...Of all the marvelous feats in Roman architecture, few rival the societal contributions of the Cloaca Maxima and the system of Aqueducts. Sanitation in early Roman society was far from adequate. With the lack of any significant drainage system, human and animal waste alike covered the streets and flooding among low lying areas of the city was substantial . The issue of water was also prevalent. The city suffered from a lack of fresh water flow that not only led to an extreme shortage of drinkable water, but also to a stagnation of the city’s waste . Rome was in desperate need of a system that both provided water free from pollution for consumption and also supplied a constant flow to the various public baths, toilets, fountains, and private households. The Great Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated in his collection “Roman Antiquities” that “The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains .” Dionysius’ statement certainly rang true. The commissioning of the roman aqueducts as well as the construction and expansion of the Cloaca Maxima were vital to the improved sanitation in Rome. To understand how important these two architectural feats were to the Roman people, it is necessary to first understand the state of Roman sanitation before major expansions to the aqueducts and sewage system. Most Romans relied heavily on limited local sources like springs and...
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...The main epochal innovation of the early modern period that marked the nineteenth century, was the development of navigational related techniques that allowed for the discovery of America and of an all-water route to the Orient (Cameron & Neal, 2003). These feats were considered some of the greatest events ever recorded and played a large part in economic history. One of the first fundamental innovations was the significant developments in steam engine technology, which allowed for many different contributions. This included lighter, stronger metals, more precise tools, and a better sense of scientific knowledge, including mechanics, calorimetry, metallography, the theory of gases and also the embryonic science of thermodynamics. It also led to the use of steam engines to propel steamboats and locomotives, and thereby, increasing the efficiency of engines greatly (Cameron & Neal, 2003). The expansion of the steel industry also had a large impact. Steel rails, which were used for railways, lasted much longer and were also safer than iron rails. Steel plates that were used in the process of shipbuilding produced larger, lighter, and faster ships. Steel beams also made it possible to construct skyscrapers as well as many other structures. Another innovations which furthered economic development was transportation and communication. In terms of transportation, railways offered a cheap and fast way to transfer goods and people, and steamships also played a major role...
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...Irrigation Systems Irrigation systems are a huge part of our society with farming, cities, or professional parks including golf courses. The term irrigation literally means to supply the land or crops with water by means of pipes, sprinklers, ditches, or streams. An irrigation system is suppose to apply the water without causing any soil erosion, excessive water loss, or reduction in water quality. There are many different kinds of irrigation systems that perform different tasks and that apply water differently to the land. One type of system is called a Ditch Irrigation. This is more of a traditional method by using ditches to channel the water through pipes to water the crops. That’s just one of the many different kinds that I will get to later. The science behind an irrigation system is incredible. When we use water in places like an industry or even our homes, about 90% of the water used is eventually returned to the environment where it replenishes water sources and can be used for other purposes. However, when water is used in an irrigation system, only about half of the water can be reused. The other half is lost due to evaporation, evapotranspiration, or is lost due to leaking pipes. “For 2005, total irrigation withdrawals were about 128,000 million gallons per day or 144,000 thousand acre-feet per year”(IrrigationWaterUse). The definition of an irrigation system is “a sprinkler irrigation system is a planned system in which all necessary components have been installed...
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...The exact dates of the Middle Ages are misleading, Historians place the beginning of the period between the death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 395 and the fall of Rome to the Goths in 410. Also known as The Dark Ages, the term may be more a judgment than an actual period of history, because of the lack of available sources that could be used evaluate the period were lost or destroyed due to years of war and insurrection. After the fall of Rome in 410, life changed dramatically. The aqueducts that once delivered fresh water to citizens fell to ruin because maintenance was no longer funded, and even worse, the once great architectural marvels were harvested by peasants to build their homes. As well, the complex system of waste removal...
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...Revolutions 159 Revolutions 1688-1815 Chapter 15 W Louis XIV’s bedroom in Versailles. Each day officially began with a ceremony of getting him out of bed, his “rising,” and ended with a similar retiring ceremony at night. The small fence was to keep the onlookers at a safe distance, somewhat like a fence at a zoo. hen William and Mary ascended to the British throne in 1688 it was hailed as “the Glorious Revolution” for no blood had been shed and the British had a nation with greater political freedom than any other in Europe. Their ascent to the throne was quickly followed by a Declaration of Rights which guaranteed things like trial by jury and parliamentary representation to all British citizens. John Locke, the author and philosopher who supplied much of the intellectual foundation of the glorious resolution wrote in his Second Treatise on Government: “Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men…” Locke further contended that the role of government is to preserve these rights and that the power of government is a result of the individual citizens collectively agreeing to be ruled. In July of 1776 Thomas Jefferson would modify Locke’s treatment of natural...
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...............................5 2. Lubricants in manufacturing processes.............................................................5 2.1 Mineral oils...............................................................................................................................5 2.2 Synthetic lubricants..................................................................................................................6 2.3 Boundary lubricants – natural oils and fats........................................................................6 3. Health issues...................................................................................................7 4. Old methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment.................................7 5. Modern methods of Lubricant removal and waste treatment. ........................7 6. Comparison of old and new.............................................................................8 7. Environmental impact of lubricants. ...............................................................8 8. Coolants in the manufacturing process............................................................9 9. Environmental impact of coolants. .................................................................10 10....
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...technologies. Hemodialysis as a routine treatment for renal failure was introduced in the late 1970s. The recognition for the need for immunosuppression in the transplantation and the lack of availability of transplant in the 1960s enabled it to become the preferred treatment for many patients. Definition Dialysis is the movement of fluid and molecules across a semipermeable membrane from one compartment to another. Clinically dialysis is a technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and in to a dialysis solution called dialysate. Historical Evolution in the Field Of Dialysis * It was the romans first used a form of dialysis therapy by using hot bath to patients to remove urea. The action of the hot water made the patient sweat profusely and this, together with the toxins diffusing through the skin in to the bath water, would temporarily relives symptoms * In 1854 the first time the term dialysis was used by Thomas Graham...
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...International Research Journal of Business and Management – IRJBM ISSN 2322-083X Indian Technology and Globalization: A New Wrapper on Old Context Soma Bandyopadhyay Department of Computer Science and Engineering MCKV Institute of Engineering Howrah, India Basab Bandyopadhyay Department of Civil Engineering Professional Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata, India Abstract The objective of this paper is to explain the meaning of Globalization and to explore the impact of globalization in Indian context. Our study has two major goals: To analyse the globalization process before and after independence and to describe the main features of the Indian software industry, especially its competence and weakness. The study also reveals the trade and investment policies of the Government of India and its effects on Foreign Direct Investment. We have also done comparative study between Indian and Chinese economy, their strength and challenges. Keywords—Globalization; FDI; India; IT; China; Economic Policy; Industry; Technology. Introduction Globalization is a natural phenomenon of today’s world economies. However in the Indian perspective the globalization of its economy in general and science and technology in particular has taken varied course on its way to modern times. The key feature of this paper is to trace its path through the different periods, with special emphasis on the evolution of science and technology during this course. Different government policies adopted...
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...than just fire suppression, now these dedicated individuals are trained to rescue people, control hazardous materials, perform fire prevention duties, and attend to the injured. Many people think that the fire service is a fairly modern idea due to the industrial revolution. Some researchers have said that firefighting was first started and organized in ancient Egypt. There is evidence of firefighting machinery was used in Ancient Egypt, including a water pump that was developed by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the third century BC which was later improved upon in a design by Hero of Alexandria in the first century BC. One of the first well documented fire brigade or suppression team was the ones of the Roman Empire. The Roman emperor Augustus is credited with instituting a corps of fire-fighting "watchmen" in 24 BC. Regulations for checking and preventing fires were developed. The first Roman fire brigade of which we have any substantial history was created by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Marcus Licinius Crassus was born into a wealthy Roman family around the year 115 BC, and acquired an enormous fortune through "fire and rapine." One of his most lucrative schemes took advantage of the fact that Rome had no...
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...Section 1 Medicine and treatment Chapter 3: Extension study: Medicine and public health from Roman Britain to c1350 3.1 The Romans and approaches to medicine Exam practice question 1 (page 17) The Romans believed that disease was caused by an imbalance in the Four Humours. They believed that the body was made up of black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm, and that too much or not enough of one of these would cause illness. A fever, for example, showed that you had too much blood. This belief was developed by Galen from the work of Hippocrates, an Ancient Greek doctor. The Romans also believed that bad air could cause disease. They thought it was important to build cities and settlements away from swamps and marshes. This would have helped them avoid diseases like malarias which were caused by mosquitoes, but they didn’t understand why. The Romans also believed that dirt and sedentary lifestyles caused disease, because they encouraged the population to bathe regularly and exercise in the bath house. However, they would not have understood why this kept people healthy. Exam practice question 2 (page 18) In some ways the influence of Hippocrates on Roman medicine was extremely important. Hippocrates’s teachings included the theory of the four humours, which taught that the body was made up of four elements and too much of one of these would cause illness. He also taught the importance of clinical observation: watching a patient very carefully and keeping detailed...
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...UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE NAME MUTUNGURA LEWIS REG # R101789N PROGRAMME HBBS4 (FINANCE AND BANKING) COURSE TITLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT COURSE CODE BS404 QUESTION: Illustrate fully using practical examples the existence of project work in the different projects environments in Zimbabwe in particular and world-wide in general. Project work is undertaken in a variety of environments and D Roman has categorized these environments into commercial, government, military and multi environment. Projects are characterised into these environments based on complexity, uncertainty and unpredictability. Projects typically require the resources and coordinated work effort of multiple people, subunits and organisations, which is the project manager, project team, suppliers, subcontractors, vendors, top management and top management and the customer. Risk is unavoidable in project environment and like-hood of a minor or major crisis is always greater than in non-project situations. According to Nicholas and Steyn (2008), 90 % by value of all projects are carried out in the multi-project environments. Like any other nation, all the forms of project environments exist in Zimbabwe. Notable projects that have been undertaken are the construction of the massive Kariba Dam and Hydro-electricity generation unit in the 1950s which took 6 years and the construction of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe which was completed in 1996. Commercial Environment A couple of projects of a commercial nature have...
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...are the workaholic type of person, then take this as an advice – you need more than sleep and right diet. Undergoing a spa treatment at least once a week can give you a relaxed feeling and it can also give you mental comfort. But what is a spa anyway? Spa is a treatment that’s more close to a water treatment or balneotherapy (bath treatment). If you will notice, most of spa houses and resorts also offer health remedies and treatments. There are also various types of spa, depending on the health benefits it gives. Here are some of the known spas: Ayurvedic spa, Club spa, Cruise Ship spa, Day spa, Dental spa, Garden spa, and Medical spa and Mineral Springs spa. The use of spa treatment dates back in the pre historic -times, when people had to travel in hot or cold springs, hoping to be cured on certain ailments. There was a case that Bronze Age weapons and offerings were found in hot springs in countries France and Czech Republic. Romans, Native Americans, Egyptians, Persians and Babylonians even believe that spa is one way to one’s physical and spiritual sanctification. Ritual ceremonies and bathing rituals are done in a spring or well. While in Greek and Roman times, spa has been well-known for relaxation and personal hygiene. Small bathtubs, basins and baths for foot are just few of the tools used back then for personal cleanliness. In the early times, people who belonged in the upper class would have spa treatments using precious tools like bathtubs made up...
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...Problem Stormwater runoff can be defined as “…the water that flows over the land from rainfall during or after a storm event or as a result of snowmelt” (Pyzorha 1994). Generally, part of this runoff will be absorbed through infiltration, while the rest will make its way to streams and lakes. As watersheds experience an increase in urbanization, however, impervious coverage increases, thereby reducing infiltration. Reduced infiltration increases the possibility and intensity of flooding (Booth and Jackson 1997), as well as the likelihood that runoff will become contaminated with pollutants, thereby threatening aquatic ecosystems. The relationship between watershed urbanization and aquatic ecosystem conditions...
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...Mga Piling Linya sa Tula na Ginamitan ng Tayutay 1. Animang Pantig •Kung ano ang buhay, siyang kamatayan... Ang hirap ko’y alam ng iyong kariktan tapatin mo lamang yaring karaingan At bigyan ng buhay, ang pag-asang patay! --Oksimoron (www.tagaloglang.com) •Siya ang berdugo Na bahid ng dugo Hawak ay gatilyo Dugo’y kumukulo. --Metapora Berdugo ni Greg Bituin •Palaman ko ay margarin Kaya malinamnam ito Para akong nasa bangin Ng paglayang pangarap ko. --Simile Pandesal ni Greg Butuin 2. Waluhang Pantig •Ang pag-ibig ko sa iyo ay lansones na malasa Ganyan din ang pagsinta mong may lamukot na ligaya. --Metapora Parang Buto ng Lansones •Ngunit ang suyuang iyan kapag naging paglililo Parang buto ng lansones sa sinumpang paraiso! --Simile Parang Buto ng Lansones •Bawat hukay, bawat libing Ay isa lang pintong bukas Na patungo sa lupaing Maligaya't walang wakas. --Sinekdoke Bawat Hukay (http://panitikan.hostingsiteforfree.com/criticism/mulasatradisyontungosakongregasyon.htm) 3. Labindalawahing Pantig •May isang lupain sa dakong silangan Na nag-aalaga ay sikat ng araw kaya napatanyag ay sa kagandahan at napabalita sa magandang asal. --Hyperbole (Panitikang Pambata) •Habang nagduruyan ang buwang ninikat sa lundo ng kanyang sinutlang liwanag, isakay mo ako gabing mapamihag sa mga pakpak mong humahalimuyak. --Apostrope (Panitikang Pambata) •Ang puso'y lumukso sa pagkakakita nitong bahagharing pagkaganda-ganda. --Personipikasyon (Panitikang...
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...Wine - historical & Archaeological OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: Archeological studies of alcohol can provide deep insight into societies past and present. Around the world and throughout time, humans demonstrate a nearly universal proclivity towards alcoholic beverages. As cultural anthropologist David Mandelbaum writes, cultural attitudes towards alcohol vary around the world from adoration to proscription of drink, but there are few cultures [1]that completely ignore alcohol (Mandelbaum 1965: 281). Distillation of hard spirits happened only in recent times and for much of human history, wine and beer[2] were the only alcoholic beverages available for common consumption (if a bar or tavern was present in a particular culture). Archeological evidence shows that while during the last 10,000 years alcohol consumption was common, it was also uniquely culturally contextual. Dutch archeologist Marijke Van der Veen claims that “[studying] the production, preparation, consumption, and disposal can help identify the social context of food” (Van der Veen 2006: 407). A more traditional archeological approach focuses less on the production of food due to its “transient nature”.[3] Ethnographic research can provide more information about consumption practices as can historic sources, but we need more information from actual artifacts found at sites around the world. With artifacts, we can provide a more conclusive picture of how different cultures produced, consumed, valued or...
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