...Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi – differences and distinctions. There are several differences and distinctions between the two different talmuds or “gemaras”. Where they were written, the language, the Rabanim that are quoted... Etc. I will attempt to explain the differences and distinctions between the two, as well as some of the practical ramifications as well. 1. A brief history of the Talmud. Originally, Jewish learning was meant to stay oral forever. Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah and the Tanach without any written works other than the Tanach itself, though some may have made private notes, what’s refered to as megillot setarim, for example of court decisions. This situation changed mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish state and the Second Temple in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. As the Rabbis were required to face a new reality, mainly Judaism without a Temple and Judea without at least partial autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. The Oral Torah varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel. In general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud. The Gemara is a part of the Talmud made up of rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Judah HaNasi (c. 200 CE), the work was studied exhaustively...
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...give information about the canal (Robinson, 337-338). It was then discovered by Edward Robinson in 1838, however, he and a few excavators after him never came across the inscription described above. The inscription itself was found accidentally by a boy in 1880 on the eastern side, about 19 feet from the pool. The inscription dates to 701 BCE and talks about how two groups of workers started from opposite ends of the tunnel and dug until they met in the middle. The inscription itself describes one of these groups heard the sounds of pickaxes that helped lead them through the tunnel when “there was a fissure in the rock.” Most researchers agree that the inscription was commissioned by the [Hezekiah’s] tunnel’s chief engineer toward the completion of the tunnel and was inscribed at the location in the middle where the workers met. It was cut off from the wall in 1891 by thieves and broken into fragments. After being sold to a dealer, it was confiscated by the Ottoman Turkish Empire—who controlled Palestine during this time—and sent to the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. The inscription is on the lower part of a rectangular piece of stone 50 cm high and 66 cm wide, although the top 27 cm are left blank (Hirsch). There are six lines of a very distinctive, ancient font—each separated by a dot between...
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...Daniel concerning the seventy weeks (Daniel 9:24–27) constitutes one of the determining factors in the whole system of prophecy. The attention given to it by all schools of interpretation, and the attacks upon the authenticity of the book itself combine to focus the white light of investigation upon it. The interpretation of this passage inevitably colors all other prophetic views, and a proper understanding of it is the sine qua non of any student of prophecy." The above being noted, this paper will investigate Daniel 9:24-27, discuss schools of interpretation, and provide this author’s interpretation of this important prophetic text. By investigating Daniel 9:24-27 it will soon become evident that rightly dividing the Word of Truth requires diligent study and the application of sound hermeneutic principles. Daniel 9:24-27 within Context Looking at these verses alone can lead to mishandling of an already greatly misinterpreted portion of scripture. Walvoord noted “In the history of the church the eschatological or prophetic portions of Scripture have suffered more from inadequate interpretation than any other major theological subject.” The same principles of interpreting scripture apply to prophecy that applies to other parts of scripture. In the book entitled Biblical...
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...Myth and Scripture resources for Biblical Study Susan ackerman, Old testament/hebrew Bible editor number 78 Myth and Scripture conteMporary perSpectiveS on religion, language, and iMagination Edited by dexter e. callender Jr. SBl press atlanta copyright © 2014 by SBl press all rights reserved. no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 copyright act or in writing from the publisher. requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the rights and permissions office, Society of Biblical literature, 825 houston Mill road, atlanta, ga 30329 uSa. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Myth and scripture : contemporary perspectives on religion, language, and imagination / Dexter E. Callender, Jr., editor. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical literature resources for biblical study ; number 78) includes bibliographical references and index. iSBn 978-1-58983-961-8 (paper binding : alk. paper) — iSBn 978-1-58983-962-5 (electronic format) — iSBn 978-1-58983-963-2 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. Myth in the Bible. 2. Bible. old testament—criticism, interpretation, etc. i. callender, dexter e., 1962– editor of compilation. ii. callender, dexter e., 1962– author. Myth and Scripture : dissonance and convergence.. BS520.5.M98 2014 220.6'8—dc23 2014002897...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Book Review: Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament Submitted to Dr. Homer Heater, Professor of Biblical Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of OBST 515 –D11 Old Testament Orientation I by Wuan D. Miller November 29, 2014 Introduction Christopher J. H. Right, author Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament, is an Anglican clergyman and an Old Testament scholar. A Ph.D. graduate of Cambridge, he currently is the Director of International Ministries for the Langham Partnership International. Wright records at least ten years prior to the release of this work, three things inspired him to research this topic; his students at Union Biblical Seminary who listened to his initial thoughts; John Goldiway’s articles related to the Old Testament and Christian faith; and a friend, Jim Punton, who personally requested that he write a book on how the Old Testament influenced Jesus. Thus, Wright explores the connection between Jesus and the Old Testament with the intention of showing how his identity, mission, and values are interwoven within its metanarrative. In doing so, he prefaces this work with his conviction that “the deeper you go into understanding the Old Testament, the closer you come to the heart of Jesus.”[1] While there is much to be gained from Wright’s work, a critical examination of the underlying themes will reveal a need for further evaluation of critical theological...
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...examine the accuracy of the claim made by Laufer and Hulstijn(2001).In this section some of studies will be discussed to elucidate the tenacity of the ILH. Hulstijn and Laufer (2001) conducted a study testing whether retention of vocabulary acquired incidentally is conditional upon the amount of task-induced involvement. The subjects were advanced English foreign language (EFL) learners in the Netherlands and Israel, divided in three groups in each country, every group was assigned to one task. Three tasks were designed to test the hypothesis. Task 1 consisted of reading a text equipped with marginal L1 glosses to target words. The students were asked to answer multiple-choice comprehension questions after having read the text. Task 2...
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...for the completion of the course OBST 510 Old Testament – Introduction to Old Testament by Sheniece Wallace September , 2014 Introduction John N. Oswalt, curiosity about the study of the Bible and theological questions was influenced in the 1960s, during his graduate studies at Asbury Theological Seminary. Followed by further education in Theology, triggered a facet of questions during his time at Harvard Divinity. William F. Albright, a scholar proposed the questions the Israelites of the Old Testament and their reasoning about there beliefs. The radical Prolegomena for Oswalts, book sprung up a multitude of questions for him to consider answering his and humanity questions about the godly ideology in religion culture. His statements questions godly character whether it was wrong , right, or believable. He mentions his hypothesis of revelation: as humans we couldn’t possibly be in control of our own purpose and that we need a higher power to sustain us. Comparison is made between religions of Israelite the and ancient near east; the worship of their deity. The thought of serving one deity, then, why were so many other religions evolved? Subliminally, in my words, questions the Biblical integrity and purpose being accredited to for humans to believe as truth. Clearly, this is not to be taken as a debate or disrespect to what the Hebrews believed...
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...course, I had conducted little study on the Book of Daniel. Just as many children are raised in a Christian home, I had heard the stories of the courageous Israelites, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego’s trail in the fiery furnace, King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of a colossus figure, and how the faithful Daniel spent a night in the ferocious den of lions. However, the prophecies and predictions contained in the book had never been a topic of concern for me. The prophet Daniel completed his memoirs around 530 B.C. and is one of three books compiled during Israel’s Babylonian captivity . Many scholars have debated over the true date and authorship of the book due to its pinpoint accuracy when predicting future events. One of the most intriguing and heavily disputed passages pertains to the prophecy known as the “Seventy Sevens”. In this paper, Daniel’s Prophecy of Seventy Weeks will be exegetically interpreted with a focus on identifying the purpose of the prophecy, the starting time and event for the prophecy, the division of the weeks within the prophecy, and the details pertaining to the fulfillment of this prophecy. The Interpretive Method The prophecy of Seventy Weeks is recorded in the ninth chapter of Daniel, verses 24-27. These four verses are often considered to be the most difficult to understand text recorded in the book . To help understand the depth and meaning of this passage one can benefit from applying four key factors to their study; better know as the interpretive...
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...to open the bible to the book of Exodus and read the narrative of the fulfillment of God’s promise in the rescue of the Israelites from captivity in Egypt—the call of Moses, the plagues, and the dramatic manifestation of God on Mt. Sinai. Though the book of Exodus is most famous for the revelation of the Ten Commandments contained in Chapter 20, it remains vague in terms of where the biblical account actually occurred, and yet we cannot begin to fully understand the Old Testament if we look at it as merely a piece of great literature, or as some have suggested nothing more than interesting legend, or the elaboration of superior ideals. … The Book of Exodus is a narrative of the sacred history of Israel from the sojourn in Egypt to the completion of the Tabernacle in the wilderness. The term Exodus comes from the Greek terminology and literally means “going out,” an appropriate title for the book that narrates how under the leadership of Moses, the Israelites escaped from Egyptian persecution and began their journey back to the Promised Land. To be certain, all human history is the scope of God’s sovereignty. God became especially involved in the lives of a relatively unknown people, culminating a historical event that changed biblical history and altered the course of their lives and culture. When we seek to understand the meaning of our individual life events, we don’t actually begin with birth or infancy, even though a biographical account might start there. Instead, we...
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...Seventy Weeks of Daniel BIBL 450 Liberty University On-Line Dean Jaynes 02/08/2015 Daniel 9: 24-28 contains what many consider to be the most important prophetic scriptures in the entire bible. This passage details the prophetic chronology of Israel from the time of Daniel until the second coming of Christ. Much of Daniel’s vision of the seventy weeks can be seen in both historical and biblical events such as the rebuilding of the city of Jerusalem by decree of Artaxerxes I in 445 B. C. (Miller 1994). the triumphant entry of Jesus on the 8th of Nisan (Strong 1995), and the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 AD. It is interesting to note there is a gap in Daniel’s prophecy between the sixty-ninth and seventieth weeks. When Jesus read from the scroll in Luke 4 he only read part of the scripture “The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because the Lord has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim freedom for the captives and release from darkness for the prisoners, to proclaim the year of the Lords favor” (Isaiah 61: 1-2a NASB) and he stopped. The remainder of that scripture declares a day of vengeance of God. By not completing the scripture Jesus was saying part of the prophecy is fulfilled in your presence today and part is yet to come. The seventieth week will resume with the revealing of the Antichrist and continue until the return of Christ at his second coming. Daniel 9:24 gives us the complete prophecy...
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...A PAPER PRESENTED TO DR. DAVID E. GRAVES FOR THE COMPLETION OF BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY 471 BY GERALD K. PHIPPS APRIL 20, 2015 1 WILLIAM FOXWELL ALBRIGHT THE PERSON: One of the many contributors to the field of Biblical Archaeology is world renowned Dr. William Foxwell Albright. Born in Conquimbo Chile on May 24, 1891 to missionary parents Wilbur and Zephine Albright. The love of his life whom he married in 1921 in which they had the pleasure of raising four sons. After graduating from John Hopkins University in 1916 with a Ph.D. in Semitic Languages he went on to be a professor and director at the American School of Oriental Research (ASOR) [1]. William while teaching at ASOR fell under the wing of two prominent archaeologists Charles Torrey and James Montgomery. Albright was recognized in 1956 by the American Academy of Arts and Science as an honorable fellow. With this notable recognition lead to a more prestigious tittle which became known as “Nobleman of Jerusalem”, one of Israel’s highest honor. The (ASOR) in Jerusalem was renamed (AIAR) which is to be interpreted as Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. This became the focal research center for the ancient Near Eastern studies in the entire Middle east. Albright is noted as a generous in the eyes of many biblical...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY Word Study Step 3 SUBMITTED TO ERIC MITCHELL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMPLETION OF HEBREW LANGUAGE TOOLS OTCL 505 BY RONALD C. WILLIAMS, JR. WINSTON SALEM, NC MAY 8, 2013 Word Study Step 1: Identifying the Word 1. Question to answer: Transgressors found in Isaiah 53:12 It is this word that reminds readers that Jesus was on the cross among transgressors and he took one to paradise with him who recognized whom He was. WSG Figure 1: Comparisons of Versions Literal: KJV Isaiah 53 Isaiah 53 King James Version (KJV) 53 Who hath believed our report? And to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? 2 For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form or comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him. 3 He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not. 4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. 5 But he was wounded for our transgressions; he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. 6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned everyone to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity...
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...similarities between diligence and wisdom, laziness and folly, there are differences as well; observing scripture and context each will be addressed in this essay. Solomon, the wisest man in the bible, was the author of the book of Proverbs. The book goes into great detail about the difference in outcome for the diligent and wise man compared to the lazy and foolish man. It is imperative for every believer to read and study the book of Proverbs in depth to understand the sayings and to be able to apply it to their lives. Interesting enough the Hebrew teaching on diligence show the blessings of the Lord flowing on those that to choose to obey; blessings do not just flow on the believer but also the unbeliever as well. The dictionary definition of the word diligence is “constant and earnest effort to accomplish what us undertaken, persistent exertion of body or mind.” Simplified, the word means attention to detail and careful attention in doing so. “A slack hand causes poverty, but the hand of the diligent makes rich”(Proverbs 10:4); hard work and dedication to completion will make one rich, not just in the monetary sense but in life, is what this proverb addresses. The idea of diligence is not...
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...Gen 1:1-2:4a World Behind the text Historical and Cultural Context Genesis illustrates the way Biblical writers J (Yahwist), E (Elohist) and P (Priestly) drew upon the cultural and religious legacy of the Ancient Near East (ANE) along with its stories and imagery and transformed it to conform to a new vision of a non-mythological God and a monotheistic, superior religion. “The Pentateuch developed against the background of the Ancient Near Eastern culture first cultivated in and spread by Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires”. This exemplifies how Israelite religion, was “shaped by responses to and reactions against this culture due both to contacts with neighboring Canaanites and to conflicts with Assyrian and Babylonian empires”. Genesis 1:1-2:4a can therefore be said to reflect the “Babylonian account of creation, which we call Enuma Elish…known from at least 1700 BCE,” “predating the earliest text of Genesis by at least a millennium.” In both Genesis and the ancient Babylonian myth, water is divided into upper and lower waters. The Enuma Elish is recorded on seven tablets and the Genesis account is completed in seven days. The Babylonians created humans to serve as slaves yet in Genesis God creates humans in the likeness of the divine. The Priestly source penned the creation story with the intent of being a “monumental historiographic composition…with the purpose of portraying both the beginnings of mankind and Israel in the spirit of a monotheistic concept...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST SEMINARY RESEARCH PAPER ON THE THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ONE OF THE NAMES OF GOD: YAHWEH SHAMMAH SUBMITTED TO DR. DENNIS MCDONALD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE COURSE, THEO 525, SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................3 Defining the Name “Yahweh” .......................................................................................4 Defining the Name “Yahweh Shammah”……………………………………………...5 Biblical & Historical Context……………………………..........................................6 The Connection of Christ…………………………………………………………..10 Conclusion....................................................................................................................12 Bibliography…….........................................................................................................14 INTRODUCTION There are many names of God that are mentioned in the Bible. All of them have a specific meaning that describes His character and a significant attribute that He possesses. Each name is introduced to us in the midst of a specific moment when God chose to reveal himself to His people, Israel. The subject of this paper deals with one of those names of God: “Yahweh Shammah,” which means “The Lord is There.” It is my intention to explore the in-depth...
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