...Developmental theories in psychology are efforts to comprehend the stages of one's growth and development. We recognize the stages throughout a child's lifespan to adulthood and the effects of environmental and social influences. These theories name the sources of growth, language and learning skills. The big debate in psychology is are these emotions caused by nature or nurture. It is impossible to tell which one is right. However both play an important role in a person's lifespan influencing the person we grow to be. All developmental theories have good points and can be the base to research and forming educated analyzes. They help us to better understand child development and social growth. Piaget's cognitive stages of development proposes that during each stage of a persons life from adolescence to adulthood new skills are learned. As a person develops in age their skills and abilities also progress. Piaget's theory consist of fours major developmental stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. The sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to the age of two. In this developmental stage children use simple motor activities such as looking, listening and touch understand and learn about their surrounding environment. The second stage preoperational stage ranges from ages 2 to 7. In this stage children mentally represent events and objects with figurative play. At this age children are unable to look at situations from other peoples...
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...* Lifespan development is the field tha examine pattern of growth, change, and stability in behavior. (womb to tomb) * Major topical Areas (Physical Dev., Cognitive Dev., Personality Dev., Social Dev.) * Physical- Body and the brain. * Cognitive- Growth and behavior * Personality- Stability and change * Social- interaction and relationships grow * Cultural factors and developmental diversity * Broad factors * Orientation toward individualism or collectivism * Finer differences * Ethnicity * Race * Socioeconomic Race * Gender * Korosol increase stress * Cohort- group of people born at around the same time in the same place * Age graded influences- similar at particular age group * Sociocultural graded influences- social and cultural factors present at a particular time. * Modafin * Critical period- environmental stimuli are necessary for dev. * Sensitive Period- Certain kind of stimuli in environment. * Development is constructed thru biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together. * Development is lifelong * Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development * No age perios dominates * Development is Multidimensional * Consist of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions * Multiple components within each dimension * Health and Well-Being * Parenting and Education ...
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...us unique. * Partly like all other individuals with those whom we share similar gender, age, and other such physiological factors. 2. Development includes Growth and Decline (see page 5) * Consider a 75 year old man, his goal will not be able to improve his golf swing, but to maintain his independence and to play golf at all. 3. Traditional vs Life-Span Approach (see page 2) * Traditional Approach suggests that, most if not all changes occur from birth to adolescence (infancy), no change in adulthood and decline in old age. * Life-Span Approach suggests that we undergo changes throughout the course of our life, i.e. all stages of life, from birth till death. 4. Life Span vs. Life Expectancy * Life Span is the longest recorded age a human has lived, which is to be 122 years. Life Span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. * Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual born in a particular year/era is expected to live. Life Expectancy has gone up by 30 years in the 20th century. 5. Characteristics of Life Span Perspective are it is: lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multi-disciplinary, contextual and involves growth, maintenance, regulation and loss. (pages 3-5) 6. Context refers to a specific setting in which development occurs, which are influenced by many factors. There are primarily three types of influences: * Normative Age-graded influences – Similar...
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...industrialization trend effects on GDP. ⦁ 1947-50 ⦁ At the time of participation out of 955 industries Pakistan got only 34 industries the rest were located in India. Pakistan got only small scale industries .In 1947 suggested that for growth and development of country there were need to establish new industries for that purpose Govt. establish industrial finance corporation& industrial credit corporation in1948 at that time investor invest in these industries which show the highest profit. The contribution in GDP 6.9% ⦁ 1950s ⦁ In1960s there were shifted consumer goods industries to heavy machines such as steel, petro chemical steel. The industrial performance in...
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...can be used to answer the key questions: Applicability / Case facts support What are the forces behind globalisation Competitive forces 4&20 products to US and halal for Asia Technological forces Social forces AFL Sponsorship Political forces What are the challenges and benefits of globalisation Challenges (competition, distribution, macro-economic, socio-economic, financial, legal, physical, political, socio-cultural, labour, globalisation of Risk) Benefits (cost, timing, learning, arbitrage) What are the ways strategy can be developed? Processual Rational Seems to fit in this situation Evolutionary Systemic Family members on the board could influence cultural values etc. Fuzzy What’s included in a strategy development process and strategic planning? Defining organisational purpose (Where are we going?) External and internal environment analyses (What is the gap between where we are now and where we want to be?) Formulating and implementing strategy(How do we get there? And what are the financial aspects of value creation?) What are the three levels of strategy? Corporate Strategy Framework Business Functional What kinds of leadership style and approaches are there? Situational Transformational Transactional How does ethics and corporate social responsibility influence strategy? The classical view The socio-economic view Module 2: UNDERSTANDING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Key questions Concepts/Models/approaches that...
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...Define growth and development.2. Discuss principles of growth anddevelopment.3. Describe need for monitoring growthand development.4. Discuss pattern of normal growth anddevelopment.5. Provide tips of promoting growth anddevelopment. The most dramatic events in growth and developmentoccur before birth. Increase in physical size andweight of the body (Height and Weight) Increase in Mental, Physical,Social and Emotional abilitiesof the child. It meansfunctional and physiologicalmaturation. Average level of development of a child which is decidedthrough the scientific study of physical, mental andnervous system of children. Prenatal:Conception to the Birth•Infancy:Birth to 12 months•Neonatal period:Birth to 28 daysEarly neonatal period: Birth to 7 daysLate neonatal period: 7 days to 28 days•Infancy Period:29 days to 12 months•Early Childhood:1 year to 6 years•Toddler Period:1-3 years•Preschool Period:3- 6 years•Middle childhood:6- 12 years•Late Childhood or Adolescent:12-18 years•Puberty Period:Male: 12-14 yearsFemale: 11-13 years There are definite and predictable patternof growth and development that arecontinuous, orderly and progressive.•CrawlCreep Walk•BabblesWordsSentences•ScribbleWriting 1. Directional Pattern: –Cephalocaudal Pattern ( Head to Tail) –Proximal to Distal (Midline to peripheral) –Mass to specific (Differentiation) 2. Sequential Pattern: Involves a predictablesequence of Growth and Development stagesthrough which a child normally proceeds. –For...
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...The purpose of this assignment is to understand the human growth associated with each life cycle group. There are eight age groups while each has its own stage of development and related tasks. The first age group is infants and the related stage of development is trusts vs. mistrust. This development task is related with a given age group to provide attachment and bonding. The rest age group is of early childhood and the stage of development includes Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt. This development task, for this group is to have potty training and self-maintenance. Subsequently, the next age group of schooling includes initiative vs. guilty and the related development tasks are academic success, making friends, social competency and friendship....
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...MeadWestvaco: Leading Innovator in Global Packaging Dana Pruehs November 25, 2013 MeadWestvaco Corporation (“MWV”) is a global packaging company providing innovative solutions to well-known brands in the healthcare, beauty, and personal care, food, beverage, home and garden, tobacco, and agricultural industries. In addition to these, MWV also produces specialty chemicals for the automotive, energy, and infrastructure industries, while maximizing the value of its land holdings through forestry operations, property development, and land sales. The company became incorporated in Delaware in 2001 as the successor to Westvaco Corporation and The Mead Corporation. MeadWestvaco primary markets for their products are in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. The company operates in 30 countries, has approximately 16,000 people, and serves customers in more than 100 nations. The Food and Beverage division produces packaging materials, as well as, designs and produces packaging for the global food, food service, beverage, dairy, tobacco end markets, and paperboard for commercial printing. In the food market arena, materials and solutions are developed for packaging frozen food, dry goods, ready-to-eat meals, drinks, and some dairy products. For the beverage market, MWV produces high-performance paperboard, carton designs, converting operations, and packaging machinery. The tobacco market produces high performance paperboard for the design and carton production of leading...
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...The term "human growth and development" is used to explain the changes a person will undertake from cradle to grave. These changes include; physical, emotional, social and intelligence changes and will cover life events such as bereavement and loss. Through the discussion on each theory, this essay will demonstrate how both environmental and genetic factor influence the development of a child or adult and how life events can disrupt the normal development of a person. Deviance from the normal course of development can cause crisis events in a person's life and it is because of these, social work intervention may be required. It is important for a social worker to understand how people develop and comprehend how life events can impact a person's quality of life and their interaction with society. This can be done through the application of development and learning theories. It is also important to understand that each person is an individual and that past life events do not always have the negative outcomes as discussed with each theory. In the Origin of the Species, Darwin (1859) set out his ubiquitous theory of genetics and how living things are influenced by genetic makeup rather than their environment. His book was the starting point for the controversial argument of nature verses nurture. This debate is one of the longest running in terms of human growth and development and is relatively simple. The theory puts forward an argument to try and explain one of the most common...
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...leadership vs. management, role of the accountant is S&L 8-9 Accountant’s role, financial aspects of value creation 10-12 Drivers of globalisation (competitive, techno, social, political forces) 12-15 Challenges of globalisation (Competition, distribution, macroeconomic, socioeconomic, financial, legal, physical, political, sociocultural, labour, risk) 15-16 Benefits of globalisation (cost, timing, learning, arbitrage), value of localisation 17-20 Approaches to strategy (rational vs.processual) and assumptions 21-22 Evolutionary, systemic and fuzzy approaches, implications 22-25 Strategy process, mission & vision, external & internal env. 25-27 Strategic thinking, strategic planning (3 Q’s and 3 issues), criticism, value of both 27-30 Strategic stretch and fit, strategy equation (Bendigo bank) 30-32 Levels of strategy (corporate, business, functional) 32-34 Strategic leadership, approaches to leadership (traits, behavioural, situational, transformational & transactional) 34-36 Importance of leadership (Q. 1.7) 36-39 Leadership and Ethics (questions, classical and socioeconomic views of ethics) 39-40 CSR, strategy, leadership and ethics MODULE 2: The external environment 4-5 Definition, reasons of difficulty in analysis, analysing an industry 6-13 Sources of data for analysis, 1. Defining the industry, industry value chain (pharmaceutical) 13-16 Music industry, 2. Industry segmentation, information needed 17-18 3. Industry life cycle (start-up, growth, maturity...
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...1. The Company Costa Coffee is a specialist coffee shop concept that is part of Whitbread, a FTSE-listed British leisure company operating in UK. Costa Coffee has been growing in sales, profits and number of outlets in the past 4 years with 75%, 86% and 39% growth respectively. Table 1.1 Key Financial Ratios 2011-2015 (in GBP Millions) Ratio 2014/15 2013/14 2012/13 2011/12 Turnover 952 805 670 542 Profit (Loss) before Taxation 125 93 87 67 Profit Margin 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.12 Return on Capital Employed 44 35 34 32 Number of Stores 1931 1755 1578 1392 Employees 12645 11432 10031 8196 (Whitbread Annual Reports, 2011-2015) Graph 1.1 (Whitbread Annual Reports, 2011-2015) Competitive Environment UK coffee shop market will exceed 30,000 outlets and £15 billion turnover by 2025, driven by branded coffee chain expansion and non-specialist operator growth. Current market is valued at £7.9 billion (Allegra World Coffee Portal, 2015). Harris + Hoole has been ranked number one for coffee quality. Other players like Starbucks and Caffe’ Nero, food service chains like McDonalds, Subway, Pret a Manger and Paul all compete for the market share. Costa’s customers are mainly mature adults, students and professionals segmented to upper middle and the privileged class. The key challenges will be to retain the leading market share by changing the unique selling proposition of Costa. (Euromonitor International...
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...Theories and Theorists Application 1 Week 5 Kimberly Perkins Walden University Theory is described as “a set of interrelated constructs, definitions and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomena” (Creswell, 2009). There are multiple theories that are used in the field of psychology such as Cognitive Behavioral Theory, Learning Theory and Personality Theories to name a few. For the purpose of this paper I have chosen to further explore the Humanistic and Developmental Theories. Humanistic Theory believes that humans are different from all organisms and that they control all events and destinies that shape the world around them (Crandell, Crandell and Zanden, 2009). Humanistic theorists believe in the holistic approach, the whole individual and their surroundings are taken into account and they are not just seen as a number or data that is being collected. These theorists argue that “scientific inquiry should be directed toward helping people achieve freedom, hope and self-fulfillment ( Crandell et al. 2009). The goal in mind for this theory is to have the individual viewed as the controller of their situation, making the individual more motivated and have increased self-esteem. One of the greatest Humanistic theorists in my opinion was Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park Illinois. Roger’s initial major was in agriculture however after 2 years he...
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... emotional and social development of an individual at each life stage Physical development Conception to Birth | By the first two weeks, the embryo has attached itself to the uterine wall, the baby’s body starts to develop, the head and trunk appear, followed by tiny arms and buds. Also around 25 days baby’s heart will start beating, the by 30 days the baby will be about a quarter of an inch long, have a brain, eyes, ears, mouth, kidneys, liver and baby’s heart will be pumping blood that he created himself. In the second month the embryo drastically increases in size from 5mm to 40mm, figures and toes start to grow, by the seventh week baby has its own fingerprint, also eyes and ears start to appear, baby will start to move around nearing the eight week. In the third, four and fifth months the baby will be able to feel pain, baby kicks and has a strong grip. Also around that time baby’s hair, eyelashes and eyebrows start to grow as well as baby should by now have open eyes. In the end months before baby is born, baby is able to suck his thumb. The baby will be most active when the mother lays own at night, fatal activity will be affected by now the mother is feeling. | Infancy(0-3) | Reflex develop for survival, for example babies automatically sauce when presented with a nipple. When a mother speaks the child’s heal will automatically turn towards their parent voice. Skills like: blinking, grasping, stepping, sucking and more develop. Rapid growth and with increase in the...
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...The Circle of Life - Business Vs Ecology By Wendy Pan Science Daily A lake teeming with fish, a forest abundant with trees and life, a world bent on thriving amidst another of industrial strength. This is an ongoing struggle, man vs. nature, business vs. ecology. People should become more aware of this. An issue whose impact is far greater than society may imagine. The Nature of Things It cannot be denied, the hazards that industrial development has bestowed upon the earth's ecosystems. The endangered species list has grown in vast proportions over the last thirty years and while there has been serious effort put forth to change this; the amount of change occurring does little to affect the amount of damage that is accruing. There is not enough space within these lines to do justice to what this planet is facing. However, two points stand out among the rest and can serve the purpose. 1. Contamination of the water and air is due in part to the run off, of chemical plants. 2. Over population around the world has led to an increased production of industrial parks, such as the ones who have been a factor in contamination. One contaminated water source can lead to devastating destruction within an ecosystem. Without a clean source of water the vegetation and foliage within an area suffers. In regards to this, you have a decreased amount of food, shelter, even oxygen. All of these factors play a vital part in the survival of the ecosystem's wild life. The contamination does...
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...Human development has been and would continue to be a very complex process; from birth to death. Human development spans a broad range of human endeavor that has attempted to understand why human beings to the things they do, grow the way they do, and the potential of human beings. There has been an ongoing debate whether human development is impacted by nature or nurture. If the growth of the individual were to be guided by nature, the individual would take the position that all or most of its behaviors and characteristics are the result of genetics inherited from their parents (Colella, 2013). Meaning that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical...
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