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Health Management Inc

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Health Management Inc.

Kasus yang menimpa Health Management Inc. (HMI) merupakan kasus pertama untuk penerapan Undang-Undang Reformasi Pengajuan Perkara Sekuritas Swasta/Publik Securities Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA). Sebelum PSLRA, firma-firma akunting seringkali ikut menanggung kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh manipulasi akuntansi oleh klien-klien mereka, karena undang-undang sebelumnya mengharuskan para terdakwa untuk menanggung bersama kerugian penggugat. Jika satu atau beberapa terdakwa tidak sanggup untuk memenuhi kewajiban tersebut, terdakwa lain yang secara financial mampu harus menanggung kewajiban tersebut sepenuhnya. Hal ini seringkali merugikan firma-firma akunting karena dalam kasus semacam ini, seringkali merekalah satu-satunya pihak yang secara financial mampu. Mereka sering dipaksa menyelesaikan kasus yang sebetulnya mereka tidak bersalah.

Kehadiran PSLRA merupakan hal yang menggembirakan bagi firma-firma akunting karena beberapa hal berikut. Pertama, PSLRA mengharuskan penggugat untuk menyatakan bahwa terdakwa setidaknya telah lalai, agar kasus bisa diteruskan ke pengadilan, serta mengemukakan fakta-fakta yang jelas untuk mendukung pernyataan mereka. Kedua, hakim berhak mendenda pengacara yang mengajukan perkara secara tidak keruan. Kedua hal tadi membuat para pengacara berhati-hati dan tidak bisa lagi iseng-iseng memancing seperti yang dulu biasa mereka lakukan sebelum PSLRA keluar. Ketiga, dengan PSLRA, sekalipun lalai, firma-firma akunting hanya menanggung beberapa persen dari kerugian penggugat. Persentase ini senilai dengan persentase tanggung jawab yang turut mengakibatkan kerugian penggugat. Keempat, PSLRA menekankan agar para auditor mendesain audit yang sesuai untuk menyediakan keyakinan yang paling baik dan mendeteksi tindakan-tindakan illegal yang punya pengaruh besar pada laporan keuangan klien, dan apabila ada, wajib melaporkan pada Komisi Pertukaran dan Sekuritas/Securities and Exchange Comission (SEC). Terakhir, PSLRA menegaskan wewenang SEC untuk menetapkan Standar Umum Auditing/Generally Accepted Accounting Standards (GAAS) untuk mengaudit perusahaan-perusahaan public.

Kasus Health Management Inc. adalah tentang kebohongan mengenai persediaan akhir perusahaan tersebut. Persediaan akhir digembungkan hingga $1,800,000 untuk memperkecil COGS sehingga net income-nya besar. Hal ini dilakukan agar bila laba yang diumumkan ke para pemegang saham sesuai dengan prediksi analisis keuangan, ketika sebetulnya laba yang diperoleh justru dibawah prediksi. Konspirator kekacauan ini adalah Bergman sebagai Chief Financial Officer (CFO) dan Hotte sebagai Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Manipulasi ini dapat berjalan dengan mulus karena Bergman pernah bekerja di BDO Seidman (firma akunting yang mengaudit HMI saat itu) selama beberapa tahun sehingga sangat mengenal prosedur auditnya, dan ia beserta Hotte menggunakan dokumen palsu untuk mendukung kebohongan tentang inventory tersebut, system pencatatan yang bukan perpetual juga membuat para auditor dari BDO kesulitan untuk menemukan kebohongan tersebut. Selain tentang inventory, BDO juga mengalami kejanggalan dengan penyisihan piutang HMI. Pihak HMI bersikeras untuk menjurnal hanya setengah dari yang disarankan auditor BDO. Terakhir, HMI mengumumkan pendapatan sebelum BDO selesai mengaudit. Pendapatan yang diumumkan itu pun sudah dimanipulasi dengan inventory khayalan tersebut. Dengan cara ini, BDO terpaksa membatalkan jurnal-jurnal penyesuaian yang akan menurunkan pendapatan yang sudah diumumkan itu, agar nilai saham klien tidak merosot tajam.

BDO selesai mengaudit HMI pada Juli 1995. Pada Desember 1995, Bergman mendapat posisi baru sebagai Chief Development Officer (CDO) dan sebagai ganti CFO adalah Jurewicz. Jurewicz inilah yang membongkar penipuan tentang inventory tersebut setelah mengobrol dengan kontroler HMI. Kasus inipun diajukan ke pengadilan. Bergman dibebaskan karena jujur tentang segala penipuan inventory dan hal-hal terkait selama masa jabatannya di HMI. Hotte menolak ikut dalam pengadilan (ia lima kali mengajukan hak amandemen) sehingga hakim akan memberinya keputusan langsung, tinggalah BDO sendirian sebagai terdakwa. Pengacara penggugat menyatakan kliennya rugi sebesar $ 37,000,000 dan BDO bertanggung jawab sebesar 75%. Awalnya pengacara BDO menggunakan PSLRA agar kasus ini tidak diteruskan, namun hakim memutuskan bahwa penggugat memiliki pernyataan yang mendukung untuk meneruskan kasus ini ke pengadilan.

Masalah yang sama-sama dihadapi penggugat dan tergugat adalah bahwa para juri hanya punya sedikit pengalaman di bidang keuangan sehingga mereka harus menyewa pakar. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini, BDO menghabiskan $ 600,000, empat kali lebih besar dari bayaran mereka untuk mengaudit HMI yaitu $ 140,000. Masalah utama yang dibahas di pengadilan adalah mengapa BDO tidak mampu mendeteksi kebohongan tersebut serta hubungan pertemanan antara Mei Y Tsai, senior auditor di BDO dan Bergman. Pengacara penggugat mempermasalahkan mengapa percaya begitu saja dengan omongan satu orang dan bukannya benar-benar mengecek keberadaan inventory tersebut, dan mempertanyakan kesungguhan audit BDO terhadap HMI karena hubungan pertemanan Tsai dengan Bergman. Di pengadilan, pengacara BDO berpegang teguh pada GAAS. Dalam GAAS, tidak pernah disebut secara pasti cara untuk memastikan keberadaan inventory. Sebetulnya, secara mengejutkan, Karnick dari BDO menyatakan bahwa ia pernah mencoba melakukan inventory roll back untuk memastikan keberadaan inventory yang ada di laporan. Namun karena jumlahnya terlalu banyak, ia menghentikannya dan ia pun tidak mencantumkannya di laporan audit karena sudah lumrah untuk tidak melaporkan penelusuran yang tidak terselesaikan. Auditor berhak menentukan prosedur audit yang paling tepat untuk diterapkan. Mengenai pertemanan Tsai dengan Bergman, dalam AICPA Code of Professional Conduct tidak pernah menyebutkan bahwa auditor dilarang berteman dengan klien auditnya. Seorang auditor dapat tetap berteman dengan klien auditnya sekaligus independen dalam menjalankan tugas auditnya.

Pada proses pembuatan keputusan, para juri memutuskan untuk terlebih dahulu mendefinisikan “kelalaian” sebagai pegangan dalam membuat keputusan. Hakim memutuskan definisi kelalaian sebagai “penolakan untuk melihat atau menginvestigasi hal-hal yang sudah terlihat mencurigakan, atau hasil audit tidak beralasan sehingga auditor lainpun tidak akan menghasilkan keputusan tersebut jika dihadapkan pada kondisi yang sama.

BDO berani menyelesaikan kasus tersebut di pengadilan karena pegangan teguhnya pada PSLRA sehingga ia tidak perlu menanggung hingga 75% dari kerugian penggugat.

Hubungan Kasus HMI dengan Aturan Etika Kompartemen Akuntan Publik dalam SPAP

Menurut kami, hubungan kasus HMI dengan aturan etika kompartemen akuntan public adalah tentang kecermatan dan keseksamaan professional. Sebagai auditor professional, BDO seharusnya menyadari sikap HMI yang buru-buru mengumumkan laba padahal belum selesai diaudit. Pasti ada alasan kurang baik yang melatarbelakangi ketergesaannya. Selain itu, sebagai auditor, selayaknya jika kita betul-betul mengecek keberadaan hal-hal di laporan yang kemungkinan material bagi laporan keuangan klien. Terakhir, seharusnya BDO tetap melakukan jurnal-jurnal penyesuaian yang diperlukan, meski hal tersebut akan menurunkan laba yang tadinya sudah diumumkan. Pada kasus diatas, BDO membiarkan jurnal-jurnal penyesuaian yang sudah ia siapkan diabaikan begitu saja agar laba yang sudah diumumkan tidak berubah dan harga saham klien stabil.

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