...Fruit flys are used as an experimental model because they produce a large amount of offspring in a short amount amount of time(2 weeks). Having a large sample size makes your results more accurate and reliable. I wish to study the black body and wild type traits of the body color characteristic. The phenotype of the black body fly would be having a black body color. The phenotype of a wild type fly would be having a orange body color. During this lab, my goal is to discover which of the two traits is dominant to the other. My hypothesis is as follows: If the wild type trait is dominant, then a cross between a wild type phenotype parent and a black type phenotype parent will result in an F1 distribution of either 100 percent wild type phenotype...
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...the phenotype when present in the homozygous state. Heterozygous means having two different alleles of a gene. A carrier is an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele. We are going to do an experiment similar to what Gregor Mendel did with pea plants where we observe 3 generations and record the ratios of the phenotypes. The P generations were selected at the company that bred the flies for us (Carolina Biological). The P generation is purebred for their particular phenotype (Homozygous). The day that they were placed in the vials is marked on the vials, as well as the phenotypes of the p generation. After 2 weeks of breeding and laying eggs, the P generation was removed and the vials were shipped. The flies that you are working with today are the F1 generation. Then we selected 5 male and females flies and placed them in a vial with culture medium. After about 10 days we will remove the F1 flies and count the F2 flies. From that data we will determine if the trait of Eye Color is sex linked or autosomal. If a trait is sex-linked, then it is concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular). If a trait is autosomal then it originated off any non sex-chromosome. The...
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...Wild Fruit Flies Bred With Scarlet Fruit Flies Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster is the scientific name for fruit flies. The flies are widely used today for genetics, physiology, and life history evolution. Since it is easy to care for, has 4 pairs of chromosomes, breeds quickly, and lays many eggs, the fruity fly is used for numerous studies. In this lab, fruit flies are to be examined to study heredity. With each new generation, probability, protein synthesis, and the principles of DNA, are all able to be seen within this experiment. For this lab, wild fruit flies will be bred with scarlet fruit flies. The trait to be examined in this lab is the eye color. Wild fruit fly's’ eye color (red) is a dominant trait. The scarlet fruit flies have scarlet eyes, and it is a recessive trait. Fruit flies are very small, but their eyes are complex. They have compound eyes. One eye contains hundreds of light-sensing units called ommatidia. Each ommatidia has a lens and a set of light-receptor...
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...Figure 1: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis depicting the PCR product and genomic DNA of fruit flies This agarose gel image was used to visualized the DNA sequence that was isolated from the fruit flies. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results from Section 3 Bench 5. EGFR was used as the primer RTK gene for this set and sequence. This is the PCR product. Lane 1, ladder; Lane 2, Genomic DNA and it contains the long streak of DNA; Lane 3, Uncut Plasmid; Lane 4, Linear Plasmid that was digested by EcoRI at 3kb; Lane 5, PCR 1; Lane 6, PCR 2 and these lanes (4-6) 9 show how the specific inserts were applied during PCR; Lane 7, Combined PCR that was purified during miniprep; Our target insert was shown in these lanes at 1 kb too. Lane 8, Ladder. This figure shows...
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...Introduction: The experiments of Beadle and Tatum proposed a hypothesis that stated that certain gene traits are related to particular enzymes that are missing. Investigation #19 allowed students to investigate and identify the chemical differences within species of fruit flies, in order, to understand the actions of their genes. The following materials were used to visually see the chemical differences in Drosophila melanogaster mutants: the eyes from the flies, paper chromatography, a good solvent for the paper chromatography to interact with and a UV light source. The seven species of flies used include: wild type, white, cinnabar, brown, cinnabar brown double mutant, sepia and white apricot. The phenotypes of these species varied from a red pigment, brown pigment and a white pigment. When a red pigment and brown pigment are crossed, the resulting color is brick red....
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...F2 generation of red eyes fruit flies crossed with white eyed fruit flies? BACKGROUND INFORMATION: sexually dimorphic . Law of independent assortment Drosophila Melanogaster, the fruit fly completes its life cycle in 10-12 days, makes a large number of offspring, and it has many types of hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscopes. Drosophila has four pairs of chromosomes, a relatively small number which are easily located in the large salivary glands. Many factors combine to affect the length of the Drosophila life cycle. Temperature affects the life cycle the most. At room temperature the average life cycle of the Drosophila is about 12 days. HYPOTHESIS: That in a sex-lined cross between...
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...J., Dickey, J. L., & Reece, J. B. (2013). Campbell essential biology with physiology (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Always if possible respond with Auto parts field Resource: MasteringBiology Access Log into MasteringBiology. Instructions for logging into MasteringBiology and accessing the investigations are found in the "MasteringBiology Access" document located on the student website. Complete the MasteringBiology Lab: Chapter 9 Investigation: What Can Fruit Flies Reveal About Inheritance? * Take notes in the investigation's notebook as you perform the experiments. * Answer the 8 questions associated with the investigation. Save your answers as a Microsoft® Word document. * Click the Submit for Grading button. * Type your e-mail address in the appropriate field. Your results will be e-mailed to you. * Copy your results and paste them into a Microsoft® Word document. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. What Can Fruit Flies Reveal About Inheritance? Investigation What Can Fruit Flies Reveal About Inheritance? 1. Why is it important to remove the adults in the parental generation? 2. What generation will their offspring be? 3. Based on the data obtained, is the cross in Case 1 monohybrid or dihybrid? Explain. 4. Is the cross in Case 1 sex-linked or autosomal? Explain. 5. Based on the data obtained, is the most likely mode of inheritance in Case 2 autosomal or sex-linked? Explain ...
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...Whitfield 11/6/12 Section 6 Drosophila I. Introduction Over the course of this lab we are to familiarize ourselves with Drosophila, fruit flies, which is an important experimental organism. It is useful for genetic research because of its genome which represents eukaryotic organisms. The life cycle of the fruit fly is short which allows it to be easily observed over its lifetime. Also it can be reproduced and handled in large numbers. From this lab we can expect to learn how to etherize the flies and avoid killing them and to determine the sex of the flies. Finally we will be able to identify the differences between a normal, wild type, and a mutant fly. Determining the sex of the flies can be done because of different characteristics between the sexes. Females tend to be larger than males, an alternating banded posterior, and an oviposterior plate. Males are usually smaller than females and have sex combs located on the forelegs. The normal Drosophila physical characteristics can be grouped into four main features. The body consists of a yellow and gray pigmentation, eyes are brick red, and wings are in an elliptical shape with veins along them. Differentiation from this can result in a mutant fly which are more commonly found in a lab as opposed to nature. Mutant characteristics can appear in one or more different aspects of the Drosophila appearance. The purpose for this lab is to conduct a cross between two different mutations to determine whether they are sex-linked...
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...Process of Science What Can Fruit Flies Reveal about Inheritance? Lab Notebook Chi-Square test for Case 1 | | | | | | | |Phenotype |Observed No. (o) |Expected No. (e) |(o-e) |(o-e) 2 |(o-e) 2 | | | | | | |e | |Red eyes |31 |33 |2 |4 |.1212 | |Sepia eyes |13 |11 |2 |4 |.3636 | | |.4848 | |(2 (to the nearest ten-thousandth) | | Questions 1. Why is it important to remove the adults in the parental generation? Its important to separate so one knows that F1 flies aer being crossed. 2. What generation will their offspring be? F2 generation is the new offspring 3. Based on the data obtained, is the cross in Case 1 monohybrid or dihybrid? Explain. Since there is only one trait (eye color) the cross is monohybrid which also shows a 3 to 1 ratio. If...
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...Name: Date: March 16, 2014 Instructor’s Name: Professor Tyra Hall – Pogar Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 5 Lab Report Title: Taxonomy Lab to Show Organism Relationships Instructions: You will need to fill out the data table and answer a set of questions. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. Part 1: Using the lab animation, fill in the following data tables to help you answer the questions that follow: Table 1: Samples 1–5 Phylum/Division | Sample 1: Chrysophyta | Sample 2: Annelida | Sample 3: Arthropoda | Sample 4: Amphibia | Sample 5: Aves | Common Feature | Unicellular, primary producers| Segmented body | External skeleton and segmented body | Can obtain oxygen from aquatic and terrestrial biomes | Able to fly; covered with feathers | NutritionHow does the organism break down and absorb food? | Autotrophic | Heterotrophic: Earthworms eat their way through dirt, so they are detritivores. | Heterotrophic: Some are vegetarian, some are carnivorous, and some are decomposers. | Heterotrophic: These are usually vegetarian as tadpoles and carnivores as adults. | Heterotrophic | Circulatory System (Transport)How does the organism get what it needs to cells (open, closed, diffusion only)? | Diffusion only | Closed with 5 aortic arches (hearts) | Open circulatory system with a heart pumping hemolymph | Closed with 3-chambered heart | Closed with 4-chambered heart | Respiratory SystemHow does the organism get oxygen...
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...Destruction of Mankind The novel, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding uses the destruction of Human nature shown through the boys stranded on the island. Golding adds into the theme on how easily a society can collapse, how twisted it can be , and self-destruction of society. Emotions have a part in destruction of mankind and Golding incorporated this into the novel; it is panic, fits of madness, and demoralization. Golding uses conflict, symbolism and characters to paint a picture on how men are corrupt. Golding uses conflict to help portray his theme. The conflict Golding uses, is Jack wanting to gain power and control. Ever since Ralph called all the survivors on the island, Jack wanted to be the leader.But he had lost the vote of being leader. He has always demanded power over...
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...CHI-SQUARE TEST Adapted by Anne F. Maben from "Statistics for the Social Sciences" by Vicki Sharp The chi-square (I) test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. Do the number of individuals or objects that fall in each category differ significantly from the number you would expect? Is this difference between the expected and observed due to sampling error, or is it a real difference? Chi-Square Test Requirements 1. Quantitative data. 2. One or more categories. 3. Independent observations. 4. Adequate sample size (at least 10). 5. Simple random sample. 6. Data in frequency form. 7. All observations must be used. Expected Frequencies When you find the value for chi square, you determine whether the observed frequencies differ significantly from the expected frequencies. You find the expected frequencies for chi square in three ways: I . You hypothesize that all the frequencies are equal in each category. For example, you might expect that half of the entering freshmen class of 200 at Tech College will be identified as women and half as men. You figure the expected frequency by dividing the number in the sample by the number of categories. In this exam pie, where there are 200 entering freshmen and two categories, male and female, you divide your sample of 200 by 2, the number of categories, to get 100 (expected frequencies) in each category. 2. You determine the expected...
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...The Secret Lives of Cells The author here, Laura Wright, has written an article review of the book, “The Immortal Cells of Henrietta Lacks.” In her review, it is easy to discern that the author understands aspects of research but she definitely questions the ethics of the researchers involved. This is evident in the descriptive used for the researchers when she says, “Skloot’s telling of this aspect of modern medicine reads like good fiction, rich with characters of mixed stripes: insensitive jerks, ignorant brainiacs; some blindly altruistic to the point of naïveté, others who fully understood that they were deceiving patients about the true value of their cast-off tissues.” (Wright, 2010). The author closes her review with “As we hurtle toward the day when a visit to the doctor begins with a thorough DNA exam, the question of what exactly we’ll leave for the taking when we exit remains wide open.” (Wright, 2010). These comments are indicators of the author’s viewpoint on the matter. I always find myself with ambivalent feelings and viewpoints in terms of the science of medicine and how discovery and advances are made, especially when there are people of color involved. Historically, African Americans have been the “guinea pig” group for all types of trials and testing. I believe this stems from early societal structure and the determination to prove that African Americans were the most inferior group of human beings. I also believe in research and the science of...
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...Snapdragons red dominant to white heteroz pink. Green leaves dom to purple. Pink purple x pink heteroz what would be pink purple? ¼ Tomatoes red dom to white dark green incompletely dom to light green fruit and leaf color loci not linked. Red tomato medium green leaves x white tomato and out of progeny 100 plants two white. Plant then crossed to dithered. What fraction of progeny have white fruit and leaves not dark green? 3/16 Ferrets sing. Rec allele g sing G snort. Incompletely dominant alleles for dark rown and blond are also found in the species. Two loci segregate independently of each other. Singing light brown ferrets mate with snorting dark brown with singing mothers (gg Brbr x Gg BrBr. Expected phenotypic ratio? 9/16 sidabr:3/16silibr:3/16sndabr:1/16 snlibr Lucy int in butterflies X vulgaris. Rip rec lethal to relative to the wild type allele. Esp phen ratio of cross btw X vulgaris gen +rip X +rip if the alleles segregate independently? 3:1 Spotted rabbit x with a solid colored rabbit produced all spotted offspring. F1 generation rabbits x among themselves, they produced 32 spotted and 10 solid. What were the gen of F1? SS x ss Horses black dependant upon dom gene B chesnut upon rec b. trotting gait due to dom gene T pacing gait to rec allele t. Homozygous black pacer x chesnut trotter what is appearance of F1? Black trotters Located on X chrom of a cat is a gene that codes for deafness. This gene rec. Fem cat heteroz for deafness x male not deaf....
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...Good Things to Know about Worm Castings This is an overview of benefits known about worm castings. The overview is generated from information disseminated by such major Universities as Ohio State, Cornell University and UC Davis. This information also comes from other institutions and companies such as the California Vermiculture, LLC and the Australia SIRO. Their research goal was to establish the value of worm castings. Their test results have shown improved flower size, bloom quantity, quality, and color. Fruit and vegetable tests results have shown yield improvements from 15% to 57% as well as improvements in taste and appearance. The information you need to know and consider is presented below in a list format, which we believe is easier and quicker to reference and grasp. Some of the discoveries made will surprise you. Most people will be amazed by the following information if they have no prior exposure to the absolute beauty and completeness of the worm casting. Basic points to start: Worm Castings are the worm feces. The castings are made up of live biological organisms. The organisms include fungi, actinomycetes , beneficial bacteria, pseudomonads , plant growth regulators, yeasts, molds, trace elements and the famous N-P-K ratings used by fertilizers, to reference the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and K (which is the chemical symbol for Potassium) quantities promoted by the fertilizer industry (more on this below). Worm Castings are harmless to plants (in any dosage)...
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