics of an organism. Reginald Punnett got to collaborate with genetics William Bateson. Since, Punnett got to collaborate with a genetics I think that he got a chance to discover that he liked being a genetics that's why he is known as a well known genetics. When Reginald Punnett was in his college years he studied worms. Punnett was reading an article in college about genetics and was very interested. When Punnett went to college he study as medical student. He graduated with a zoology degree and then stayed at the...
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...In next week’s lab you will be determining your genotype for PV92, a human-specific Alu insertion on chromosome 16. PV92 only has two alleles: the presence (+) of the Alu insertion, or the absence (-). This means that you will have one of three PV92 genotypes (++,+-,or --). 1. Evolution: Genetic Evidence – Transposons. During or after you watch the video, answer the following questions: What is a transposon? What is a SINE? short interspers transposable elements that are usless to the gemome but can be used to be compares to other sequences of other individuals. What is a LINE? long interspers transposable elements that are usless to the genome... Where do you get your LINES and SINES? They are inherited from your parants. How did biologists use transposons to examine the evolutionary relationship between whales and hippos? ALU sequences were compared between whales and hippos to determine if they shared a common ancestor. 2. Read the Article: “Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes”. As you read, answer the following questions (they go paragraph by paragraph and will help you understand the reading). Introductory paragraph: In your own words, define an Alu element? Alu elements are DNA sequences that are phenotypically usless bye genotypically significant. They can replicate with the help of various enzymes and incerts themselfs into new locations of the genome. What types of organisms have Alu elements? only primates Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs):...
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...• Curly x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “Cy” the curly (mutant gene) 1. Given that Curly is a dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected to express the mutation (have curly wings)? B. 50% of the offspring are expected to have the curly wing mutation. 2. What percentage will have the normal (wildtype) wings? C. 50% of the offspring will have normal wildtype wings. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. Is it possible for a fly to be a carrier of the Curly gene? B. No • Ebony x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “e” the ebony (mutant gene) 1. Given that ebony is a recessive trait, what percentage of these offspring should express the mutation (have ebony colored bodies)? B. 0% of the offspring will express the ebony mutation. 2. What percentage will have normal colored (wildtype) bodies? C. 100% will have normal wildtype colored body. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. If the progeny of this original cross were to mate, what percentage of their offspring would have ebony bodies? (HINT: Draw out a e/+ x e/+ punnett square) D. 25% of the offspring will have ebony mutant body tone. • Curly x Curly “+” wildtype (normal gene) and “Cy” the curly (mutant gene) 1. Given that Curly is a dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected...
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...Fast Plants and Mendel’s Theories of Inheritance Abstract The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was hypothesized that the presence of purple pigment (anthocyanin) is inherited as a dominant trait and follows Mendelian laws. The experiments were performed in quads, with the different quads being amongst different sections; those with data were then gathered. The complete data was used to prove or disagree with Mendel’s theories. The data was to represent which of he two colors were a dominating phenotype. At the end of the experiment, realization of errors came to show by the Chi Square, results were considered questionable. Materials The following materials are present to correctly repeat this experiment. These materials are: seeds of specific phenotypes, seed-collecting pan, small envelopes, several wicks, opaque tape, Styrofoam quads, fluorescent...
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...Mendel’s plant breeding of Pea Plants Gregor Mendel, a German scientists [Pictured Right], has suddenly rose to fame after founding modern science of genetics. Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. With seed color, he was able to demonstrate that that when a yellow pea and a green pea were bred together, in concluded in their offspring plant always being yellow. However, in the next generation of plants, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1:3. To explain his strange discovery, Mendel coined the terms “recessive” and “dominant” in reference to certain traits (Yellow peas are clearly dominant according to his recent studies, and green peas are recessive) He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible “factors”—now called genes—in providing for visible traits in predictable ways. Who is he? Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Moravian-Silesian border, Austrian Empire (now known as Hynčice, Czech Republic). He was the son of Rosine and Anton Mendel, and had one younger sister called Theresia and one older called Veronika. They worked and lived on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for about 130 years. During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. Later, as a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava. He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to medical...
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...made up of a series of genes. Each characteristic, such as color and texture, rely on the genetic coding of the organism. These genes can be passed along, mixed with other genes, or removed throughout the generations. The process of traits being passed from parent to offspring is called gene transmission. (Bailey, 2014) In the 1860’s a monk, Gregor Mendel set basic principles for heredity. His first law was Mendel’s law of segregation. He discovered this law while studying pea plants. He studied a series of seven different traits. (Bailey, 2014) He first observed and confirmed through experimentation that one pea plant of a certain color could self fertilize and produce another pea plant of the same color. He referred to the process of these self-fertilizing pea plants as true-breeding. (Urry et. Al, 2014) Mendel continued his studies of pea plants by testing that outcome of cross-pollination between two true-breeding plants. He took the two parent plants, one green and one yellow, and found the offspring to be all green. He continued experimenting by crossing two of the offspring from the first generation plants. Mendel found that in the second generation, an offspring color appeared from the parents that were lost in the first generation. His law of segregation explains that allele pairs segregate during the formation stage, but are capable of uniting during the fertilization stage. (Bailey 2014) Offspring inherit specific genes from their parents to obtain...
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...Wild Fruit Flies Bred With Scarlet Fruit Flies Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster is the scientific name for fruit flies. The flies are widely used today for genetics, physiology, and life history evolution. Since it is easy to care for, has 4 pairs of chromosomes, breeds quickly, and lays many eggs, the fruity fly is used for numerous studies. In this lab, fruit flies are to be examined to study heredity. With each new generation, probability, protein synthesis, and the principles of DNA, are all able to be seen within this experiment. For this lab, wild fruit flies will be bred with scarlet fruit flies. The trait to be examined in this lab is the eye color. Wild fruit fly's’ eye color (red) is a dominant trait. The scarlet fruit flies have scarlet eyes, and it is a recessive trait. Fruit flies are very small, but their eyes are complex. They have compound eyes. One eye contains hundreds of light-sensing units called ommatidia. Each ommatidia has a lens and a set of light-receptor cells. Pigment cells, that also give color, separate each unit. The brain then gathers all the images from each ommatidia, and combines them to make a single image. To be able to study heredity, vials of fruit flies will be made. First, the P generation, in which the flies will be bred with the same breed. When the P generation is made, the flies from those vial will be combined to make the F1 generation vial. In one vial, there will be 4 scarlet females, and 4 wild males. Once they create...
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...At the beginning of the 20th century, geneticists began to understand the laws of heredity and the origin of new variability from the mutation. However, since evolution is a process that develops over time, it was necessary to investigate how the variability present in a population behaved across generations. Thomas Hunt Morgan, who was a geneticist and embryologist of that era, was one of the first to explain the genetics based on the laws of Gregor Mendel, who was known as the creator of the science of genetics for his experiments in plants. He used in his study the Drosophila melanogaster, which is a species of fly that is known as the fruit fly as it is found feeding on fruits that are in the fermentation process. This species is very used...
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...or autosomal trait? Introduction: Heredity is the study of acquiring traits by birth. A genotype is the alleles of an organism. A phenotype is the characteristics of an organism. Homozygous means having two identical alleles of a gene. A dominant allele is an allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state. A recessive allele is an allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state. Heterozygous means having two different alleles of a gene. A carrier is an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele. We are going to do an experiment similar to what Gregor Mendel did with pea plants where we observe 3 generations and record the ratios of the phenotypes. The P generations were selected at the company that bred the flies for us (Carolina Biological). The P generation is purebred for their particular phenotype (Homozygous). The day that they were placed in the vials is marked on the vials, as well as the phenotypes of the p generation. After 2 weeks of breeding and laying eggs, the P generation was removed and the vials were shipped. The flies that you are working with today are the F1 generation. Then we selected 5 male and females flies and placed them in a vial with culture medium. After about 10 days we will remove the F1 flies and count the F2 flies. From that data we will determine if the trait...
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...crosses and water them correctly so that we could observe the different phenotypes and compare them to Mendel’s proposed ratios. Mendel, who had studied peas, did a similar experiment and came up with specific ratios that a monohybrid and dihybrid cross should show. His findings were that for a monohybrid cross, such as my crosses three and six, the phenotypes would have a ratio of 3:1 (Russell 2003). My results show that cross six fails to reject Mendel’s hypothesis with a ratio of 3 purple to 1 non-purple plant observed. However, cross three did reject Mendel’s hypothesis because epistasis was involved (Strickberger 1985). The results of my last monohybrid cross, cross three, showed a phenotypic ratio of 9 with a yellow tip to 7 all green plants. The dihybrid cross that my group generated showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes, which is the ratio Mendel proposed for such a cross. The phenotypes visible for the dihybrid cross were red stem green leaf, red stem white leaf, no red stem green leaf, and no red stem white leaf. Introduction Genetics, which is the science of heredity, has four major areas. One of these areas is called transmission or Mendelian genetics, which deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation (Russell 2003). Within this area, there are hereditary traits, which are controlled by genes. As studied by Mendel, genotype and phenotype are both characteristics of an organism. Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism while phenotype is...
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