...1. constitutionalism, constitutional supremacy and the rule of law 1. constitutionalism a. Constitution without constitutionalism? Keith E Whittington, constitutionalism [5] * Constitutionalism = the constraining of government in order to better effectuate the fundamental principles of the political regime. i.e. A system of effective restrains on governmental action. * Constitution (often) = the written document that formalizes the framework of government * => Constitutionalism should be distinguished from the mere possession of a constitution * Written constitutions may provide few effective constraints on government or may be ignored, and governments may be effectively constrained w/o a written constitution (e.g. Britain) * Constitutionalism often (does not mean it necessarily equals to) associated specifically with liberalism, protection of individual rights against the state. * => constitutional state identified not by possession of a constitution but by its effective protection of individual rights. * (but individual rights only one set of fundamental principles that might impose meaningful limits on power of the state) * Constitutionalism also used to constrain power holders to care for the common weal or adhere to particular conceptions of national identity or religious law * 3-fold classification of province of constitutionalism * Normative Constitutionalism (most touched-on area) * Concerned with...
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...Intro to Philosophy 11 January 2016 How Do We Know? ”How do we know? This is a very intriguing question once you really think about it. How do we acquire knowledge? How do we know something to be true? Is it through experience or does it come from another realm in which we previously inhabited? Is everything we know and will learn in the future already mapped out for us? Throughout history man has sought out to answer these deeper questions and through philosophy they have begun to open their eyes to the universe in which we live. Answering question after question each philosopher perfecting the former theory and all of it leading up to the ultimate question the purpose of life. Epistemology is a form of philosophy that comes from the greek word for knowledge “episteme” and “logos” meaning explanation (chaffee 229) this encompasses the nature of knowledge and justification. It is through epistemology and metaphysics that philosophers attempt to othe answer questions like: can we ever really know anything? what is the difference between belief and knowledge? Can there be different “truths” for different people. or is “truth” the same for all? Pre-socratic philosophers used these ideas to lay the foundation for philosophy as we know it today. Plato, a student of Socrates, and as an ancient Greek philosopher he not only preserved Socrates teachings for future generations but also contributed original ideas on a wide range of issues such as morality, politics, metaphysics and...
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...Critical reasoning – is both active and open to alternative points of view Passive reading/listening – writing down notes in lecture, you are passive in the sense that you don’t evaluate which statements to accept and which to reject and you don’t consider the speakers pattern of reasoning. Mere disagreement – is both critical and active but is not open to alternative views. You enter with your own established beliefs already in mind. Cooperative enterprise – two people have opposing views; one person sets his beliefs aside and help the other to strengthen his argument. Critical reasoning misconceptions – it’s too rigid or linear, it supposes that there is a right and wrong point of view. Argument – reasons for believing something or acting in a certain way If the author is attempting to state what has happened, or what is the case, or what something is like, he is engaged in descriptive writing, not argumentation If he is trying to prove something by giving reasons, he is engaged in argumentative writing. Diatribe is bitter and violent criticism or invective Examples of diatribe are often found in letters to the editor, in which people tend to give vent to their strong feelings instead of backing up their opinions with arguments. Consider the following (fictitious) letter: The politicians are at it again. An election coming up, and new spending just “happens” to be needed. Name your favourite issue, and you will find money for it—health care, education, social services...
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...How Process Enterprises Really Work Introduction James Champy, Michael Hammer, and others introduced the concept of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) in the early 1990’s. Both Hammer and Champy have authored several books on the subject since then as BPR became a hot buzzword. They now both lead separate consulting practices focusing on helping companies improve their processes. Steve Stanton, co-author of the article How Process Enterprises Really Work, works with Hammer at his consulting practice. Champy, Hammer, and other proponents of Business Process Reengineering envisioned it to be a “fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in critical measures of performance” (Management Learning). According to Hammer, a process is “everything that transpires from the beginning – the point at which a customer or constituent requires something – to the point that a customer is satisfied with the results” (Harris 1999). A process enterprise is a business that takes the revolutionary concept of BPR and transforms their organization. In the article, How Process Enterprises Really Work, Hammer and Steve Stanton reiterate the importance of building a business around its core processes. They take a look at companies who have successfully applied BPR and became process enterprises, noted some of the obstacles these companies faced and how the obstacles were overcome, and reaffirmed the techniques for becoming...
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...PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AT THE BRAZILIAN AIRPORTS ANDRÉ SOUTELINO Lawyer. Bachelor‟s degree: Law, Universidade Cândido Mendes (2004). Post-graduation in Private Law, Universidade Federal Fluminense (2007). Master‟s Student in Economic Law and Development– research project: Regulation, Competition, Innovation and Development. e-mail address: andrelds@unisys.com.br. ABSTRACT This paper explains the reasons for investments on infrastructure by the private sector. Today, there are prisons, water supply, roads, airports and other activities that request a high investment managed by the private sector. It can be done through concessions, privatization or public-private partnerships (PPP). About the private investments on airports, ICAO has allowed the less interference by the states at the airport administration. So, this paper proposes to demonstrate that the application of public private partnership at Brazilian airports is worthwhile. KEY WORDS: airport; privatization; public private partnerships Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1506109 INFRASTRUCTURE The definition of infrastructure varies from country to country and in the doctrinal field. As for the countries, governmental policy defines what is basic, essential and crucial for the development of the nation. The doctrine splits infrastructure into economic and social, being subdivided into hard and soft (Grimsey & Lewis, 2004). Economic infrastructure is considered the one providing intermediate...
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...Chapter 9 – Contract Formation SECTION 1 An Overview of Contract Law -promise=commitment, if not doneremedy -contract lawsocial values, interests at a specific point in time -moral obligationlike a promise to do sthhelp a friend with homework -promise that is legally bindingpay for a good that was bought -common lawall covers all contracts, unless changed or replaced by statutory law e.g Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)sales of goods Administrative agencies -service, employment, insurance, real estate contractscommon law -contract lawpredictability + stability -“pacta sunt servida”an agreement shouldn’t be broken -promisor=person who makes the promise -promisee=person to whom the promise is made -objective theory of contractsobjective factswhen entering contract, how was the party acting, what did it say, conditions around transaction -requirements for a contract: if only threeno contract 1) agreementoffer + acceptance 2) considerationsth in return (money, labor, etc.) 3) contractual capacitymust be able to perform a contracte.g no kids 4) legalitycontent of contract has to have purpose + not illegal e.g no drugs -even if all 4 are fulfilled, there are defenses to the enforcement of a contract if it is against one of thesemay be unenforceable 1)voluntary consent 2)formlaw requiremente.g in writing -3 categories: formation, performance, and enforceability SECTION 2 Types of Contracts 1) formation -offeror=party making offer -offeree=party to...
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...qtr_02 10 A quArterly publicAtion boeing.com/commerciAl/ AeromAgAzine building better communication New Air Traffic Surveillance Technology complying with the Aging Airplane Safety rule new tool for collaboration on in‑Service issues Fuel conservation Strategies: Descent and Approach AERO cover photo: 777 APU exhaust bay. AERO contents 03 building better communication Four years ago, we reintroduced AERO magazine in response to a boeing customer support survey. late last year, we went back to you to find out how well we are doing. 07 New Air Traffic Surveillance Technology Air traffic service providers and regulators are moving toward airspace and flight operations to enable greater flexibility and adaptability along with assuring improved traffic flow, capacity, efficiency and safety. A key part is the transition from radar to ADS‑b surveillance. 07 15 complying with the Aging Airplane Safety rule new materials help operators comply with the u.S. Federal Aviation Administration’s new rule on aging airplane safety. 21 15 new tool for collaboration on in‑Service issues 21 boeing introduces a new collaboration platform that integrates two previous elec‑ tronic bulletin boards in a single application and includes a number of new features. 25 Fuel conservation Strategies: Descent and Approach 25 www.boeing.com/c o m m e r c i A l / A e r o m A g A z i n e the descent and approach...
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...communities have supply gaps that are especially pronounced for infant/toddler age groups and lower income families. Preschool‐age programs (mostly part‐day) are proliferating nationally due to public awareness of the value of early learning. State spending on preschool increased from $2.4 billion to $4.2 billion nationwide between 2005 and 2007 (Wat, 2007). Similarly, federal and state spending on child care subsidies has more than tripled in the last decade, but most communities still face problems with inadequate supply of quality, affordable child care (Warner 2007). The majority of child care and part‐day preschool centers are run by private or nonprofit entities (rather than school districts or cities) and supported largely by parent fees and the use of low‐cost space in churches or schools. The extent and diversity of local early care and education is usually determined by the availability and/or assertiveness of child care operators and intermediary agencies as well as parents’ workforce participation rates and ability to pay fees. Planners can influence child care programs by creating policies,...
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...EVIDENCE OUTLINE Prof. Mark Bonner Fall 2012 |1 • INTRODUCTION | I. Trial Context A. types of evidence at trial 1. witnesses 2. real evidence – something tangible related to the case 3. demonstrative evidence – not part of the story, but lawyer wishes to show the jury something to demonstrate something about the case (e.g., experiment; picture of intersection) B. competing stories at trial – two ways stories can compete 1. factual differences 2. differences in inferences drawn from the same facts II. Policy Overview [values that the evidence rules protect] A. accuracy 1. rationality – does evidence have a rational relationship to the case? 2. reliability – is the evidence credible? B. efficiency – see FRE 403 C. fairness – rules should be party-neutral 1. but note: some rules exclude evidence to one party’s advantage (e.g., evidence that Δ fixed the steps after the accident excluded, b/c we want to encourage Δs to make steps safer) (e.g., Confrontation Clause, guarantees rt of accused in a criminal trial to confront witnesses brought against him) D. danger of misuse of information 1. one solution: limiting instructions 2. but sometimes we’re so skeptical of jury’s willingness/ability...
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...Executive Bulletin COMPUTERWORLD INTRODUCTION All Roads Lead to IP .................................2 TRENDS &STRATEGIES Wading Into IP Telephony ..........................4 Getting ROI From VoIP ..............................7 VoIP Monitoring Tools ............................10 VoIP Security .......................................13 Call Centers and IP ................................15 Voice Over Wireless LANs .......................18 RESOURCES QuickStudy:Session Initiation Protocol ......21 Emerging Technology:..........................23 IP Videoconferencing IPCommunications Voice-over-IP is changing the way we think of,and manage,communications. Compliments of Computerworld Executive Bulletin IP Communications 2 Converged IP networks allow for a wide variety of new applications to ride on the network and interact, including IP telephony,audioconfer- encing,videoconferencing,unified messaging and presence technolo- gies (like chat). Getting Started Corporate America is just starting down the road to voice-over-IP (VoIP)communications,though every analyst says it¡¯s just a matter of time before it becomes main- stream.¡°By 2009,the installed base of IP [communications]equipment will dominate the enterprise land- scape,but that¡¯s still a few years away,¡±says Robert Rosenberg,presi- dent of Insight Research Corp.in Boonton,N.J. There are several reasons why VoIP hasn¡¯t been an overnight suc- cess.Companies started testing the ...
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...TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) UNDERTAKEN AT THE NIGERIAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (NIMET), ZARIA, KADUNA STATE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA BY SOLOMON IFETAYO ONASANYA U09GS1052 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BSC GEOGRAPHY JUNE – NOVEMEBER, 2012 CERTIFICATION I, Solomon Ifetayo Onasanya with Reg. No: U09GS1052 hereby certify that this report was written by me as part of the experience acquired during my SIWES at the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Zaria, Kaduna State, under the supervision of: ______________________ ________________________ Mrs. Maria Abubakar Date Department SIWES Supervisor (First visit) _________________________ ________________________ Mr. S. Abubakar Date Department SIWES Supervisor (Second visit) __________________________ ________________________ Dr. I.J. Musa Date Head of department ___________________________ ________________________ A. U. Kibbon Date Departmental SIWES Coordinator DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty who has given me the strength, grace and wisdom required for this SIWES programme and the successful completion of it. This work is also dedicated to my parent Mr. Onasanya Solomon whom God has being using to sponsor my academic programme. Finally, this work...
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...Define the type of organisation and the industry in which it operates. • Established by a group of enterprising pharmacists in 1937 • listed in ASX in year 1996 • industry, product segments / markets? ◦ Second largest competitors in non-alcoholic beverages ◦ product for non-alcoholic including SCD soft drinks, fruit juices, snack food markets ◦ to various distribution channel e.g. supermarket, convenience stores, hospitality • current life cycles was growth, ◦ demonstrated by the consistently increasing growth in revenue of revenue in the industry shown in Table 4 and increasing growth in bottled water consumption shown in Table 3. 2. PEST external environment |Factor |Issue |Nature of impact |Assessment of impact| | | |(positive or |on future industry | | | |negative) |growth (low, medium,| | | | |high) | |Political |Threat of imports due to the high volume and low unit value of water. |Positive |Low | | |Import tariff 5 %...
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...L I V I N G O U R VA L U E S Corporate Social Responsibility Fiscal 2003 Annual Report STA R BU C K S M I S S I O N S TATEMENT AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES To establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. The following six Guiding Principles will help us measure the appropriateness of our decisions: • Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. • Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. • Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of our coffee. • Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. • Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. • Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. What It Means to Live Our Values at Starbucks We are very proud to present you with Starbucks third annual Corporate Social Responsibility Report, this year titled “Living Our Values.” Throughout our Report, we explain the measures we take to align our decisions and actions with Starbucks Mission Statement and Guiding Principles. The topics presented here relate to our definition of corporate social responsibility. They are subjects we also believe to be important to our partners (employees), customers, shareholders, suppliers, communities, and others. As information was gathered for each topic, we stepped back and asked ourselves if we are...
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...The Forensics Files - 2 – The LD File Civil Disobedience Index Topic Overview 3-7 Definitions 8-10 Affirmative Cases 11-19 Negative Cases 20-25 Affirmative Extensions 26-34 Civil disobedience worked to free India. 26 Civil disobedience overthrew the communists in Poland. 26 The tradition of civil disobedience in America goes all the way back to the founders. 26 Civil disobedience can serve to prevent situations from escalating into violence. 27 Civil Disobedience has been used to promote peace. 27 Civil disobedience was used to promote racial equality. 27 Civil disobedience is used to try to prevent the destruction of the environment. 27 Civil disobedience is effective at changing the law. 28 Legal channels can take too long. 28 Consent to obey just laws does not imply consent to obey unjust ones. 28 Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience...
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...Civil Aviation Policy – Consultation with stake holders Civil Aviation sector in India has soared to great heights in the last few years. However, the aviation industry’s growth will need proper policy orientation to ensure systematic, sustainable and orderly development. Hence, it is imperative that a clearly defined, long term civil aviation policy is formulated. Such policy while addressing issues related to safety, security, infrastructure development, revenue models, private sector participation etc. must also provide for a safe and comfortable yet affordable air travel to passengers. The Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India, is in the process of formulating a Civil Aviation Policy. The civil aviation sector has many complex areas, which need to be addressed in formulation of the policy; some of them are indicated below. Organizations and individuals are requested to give their inputs, views and suggestions on aspects given below (or any other related issues), for facilitating the Ministry of Civil Aviation in drafting the proposed Civil Aviation Policy. These may be sent to the DT section, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, New Delhi, India; or e-mailed to Dtsec.moca@nic.in Views of some stake-holders already received are placed below for reference and cross fertilization of ideas. While giving your views, please mention specifically if you have any objection in keeping your views in public domain. Your views may be sent before 20th February,...
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