Nismal, Vina Mariz T.
F7-BSA
History of Gymnastics
In the beginning of gymnastics, which formally originated from Ancient Greece, gymnastics was originally intended for military training, where it was used by soldiers to get ready for war. The skills and strength in performing gymnastics at the ancient times were thought as great assets to those battling on the war field.
In 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forlì (Italy) wrote Le Arte Gymnastica, which brought together his study of the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of disease. Girolamo was an Italian philogist and physician, who received his doctorate in 1555. He was later asked to occupy the Chair of Medicine in 1569. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.[3]
The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881.[4] By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.

By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal,Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise.[5] Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.

In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed.[6]

Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring flexibility, balance and control. A sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, agility and coordination.It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars and the high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.

Objectives of Gymnastics?
Some objectives of gymnastics are to learn how to take instruction, be part of a team and learn the value of being physically fit. In addition, someone involved in gymnastics learns how to be disciplined and how to set and achieve goals. Physical objectives that are obtained through participation in gymnastics include increased flexibility, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness.
Objective of gymnastics: to develop movement skills and improve motor skills, which improve the healthy development of the body, to give an opportunity to develop sport culture and improve sport performance, to arouse and maintain the interest towards active and regular training and doing sports.

The objective of gymnastics is continual improvement. The desire of every gymnast is to push their physical limits, and to build a rock solid foundation of grace, agility, strength, awareness, dexterity,determination, and confidence so that they may achieve what others ndimpossible.

IMPROVED The objectives of the gymnastics are
•grace
•agility
•awareness
•strength
•confidence
•determination
•and coordination

6 different types of gymnastics

Women's Artistic Gymnastics: This is the most well-known form of gymnastics with the most participants. Tickets to attend women's artistic gymnastics are the first to sell out at each Olympic Games! Women compete for both individual and team titles on four different events: Vault, Uneven Parallel Bars, and Floor Exercise. Women's gymnastics is often considered to be a beautiful combination of power, flexibility, and grace.

Men's Artistic Gymnastics: Men's gymnastics is the 2nd most popular form of gymnastics and also the oldest form dating back to the very early Olympic Games. Men compete both individually and as a team on 6 different events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and High Bar. The Vault and Floor apparatus are the same equipment used by the women. Men's gymnastics often has some of the highest flying tricks with amazing displays of strength.

Rhythmic Gymnastics: This is currently a female-only sport in the Olympic Games. Women compete both individually and as a group with 5 different apparatus including Rope, Hoop, Ball, Clubs, and Ribbon. These athletes often display amazing flexibility and grace.

Trampoline: Trampoline is the most recent type of gymnastics to be added and was recognized as an Olympic event beginning at the 2000 games. Both men and women participate in this type of gymnastics. Trampoline routines and tricks are performed using a double mini trampoline and in a synchronized event where 2 athletes perform at the same time on 2 different trampolines. The trampoline is significantly more bouncy than the floor exercise used in artistic gymnastics resulting in gravity defying flips.

Power Tumbling: Power Tumbling is performed on a spring runway much bouncier than the artistic gymnastics' floor. Tumbling passes are performed consisting of a series of 8 elements. This spring runway is also much bouncier than the floor exercise used in artistic gymnastics allowing the athletes to compete complicated and difficult tricks in succession.This has not yet been recognized as an Olympic event, but is competed in the Junior Olympic program in the United States as well as in international competitions.

Acrobatic Gymnastics: In this event the athletes are the equipment. Teams consist of 2-4 people either all men, all women, or mixed. Athletes perform handstands, holds, and balances on each while other members of the team throw and catch their team mates. This is also not yet recognized as an Olympic event, but it is part of the Junior Olympic program in the United States and internationally.

Terminologies of Gymnastics

A

AA

Abbreviation for all-around.
AB
A scoring abbreviation for uneven bars, from the name Asymmetric Bars.
A-score
Under the current Code of Points, this score tallies the gymnast' counted skills, combinations and EGR. In theory, the A-score can be open-ended, depending on the skills the gymnast presents.
Acrobatic Gymnastics A discipline of gymnastics where partners work together to combine the tumbling and power of the floor exercise in artistic gymnastics with the flexibility and artistry of dance. Acrobatic gymnastics routines are performed on the floor apparatus.

Aerial
A stunt in which the gymnast turns completely over in the air without touching the apparatus with his or her hands.

All-around A competition in which the athletes compete as individuals on all four (women) or six (men) events. Sometimes also written as all-round or all-around final.
All-around
A gymnast who is a strong competitor on all four (women) or six (men) events.
Amplitude

The height or degree of execution of a movement. In general, the higher the salto or the more breathtaking the movement, the better the amplitude and the score.

Apparatus Specific equipment used in gymnastics.
Artistic gymnastics A discipline of gymnastics in which competitors perform upon apparatuses.
Arabesque
Standing on one leg with the other leg raised about 45 degrees

B

B-score Under the current Code of Points, this score rates the gymnast's execution, form, artistry and technique. The judges take their deductions from the 10.0 base score.
Back-in, Full-out

A double salto with a full twist. The complete twist is performed during the second salto.

Back-to-back tumbling A series of skills in which the gymnast executes a tumbling pass from one corner of the mat to the other, rebounds, and performs another tumbling pass in the other direction without stopping. Notably performed by Oksana Omelianchik (URS), Daniela Silivaş (ROU) and Dominique Dawes (USA).
Balance
One of the three routines in acrobatic gymnastics, highlighted by static hold positions that demonstrate strength, agility and flexibility.
Balance beam A gymnastics apparatus used by women in artistic gymnastics. It is a 4-inch-wide (100 mm) platform upon which gymnasts perform tumbling and dance skills.
Ball
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. The ball rests in the gymnast's hands, is balanced on the body, and is thrown into the air and caught.
Base
In acrobatic gymnastics, the role in pair and group competition that requires strength and balance. The base is usually an older, larger athlete.
Bib
The number worn on the gymnast's back, and used in the scoring and roster sheets, to identify them to the judges.
BB
The scoring abbreviation for Balance beam.

C

Chestroll This skill is to bend your back. It is also called a chin stand. You lie on your knees and roll in your chin until you can see your feet
Cartwheel
The maneuver where one moves sideways, from hands to feet, in a straight line (in the motion that the wheel of a cart would follow), while keeping the back, arms, and legs straight, and the feet pointed.
Chalk
Carbonate of magnesia, used by gymnasts on their hands, feet and apparatus to make the surface of the equipment less slippery, or to mark lines on the mats.
Clubs
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics.
Code of Points The document that regulates scoring of each discipline.
Combined
Presented only during acrobatic gymnastics finals, the Combined routine features the elements of both the Balance and the Dynamic (Tempo) routines.
Competition
When you do gymnastics (or other sport) in front of a judge which then the judge will score you. Other people do competitions with you and you win by getting a higher score than the other competitors.

D

Dismount The act of getting off an apparatus and the skill used to do it.
Dynamic
One of the three routines in acrobatic gymnastics, combining choreography with tumbling sequences and flight elements like throws.

E

EGR Abbreviation for element group requirements.
Element group requirements Under the current Code of Points, the specific required skills, or skill families, that the gymnast must show at some point in his or her routine on each event. For instance, on uneven bars, one of the EGRs is a release move. Currently, there are five EGR skills required on every event.
Elite
The highest competitive level in gymnastics, or a gymnast who competes at the highest level. The term is used in the USA, Australia and other nations, but is not universal.
Elementary Gymnastics Is the type of gymnastics that older gymnasts in training use. It helps them to understand the elements and way of gymnastics.
Elbow stand An inverted pose in which the body is supported on only forearms.

F

Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

the international sports governing body for gymnastics. Its name is commonly abbreviated as "FIG".
Flic-Flac

Also known as a flip-flop or back handspring. Take off on one or two feet, jump backwards onto hands and land on the feet. This element is used in a majority of tumbling passes on the floor exercise. It’s also used a great deal on the balance beam.

Flight series On balance beam, a series of acrobatic skills performed in combination from one end of the beam to the other.
Floor
A gymnastics apparatus used by men and women in artistic gymnastics. The event performed upon this apparatus is known as Floor Exercise.
Floor Exercise The event performed on the floor apparatus. Men and women perform choreographed routines that include tumbling and acrobatic skills.
Freestyle Gymnastics A fusion of traditional gymnastic and acrobatic tricks, with kicks and leaps inspired by martial arts, parkour and free running. It captures the power and explosive nature of freestyle activities in sport and brings them indoors, performed on a range of purpose built equipment with associated training techniques.[1]
Front tuck The act of running, jumping off of 2 feet, turning in mid-air, and landing on the ground on two feet.
Full-in, Back-out

A double salto with a full twist. The complete twist is performed during the first salto.

FX The scoring abbreviation for Floor Exercise.

G

Gainer A gymnastics skill in which a gymnast performs a backwards flip while moving forward.
Grip
See hand guard.
Gymnastics
A sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, agility and coordination. It evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks, including skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and circus performance skills.
Giant
When casting into a handstand position and making a full rotation around the bar while the body is kept in a straight line.
Good Leg Split You take either your left leg or your right leg (whichever is your good leg) and put it in front of you and then you will be in a good leg split.

H

Hand guard A glove or wrist strap worn by gymnasts to protect the skin on their hands when they perform upon apparatuses.
Handspring

Springing off the hands by putting the weight on the arms and using a strong push from the shoulders. This can be done either forward or backward and usually with a linking movement.

Half-in, Half-out

A double salto with a half twist on the first salto and a half twist on the second salto.

HB The scoring abbreviation for horizontal (or high) bar.
High Bar See horizontal bar.
Hit
(v.) To perform a routine or skill to the best of one's ability, with no major errors or deductions. Example: "He hit the dismount." May also be used as an adjective to describe a routine performed well.
Hoop
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. It is a hollow hoop with an interior diameter of 80 to 90 cm.
Horizontal bar A gymnastics apparatus used by men in artistic gymnasts. It consists of one 2.4m bar upon which gymnasts perform skills. It is also known as high bar.
Handstand is to stand straight up with a tight body and hands on floor.

I

Indian clubs; Iliusion

J

Junior A world-class/elite gymnast who is too young to compete as a senior, usually between the ages of 13 and 15.
Judges: Trained professionals who judge gymnasts on their skills on each apparatus!

K

Kip A basic skill in artistic gymnastics on the uneven bars that is used at a way of getting on the bar in a front support position or a handstand from a hanging or standing position.
Kip
A training skill in trampolining.

L

Layout A position in which the gymnast's body is completely stretched, toes pointed and legs straight. A layout in tumbling, vault or balance beam is a salto performed in this position. In some countries, layout saltos are referred to as 'straights' (e.g. "he performed a double straight").
Leotard
A piece of clothing that comes in a variety of colors,shapes and sizes, and is used for gymnastics workouts and competitions.

M

Manna A strength move pressing with the hands where the legs and hips are raised until the hips are above the shoulders and the legs are parallel to the floor.[2]
Master of Sport The term used to refer to a gymnast competing at the highest level of the sport in the USSR. Still used in Russia and other former Soviet republics.
Mat
Safety equipment used in gymnastics to break falls.
Meet
A commonly used term for a gymnastics competition.
Middle
In acrobatic gymnastics, the role in group competition that requires a combination of strength, balance, flexibility and power.
Mount
The act of getting onto an apparatus and the skill used to do it.

N

Neutral deduction A score deduction which is taken as a penalty for violations of rules not related directly to the gymnasts' performance, for instance, failure to adhere to required standards of competition attire. Neutral deductions may be applied against a team's cumulative score as well as against individual gymnasts.
Number
See bib.
Needle
This is where you put two hands on the floor and one leg on the floor and then you kick the other leg into a full split.

O

OOB Abbreviation for out of bounds.
Out of bounds Situation on floor exercise or Vault (gymnastics) when a gymnast crosses the line indicating the border of the mat, resulting in a score deduction.

P

Parallel bars A gymnastics apparatus used by men in artistic gymnastics. It consists of two 3.5m bars.
PB
The scoring abbreviation for the parallel bars.
PH
The scoring abbreviation for the pommel horse.
Pike
a position where the body is bent only in the hips.
Pirouettes

Changing direction or moving in a circular motion by twisting in the handstand position.

Pommel horse A gymnastics apparatus used by men in artistic gymnastics. It consists of a rectangular body and two pommels.

Q

Quick

R

Release move or release Skill on the uneven bars, parallel bars or high bar in which the gymnast lets go of the apparatus, performs a skill in the air, and regrasps the bar.
Ribbon
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. The ribbon is a long piece of material attached to a stick.
Rings
See still rings.
Roll
A roll is a rotation over an axis in the body over a surface.
Rope
A gymnastics apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. It is made of a material that retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. It is knotted at the end.
Round-off

A dynamic turning movement, with a push-off on one leg, while swinging the legs upward in a fast cartwheel motion, into a 90 degree turn. It is used as a lead-off to a number of skills.

Rhythmic gymnastics A discipline of gymnastics in which competitors manipulate apparatuses. The sport combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, theatrical dance, and apparatus manipulation. Athletes are scored on their leaps, balances, pivots, flexibility, apparatus handling, and artistic effect.

S

Salto A somersault.
Scissors

A requirement on the pommel horse, which combines cuts and undercuts. The legs cross and uncross in a scissor-like movement.

Score protest A written complaint, submitted by the gymnast or their coaches or federation, to request reconsideration and possible revision of scores felt to be incorrect or unfair. Under FIG rules, protests must be filed immediately after the original score is reported, and before the end of the competition.
Senior
A world-class/elite gymnast who is at least 16, or will be turning 16, within the calendar year.
Somersault
A gymnastics maneuver in which a person rotates around the somersault axis, moving the feet over the head.
Specialist
A gymnast who is especially strong on one or two events. A specialist often competes only on his or her specific events.
Springboard
Gymnastics equipment required on vault, and used as an optional aid for mounts on parallel bars, balance beam and uneven bars.
SR
The scoring abbreviation for the still rings.
Start value Under the pre-2006 Code of Points, the maximum score a gymnast could receive for a routine, after taking into consideration all bonus skills, combinations and fulfillment of required elements. The score was determined by subtracting deductions from the start value.
Stick
(v.) to land an acrobatic skill, jump or dismount perfectly, without any steps, stumbles or errors.
Still Rings A gymnastics apparatus used by men in artistic gymnastics. It consists of two swinging hollow rings suspended by a frame.
Straddle
A sitting position with the legs wide. It can also be performed at height.
Stuck landing A perfect landing, without any steps, stumbles or errors.
SV
Abbreviation for start value.

T

Team final, or TF A team of 6 gymnasts (or 5 gymnasts at the 2012 London Olympics), representing a country, for the team competition.
Toe shoes- commonly worn by rhythmic gymnasts to perform turns.
Top
In acrobatic gymnastics, the role in pair and group competition that emphasizes flexibility and agility. The top is usually a younger, smaller athlete.;Tsukahara: A vault and family of vaults. The vault consists of a half turn off the springboard onto the vault table, then a push backwards, usually into a back salto or layout. Any vault that has a handspring with 1/4 – 1/2 turn onto the vault table into a salto backwards is classified as a Tsukahara vault. It is named after Mitsuo Tsukahara.
Tumbling
The acrobatic skills performed on floor exercise and balance beam, such as back handsprings and saltos. Also, a specific discipline of gymnastics, performed on a 25-meter-long dynamic track, in which participants perform tumbling skills.
Tumbling run, or tumbling pass A series of acrobatic skills performed on floor from one corner of the mat to the other, typically beginning with a run and hurtle and ending with a major salto.
Tuck
You jump with your knees to you chest.
Twist

Not to be confused with a salto, a twist occurs when the gymnast rotates around the body’s longitudinal axis, defined by the spine.

U

UB A scoring abbreviation for Uneven Bars.
Uneven bars A gymnastics apparatus used by women in artistic gymnastics. It consists of two horizontal bars at different heights and with a distance between them.

V

Vault (n.) A gymnastics apparatus used by both men and women in artistic gymnastics, or the skills performed upon it, which consists of a . (v.) to perform a vaulting skill.
Virtuosity

The artistry, or the degree of rhythm and harmony, displayed while a movement is executed. In general, the more seamless a series of skills appears to be, the greater the virtuosity and the higher the score.

VT The scoring abbreviation for "vault".

W

Warm-up warm-up techniques differ from club to club, some coaches might prefer to play games at the beginning of a training session, while others might prefer to make gymnasts run around the carpet, skip with a rope in various directions (backwards, forwards, criss-cross, etc.). But all ultimately aim to achieve the same goals, to warm up the gymnasts muscles in order for them not to injure themselves while stretching or training.

X

X-jump

Y

Yurchenko loop A balance beam skill in which the gymnasts stands sideways on the beam, dives backwards into a back handspring (the "loop"), grasps the beam, performs a back hip circle and ends up in a front support position, resting on the hands. It is named after Natalia Yurchenko.
Yurchenko vault A vault and a family of vaults. It consists of a round-off onto the springboard and a back handspring onto the horse or vaulting table, followed by a salto. Any vault with a roundoff-back handspring entry is classified as a "Yurchenko-style" vault. It is named after Natalia Yurchenko.

Z

zero handed roll