...Violence from a gender view what role does masculinity play in Ethiopia context. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main concepts in feminist approach 3. Hegemonic masculinity theory 4. The subculture of violence in peace and conflict 5. The perception on gender versus sex in Ethiopia 6. Gendered dynamics of violence 6.1 Masculinities and violence 6.2 Femininities and violence 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Introduction The paper critically evaluate the theory which claims that violence has a strong gender dimension and what role does masculinity play in violence. There are feminist theories and assumptions regarding the societal construction of gender, as it is divided into two major categories...
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...Every spring avid sports fans look forward to the biggest college basketball tournament of the year, most commonly known as March Madness. This competition consists of both men’s and women’s NCAA basketball teams who compete in hopes of making it to the respected and heavily televised Final Four. The Final Four is the last game for each remaining team before the National Championship game, where the two deserving teams are matched up against each other. This series of competition creates a rich supply of content for sports media networks to influence viewer’s values and attitudes. Networks have become increasingly knowledgeable and schematic in using sport entertainment as a way to promote their ideologies, values, commercialization and interpretations of sport. Studies have found that people turn to sports in the media for entertainment. The different forms of media are evolving and moving in a more prevalent direction than they have been in the past. With the explosive growth of internet users in the past decade, media companies have created a domain where they can input their interpretations of sporting events and coverage. These domains have become dominated by the 18-34-year-old demographic (Kian, Mondello & Vincent 2009) who use websites such as ESPN, the most widely used website for obtaining sports related news (Lefton, 2006 as cited in Battenfield, Redmond & Ridinger 2014), and Sports Illustrated to read about upcoming games, watch live coverage, or get the low...
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...a useful lens to explore the ideological constructions of a society. Much of popular culture continues to represent women and men in overtly stereotypical ways reproducing predominance of hegemonic masculinity and over-emphasised femininity, placing all other forms of masculinities and femininities in the shadowy background of covert representations. Expressing a serious concern for politicised representations, my thesis focuses on unraveling the ambivalent portraiture of superheroines in the phantasmal world...
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...BULLYING BOYS: AN EXAMINATION OF HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY IN THE PLAYGROUND Dr L Trickett1 ABSTRACT Violence between young men, particularly resulting from the emergence of a so called ‘gun and knife culture’, is currently subject to extensive media coverage in UK2. Alongside this there has been increased anxiety about both the scale and impact of bullying in schools (Cawson et al, 2002; Tyler, 2002). These issues form part of a more generalised concern about men and boys in Britain often referred to as a ‘crisis of masculinity’ (see Clare, 2000). This article examines findings from research with male respondents about their relationship with hegemonic masculinity (Connell, 1987, 1989, 1995, 2005) and bullying whilst at school and makes suggestions as to what can be done to tackle abusive behaviour amongst boys and young men. 1 Dr Loretta Tricket is a Senior Lecturer and researcher with the Nottingham Law School, Nottingham Trent University, UK. 2 See Lockhart, G; McClory, J and Qvortrup, M. (2007) Gun and Knife Crime in Great Britain, Policy Exchange, Research Note. Knife crime is a fact of life for teenagers (Bryony Gardon, telegraph.co.uk, 31 May 2008). 2 Introduction This article is in five parts. Part One outlines the theoretical background to the research. Part Two describes the methodology and the participants. Part Three discusses different types of bullying and the factors that were associated with them. Part Four discusses resistance...
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...This section will provide a brief overview of the main points of their literature based on feminism in the age of reality TV. Edwards argues, “gender emerges in reality programming as a set of generic conventions in which individual shows frequently transgress and then reassert traditional gender role expectations.” Many reality series picture a man or woman departing from these gender codes and norms in the participation and hopes of a positive reinforcement in terms of a competition based reality show. Two gender categories that have dominance are “hegemonic masculinity” and “emphasized femininity.” Hegemonic masculinity is an almost unreachable ideal fantasy described as: “a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, father, of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight, and height, and a recent record in sports.” “’Emphasized femininity’ describes an ideal in which women comply with male desires, privilege social over technical skills, accept gender inequality, and comply with the hegemony of a patriarchal social and labor organization.” While reality shows critique the models of a masculinity and femininity as outdated, they also norm them and reinforce their dominance (Edwards). This is evident in the challenges of both The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. They are often challenged to do activities against...
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...The Curious Case of Gender Identities in Films Assignment No. 2B by Justin Wie Mao Sheng (S8927155Z) Group No. 1 (G1) Academic Writing WRIT001/Term 2 – 2010/2011 I declare that this Assignment is my original work and all information obtained from other sources has been cited accordingly. Turnitin Similarity Index _______________________ Signature and Date Course Instructor: Shirley James % Literature Review “Eroticized as a woman and masculinized as action heroine” (Smelik, 2009) – this seems to be inevitable for any woman who ventures into the world of cinema, occupying nontraditional roles particularly in the action-genre because such films have become synonymous with a cardinal male figure. What then is left for females in this male-dominated genre? Can a female action-heroine, considered unconventional and non-traditional, exist without ultimately emphasizing a more dominant male, hence re-articulating gender stereotypes? I will, by discussing how gender patterns in films affect gender identities, argue that this is not likely, simply because of hegemonic masculinity. Eschholz & Bufkin (2001) established the difference between (biological) sex and gender and how they were linked to criminal violence in films, concluding that film depictions of a “structural hierarchy” emphasizes women (femininity) being physically and emotionally subject to their masculine counterparts. Gilpatric (2010) however, focuses on violent female action characters (VFACs), claiming...
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...Gender Differences in Perception of Masculinity in Men’s Crying I. INTRODUCTION Masculinity means being inexpressive and unemotional. Men are not expected to cry, to be sad or to be vulnerable (Forisha, 1978). According to the traditional stereotype being masculine means being assertive, being interested in things, rather than people, being analytical and manipulative, and being able to “get things done” (Forisha, 1978) Femininity and masculinity or one's gender identity refers to the degree to which persons see themselves as masculine given what it means to be a man or woman in society. (Burke, Stets and Pirog-Good 1988; Spence 1985) A person with a more masculine identity should act more masculine, that is, engage in behaviors whose meanings are more masculine such as behaving in a more dominant, competitive, and autonomous manner (Ashmore, Del Boca, and Wohlers 1986). Men are more likely than women to feel ashamed of crying. There are variations in degree, but this indicates that social norms restricting male crying may be pretty much universal. Male crying being generally discouraged from an early age, while female crying is accepted or even rewarded (Fox, 2004). Men cry less frequently and intensely than women, and this sex difference is especially marked for crying in response to anger. (Santiago-Menez & Campbelle, February, 2013) The history of men crying, men have always cried. Yet the acceptability of male crying has varied across...
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...recognizable performances of roles and gendered and sexualized performances (Giltrow 276). According to Delph-Janiurek, voices are limited within the confines of certain societal hegemonic norms. He explains that the relationship between voices and bodies is not necessarily physiological; voices are vocal “performances”. There exists a pre-established gender duality within society, in which masculinity and the “male” voice is associated with the male body, and femininity and the “female” voice is associated with the female body. Thus, what is considered to be a “natural” voice is merely a choice made by an individual as to which of the two sides of duality they identify with more (Gamson). This choice is a representation of a gendered and sexualized identity that is influenced by discourse. Gender norms dictate that males identify with the more masculine voice, with a lower pitch and only slight increases in intonation. The stereotypical female voice, on the other hand, is more high pitched, with more variation in intonation (Bonds-Raacke). With this in consideration, Delph Janiurek’s thesis is that voices have a “geography”, and that they can be authored in a certain way within certain societal “spaces” (Giltrow 276). In other words, certain situations demand misperformance of hegemonic gender roles in the form of voice alteration. Delph-Janiurek’s argument is limited in the sense that it does not conduct enough research into different types of social roles in order to properly...
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...practices that foreground the instability inherent in the supposedly stable relationship between anatomical sex, gender, and sexual desire” (2003: 1). In other words, Queer Theory attempts to illustrate that these things do not always align in predetermined and/or normative ways, and it is perhaps misguided to assume that they should. Corber and Valocchi refer to this notion in their suggestion that Queer Theory focuses on forms of sexuality which fall ‘outside’ of the typical binaries (2003:1). Queer writer Annemarie Jagose states the Queer Theory works to destabilise the belief in ‘natural’ sexuality by exposing the incoherencies that occur within the varying relationships of sex, gender, and sexuality (1996: 3). By having an analytical framework which includes numerous modes of sex/gender/sexuality combinations, such as cross-dressing, sadomasochism, and androgyny, Queer Theory acts in critical relation to the hegemonic social norms through which traditional sexual identities are governed and accepted (Weed and Schor, 1997: vii). Theorist David Halperin (1997) suggests that numerous varying degrees of difference and interpretation exist within any given from of sexuality - for example, there exist both feminine male homosexuals and masculine male homosexuals, and so on. Related to this is one Queer Theory’s central claims, which wishes to state that femininity/masculinity have no necessarily explicit link to biologically sexed females/males. Corber and Valocchi suggest that...
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Application Exercise - II Developing communication for a new brand in skin cream category Submitted to - Prof. S Ramesh Kumar Group 17 Gunjan Kumar Prashant Gutch Kartik Yeleswaram Prashant Singh 1111344 1111345 1111348 1111362 Table of Contents 1. Category and Brand Information ........................................................................................... 2 1.1 Category summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Key Brands summary..................................................................................................................... 3 2. Category Analysis & Linkages to concepts ............................................................................. 4 3. Issues Identification ............................................................................................................... 6 4. Selection of Articles ............................................................................................................... 8 5. Addressing the issues using article ...................................................................................... 12 6. Recommendations for new brand communication ............................................................. 16 7. Process Employed ............................................................................................................... 17 8. References ..........
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...MASCULINITY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A VISUAL ARTIFACT Visual Culture Essay 2 Module 2 Wessel Viljoen 090029 Genieve Eloff Thursday 14h00 Word Count = 860 TABLE OF CONTENT Pages LIST OF FIGURES…………….....……………………………………………iii 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 What is Musculinism…………………………..………………………..1 1.2 Branded Masculinity…………………………………………………….1 2. MASCULINISM AND ADVERTISING………………………………………...2 3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..3 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………...4 LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig 1 Old Spice, The Man Your Man Could Smell Like, 2010. ………………….2 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is masculinism? Masculinity is a word that describes an idea generated by the media of what it entails to be a man. According to Cohen(2001:5) “a gender is formed by shared beliefs or models of gender that majority of society accepts as appropriate”. Gender ideals are socially constructed in specific historical and cultural context and changes over time and location. As identified by Brannon (1976) being a hegemonic masculine male entails four main themes: (i) No Sissy Stuff: men must never resemble women or display stereotypical characteristics of a woman. Kimmel (2001:35) suggests that “Homophobia is a centralised principle of our cultural definition of manhood.” (ii) The Big Wheel: the ability of real men to obtain wealth, fame, success and status. Typically determined by occupation. (iii) The Sturdy Oak: manliness...
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...Running Head: MEDICAL PLURALISM IN WESTERN SOCIETY 1 Course Project: Medical Pluralism in Western Society July 31st, 2015 Introduction & Objectives: Through the course of Health and Society, we explore different techniques and remedies for the use of individual’s health. We have come to an understanding that even in a Western society that is dominated by western biomedicine, there are still correspondence with alternative medicine and spiritual healing that is used when dealing with diseases and other related health illnesses. Since Canada has a multicultural society, individuals may visit doctors, psychologists, paediatrician, and physicians, and at other times we seek chiropractic solutions, relaxation techniques, massage, prayer, herbal therapies, special diets, folk remedies, acupuncture, yoga, or homeopathy in pursuit of having a healthier life. There is not always a conflict between non-western medicine and Western biomedicine. Though the two may have different forms, procedures, norms, regulations, and values, Canada has come to rely on both for a solution to their health. The process by which people take advantage of a variety of health techniques and strategies that are based on different models of health and healing is what has come to be known as medical pluralism. (Woronko) For the objective of the interview, I was tasked...
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...female subordinates, but power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender nonconformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to nonsupervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an equalizer against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. Interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender nonconformity and women’s authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings. Keywords inequality, gender, power, sexual harassment The term sexual harassment was not coined until the 1970s (Farley 1978), but formal organizational responses have since diffused rapidly (Dobbin and Kelly 2007; Schultz 2003). Today, sexual harassment workshops, policies, and grievance procedures are standard features of the human resources landscape, and a robust scholarly literature ties harassment to gender inequalities (Martin 2003) and other forms of workplace discrimination (Lopez, Hodson, and Roscigno 2009). Power,...
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...in every culture being male comes with its own expectations of being masculine. Men are violent and get rage easily. Men abuse women and rape them. A female murderer is a rare thing to come by, or so we think, because women are peace keepers and they are sweet and kind. Men are the bullies and the mean people. “There was, however, no correlation between testosterone and rated masculinity or attractiveness” (Peters, Simons, and Rhodes, 2008). There is a set of behaviors and rules that one is supposed to follow being a male. Leach also specifies that theories of masculinity must take into account the power roles that come with being masculine, otherwise the theories are incomplete. “Unlike the biological state of maleness, masculinity is a gender identity constructed socially, historically and politically. It is the cultural interpretation of maleness, learnt through participation in society and its institutions” (Leach, 2009). Chromosomes determine whether or not a person is born a male or female or combination. Society typically views males as the aggressors and bread winners, and we treat them as such. Because of this, the male is forced or pushed toward an identity with masculinity. He begins to believe and is...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1756-6266.htm Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts Fidelma Ashe University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK, and Gender and entrepreneurship 185 Lorna Treanor Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities...
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