...Introduction In this procedure, the external and internal structures of a sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. The heart is a muscle that pumps oxygenated blood and nutrients throughout the body. A sheep’s heart has four chambers like most mammals. Two of those chambers are receiving chambers called the right and left atrium. The other two chambers are pumping chambers called the right and left ventricle. The efficiency in the cycle of blood depends on the sequential contraction of the atriums and ventricles. Whenever the atriums contract this is called the systolic phase and whenever the ventricles contract this is called the diastolic phase. These contractions ensure the regular flow of blood through the heart. The contractions occur one after another to make a heartbeat. The many valves such as the tricuspid and mitral valves control the flow of blood from each chamber. Blood flow through the heart starts when the right atrium takes the blood that flows in through the superior or inferior vena cava. The right atrium then fills with blood and pressure causes tricuspid valve to open. The blood then goes into the right ventricle where it contracts the blood into the pulmonary arteries. These arteries lead to the lungs where blood is then oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Due to pressure the mitral valve, which leads to the left ventricle, opens up and pushes the blood into the left...
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...Sheep's heart dissection Lab report Introduction: In this lab, we examined the internal and external structures of a sheep heart. A heart is a muscular organ that pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body using the circulatory system. There me up to four chambers (as in mammals) which contain two atriums and two ventricles. A sheep being a mammal includes these qualities. A sheep's heart is made up of four chambers a left and right atrium, which are located in the upper chambers, are known as the receiving chambers, which receives deoxygenated blood. The lower...
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... and Hindus made no serious attempt to learn anatomy because they were interested in the supernatural world, not the natural one, and their cultures placed strong religious restrictions against debasing the body. Any anatomical dissections that were performed on animals were made to "study" organs in an effort to predict the future and to tell fortunes. *The Stone Age, the earliest known period of human culture, is characterized by the use of small stone tools. Anatomy in Ancient Greece The systematic study of anatomy may have begun in the fifth century B.C ., with the work of two Greek scientists, Alcmaeon (ca. 500 B.C.) in Italy andEmpedocles (ca. 490-430 B.C) in Sicily, where Greek culture and science flourished. Alcmaeon was probably the first person to dissect the human body for research purposes, and he is also given credit for proposing that the brain is the center of intelligence. Empedocles, who believed that the heart distributed life-giving heat to the body, initiated the idea that an ethereal substance called pneuma, which was both life and soul, flowed through the blood vessels. Although such early anatomists were often incorrect, their work was essential to the development of later scientists. Anatomical inferences without dissection continued in Greece with Hippocrates (ca. 460-377 B.C ), who is known as the Father of Medicine. (Many medical students still take the Hippocratic Oath upon graduation from medical school.) He might also be called the Father of Holistic...
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...Doctors and Philosophers studied the human body and dissected the body to discover the different types of organs and what they were used for. A man called Galen learned about the human body by dissecting the body. However, this wasn’t allowed as human dissection was banned in Alexandria so he dissected an animal. His theory for human anatomy had some errors because he used an animal to figure out how the human body works. Animals and humans have different functions so Galen’s theory for human anatomy was false. To learn about animal anatomy, Galen chopped off a pig’s head and tested the nerves in the pig to prove what each one was used for. So the knowledge of anatomy had some problems. Ancient Egypt knew about where the organs were in the human body. On the other hand, Egyptians didn’t know what they were used for. This is because Egyptians believed their was life after death so they produced embalming. Embalming is where you take organs of the body and use it for the afterlife. Egyptians used to get organs from dead humans such as: the heart, brain and lungs. They would wrap in linen. This was not good because they didn’t dissect the organs so they didn’t know what they were used for. They especially didn’t know what the heart and brain were used for as they used the organs for the afterlife so Egyptians didn’t know what the organs were used for as they didn’t dissect the organs or body. In conclusion, the period that saw the most improvement in surgical and anatomical knowledge...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...two-hundred years, dissection of the human cadaver has been the gold standard for teaching aspiring medical professionals the networking and layout of the human body. Surprisingly, cadaver usage has had a rather curious history. The use of a human cadaver dates back to 300 B.C. with the Greek physician and father of anatomy, Herophilos, who is noted as being the first person to dissect a human cadaver (Korf & Wicht, 2004). Herophilos’ anatomical discoveries were no small matter. Because of his dissections, we know that the brain is center of the nervous system and where its ventricles lie. We also know where the route taken by sinuses of the dura matter. Thanks to Herophilos, nerves are able to be distinguished from both tendons and blood vessels, as well as separated into motor or sensory. With his dissection of cadavers, we were given meticulous accounts of the different layers and sections of the eye, pancreas, liver, genitals, and stomach (Herophilus, 2013). Sadly, it seemed as if cadaver dissection died with Herophilos in 280 B.C. However, if we fast-forward to the 17th and 18th centuries, we will see a small resurgence of cadavers when certain theaters saw fit to put them on display (Korf & Wicht, 2004). Macabre, or ingenious artists (depending on how one views the situation) such as Michaelangelo and da Vinci, were known to have dissected cadavers to better portray their art (Dyer & Thorndike, 2000). It would seem that cadaver dissection had completely fallen...
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...What safety procedures must you follow during this lab period? During this lab period, the safety procedure that should be followed are safety glasses, lab coat gloves and proper tools for dissection. Use a text book or online references to define the following word modifiers. Proto= “first” Deutero=second Stome= “organism having a mouth or mouthlike organ” Nephro= “relating to kidneys” How might you benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts? I might benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts because if I cannot remember the definition of the whole word the prefix or suffix can at least give me an idea of what it is. What diagnostic features are present in mollusks and annelids were not present in the phyla studied in the previous lab exercises? What...
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...Comical Poem? In many ways, Miss Gee can be interpreted as a comical poem. Auden sustains a light hearted tone throughout, the traditional ABCB rhyming scheme imitates the format of a nursery rhyme providing a childish and facetious feel. The reader may also find Miss Gee’s inappropriate dream, implying her squalid, sexual encounters with the vicar comical. However, it could be argued Auden has used this light hearted, humorous tone to emphasise the harshness of the judgemental and uncaring society and make the audience question themselves for cruelly laughing at her unfortunate demise. At first glance, when reading the poem, the reader would not suspect it to lead to her death, with almost horrific details of the surgeon’s butchering dissections. This is due to the light hearted, nursery rhyme like tone through Auden’s use of short rhyming lines with heavy description of Miss Gee’s appearance. ‘She had a squint in her left eye / Her lips they were thin and small’. The descriptions give Miss Gee a ‘cartoon-esque’ impression and again make her and the overall poem appear quite comical. The fifteenth stanza, on line 59, ‘O, doctor, I’ve a pain inside of me’ although not a humorous line in itself, imitates the structure of the infamous ‘doctor, doctor’ jokes, making Miss Gee’s illness almost laughable. Many would argue and say that the blunt lines do not make the poem come across as funny, but uncomfortable and give the reader a sense of unease. Miss Gee’s abrupt and casual death...
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...change. At an early age Vesalius showed an interest in dissection, when he later pursued his studies at the University of Paris he still held a fascination with dissection and therefore devoted his attention largely to anatomy. Once receiving his degree he was immediately offered a position as a lecturer on surgery and anatomy at Padua. Vesalius then later became part of the court of Emperor Charles V by the title of imperial physician. After many anatomical contributions, during Vesalius' pilgrimage he death occurred. While there is no fine historical report to as why he perished on his return, it is said that he became ill upon the ship and had passed away on the Greek island of Zacynthus. Vesalius is referred to as the founder of modern anatomy not only for his contributions to the knowledge of human physical internal structure, but for changing the thought and perception of anatomy as a whole. During his period Vesalius not only contributed major findings, he challenged a figure who no one had yet to go against the word of; the father of modern medicine Galen. Vesalius had discovered during his studies that Galen had preformed his dissections on apes and such mammals on the assumption that they are physiologically the same as humans. Though this was not fault of Galen's due to how the church viewed human dissection at the time which was deeply frowned upon. With a more open view Vesalius was able to conduct human dissections and prove that what was once accepted by Galen was...
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...New Charter Academy, Broadoak Road, Ashton-U-Lyne, OL6 8RF 24th February 2014 Bridge Street, Westminster, London, SW1A OAA Dear David Heyes, I am writing to you concerning the ever growing issue of animal testing and vivisection. For hundreds of years animals have been tampered with and killed for one reason alone - to satisfy our medicinal tenacities. Over 600,000 animals have been used this year alone; this figure is astounding and utterly shocking! These vulnerable, exposed creatures languish in pain everyday of their lives. Can you imagine living like this? After reading an article by Peter Tatchell, a human rights campaigner, it has intrigued and inspired me to make people aware of this urgent subject. I hope, after reading what I have to say, you will raise this issue in Parliament. As humans, how can we treat another being so horrendously? The pain that is inflicted on these un-consenting animals is the basis of my...
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...gained a reputation as a good anatomist, gaining a good knowledge of the structure of the body by examining skeletons. 3. When and where was Andreas Vesalius born? 4. How could his family background have influenced his decision to study medicine? 5. In which area of medicine did Vesalius excel? The Church now allowed human dissection, but did not allow bodies to be boiled up to produce skeletons. Vesalius desperately wanted to examine the human skeleton. The only way he could do this was to wait until the bodies of hung criminals had decomposed on the gallows. When the bones were bare he would remove the bodies and smuggle them back into town to study them. 6. What was the Church’s position on dissection at this time? 7. How did Veslius secure human skeletons for study? Vesalius was so successful that he became Professor of Surgery (responsible for teaching anatomy) at Padua University when he was just 23. At this time, the Catholic Church said that the works of Galen were inspired by God. So, in the universities of Europe, anatomy was taught by professors who simply read aloud from Galen’s books. If dissections took place they were usually carried out by Barber...
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...The beginning of the Chicken Leg Dissection Lab was a chicken leg placed on the tray. The fibula and the tibia bone of the chicken’s leg was dissected for this lab. On the outside of the leg, it had bumpy skin, had white spots which is probably the cartilage, ligament, and the fat. And the bone was also shown. The muscle was exposed on one of the sides. We soon begin the procedure. The skin and fascia was cuted by a scissor and pulled down gently to the bottom of the leg. We then examine the meat or also know as the muscle. It was smooth and was pink and red. Cutting through the meat, the tendons was shown. It was strong, white, and like a sturdy string. After all the meat was cut off and pulled down to the bottom of the bone, the bone was...
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...descriptive throughout and his descriptions were helpful to me as the reader. He asks a lot of questions such as, “What, exactly, would science do with me?” He questions whether or not his body would be appreciated by the students, “Would my remains be unceremoniously tossed out in the orange biohazard trash container?” There’s a quote that mentions that the bodies wanted to be there so they could be a gift to science. It seems like he includes this to give himself comfort and peace of mind. He’s very descriptive and honest, without being overly graphic and gruesome. I believe he is respectful of all values. He describes how the process of human dissection is a gentle and respectful process, “The moment between the living and the dead is remarkably gentle.” He also ends his piece with how there’s a memorial service when the human dissection is complete. His piece lacks humor, but paints a vivid picture that describes something that most people never have the chance of seeing firsthand. There is a great deal of respect and understanding for the dead in this piece. “The Last Stop” by Brian Cable uses a lot more humorous elements, but isn’t offensive or too over-the-top. One of the first humorous remarks I noticed was, “What the hell, I though, mortuaries are concerned with time, too.” As I read the piece, I could tell that Cable was uneasy because early in the story he mentions that “mortality reminds us all too vividly of our own.” He uses very visual descriptions, music like...
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...Wayne Fleming Goodnight 1-A DISSECTION: What is dissection? For some the procedure has solved some of the mysteries of life, for others it was simply mysterious and cruel. But by definition, dissection is the observing or cutting into a dead animal for the purposes of learning anatomy or physiology. In other words,Myth vs. Reality. There are also many other questions that students and others may have about dissection. There are many arguments as to whether it is necessary for the student's education or inhumane. Therefore, this act should stop completely. Through my research I have found that it is both necessary for learning and it can be inhumane. At which, another choice or alternative should always be available for the student who is not willing to dissect and at no expense to their grade.Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal dissection. Aristotle who revealed anatomical differences amoung animals by dissecting them performed some of the earliest recorded studies involving animals. In the United States dissections were common in colleges as early as the late 1800s. Myth vs. Reality Nevertheless, rebellion has been growing in the science laboratories of the nation's schools as a growing number of students refuse to dissect.Dissection is a way of separating or dividing into parts or pieces. Dissection is being called the way of discovery in understanding human anatomy, know and form, and human...
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... – Despite introduction of retractors, what’s key is the understanding of the relevant anatomy. Previous studies were based on cadavers dissected in the supine position, and concentrated on where nerve exited the psoas mm rather than within a psoas mm. – Purpose of this article: describe lumbar plexus anatomy, relevant to this approach, with emphasis on the L4/5 disk space • Materials and Methods: – 18 cadavers: dissected in lateral decub position, relevant to the recommended surgical technique – 18-ga spinal needles placed under fluoro in mid-coronal planes of disk spaces of L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-5, because this is where most retractors are placed, and they remained in place until dissection over. – Proceeded with a meticulous dissection to expose the femoral nerve, distance from distance at L4/5 disk space exposed, width measured at the confluence of L2,3 & 4 nerve roots, and then traced back to the spinal foramen. • Results: – Course of L2 and L3 nerve roots after exiting the neural foramina was immediately adjacent to the lateral aspect of pedicle of the vertebral level below and dorsolateral to the vertebral body...
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