...ARTH304 Art of Japan Final Exam To Mrs. Pia Brancaccio June 13th, 2013 1. Please select two works of Buddhist art from the Early Heian Period and explain: a. The political transition from Nara to Heian period. b. The religious changes we see taking place in Japan during this time. c. The main features of Buddhist art and architecture in the early part of the Heian period. Please include in your discussion an explanation on how these works of art and architecture were used by religious practitioners. Works selected: • Interior of the kondo, Kanshinji, Osaka, fig.151, page125 • Taizokai (Womb World) of Ryokai Mandara, fig.152, page126 The Heian period (794-1185) takes its name from the new capital established in 794 at Heian, or Capital of Peace and Tranquility, a variation on the Tang Chinese capital’s name of Chang’an (Everlasting Peace). The shift in power from the Buddhist community back into the hands of the powerful aristocratic family is fully realized early this period (794-951). Buddhism was allowed only a limited presence within the capital itself, reorients itself into esoteric cults focused on complex philosophies and rituals as well as into more populist “saviour” movement that helped for the first time spread the religion widely amongst the common people.One of the major events of the Early Heian period, the introduction into Japan of Tendai and Shingon Buddhism was precipitated by the loss of direction on the part of the Buddhism community that had led to the...
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...I.A. The text, “Fujiwara and Murakami Genji as Assistants to Emperors” was written by Chikafusa, a couple of years after the Period Kamakura Japan (1180 to 1133) and went into the Kenmu Restoration period. This period was marked by the rise of militarism that attempted to make Japan a centralized government. During this time the imperial line remained unchallenged and exercised a vast amount of power. In 1333, the Kamakura shogunate was overthrown by warrior forces and Go-Daigo became the emperor . Go-Daigo belonged to a branch of the Fuijiwara house. He believed that the overthrow of the shogunate was a sign to revive what he believed was the most efficient form of government, the direct imperial rule. This period marked by imperial restoration was called “Kenmu Restoration” and lasted until 1336. As competition for power and land rose, the government was unable to stabilize the country. Two key figures Nitta Yoshida and Ashikaga Takauji were the faces to the struggle for power. Since they could not reach consensus Japan was split in two and the “War Between the Northern (Kyoto) and the Southern (Yoshino) Court,” began. Chikafusa did not play a major role in the Kenmu Restoration but did rally for support for the Southern Court among the eastern warriors. Coming from a high-ranking noble family and prominent minister at court, Chikafusa wrote was the author of Jinnō Shōtōki. This work, also known as “Chronicle of the Legitimate Succession of Divines Sovereigns...
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...what led to the magnificence of Chusonji. The low regard the aristocracy felt toward the northern Fujiwara is shown in several stories.2 After establishing the capital, Kiyohira was appointed to command six additional outlying districts, which further consolidated his power and authority.3 This allowed him access to local gold mines, natural resources, and land which could be used to build Chusonji. During this time, Kyoto was changing. The insei government had taken hold, starting a period in which aristocrats that were members of the Pure Land sect of Buddhism funded many temples. This was probably an influence when Kiyohira was planning the complex at Chusonji. 4 One of forty original buildings, and one of the two extant, the Konjikido is a simple building. The elaborate façade and symbolic meanings of prior temples, such as the Phoenix Hall of Byōdōin, seem to be gone, replaced by a gilt covered façade. The structure itself however, seems to be similar to that of the Nara period,5 and structures like the Hokkedō at Tōdaji. The roof is a simple cone-shape, with a decorative golden sphere at...
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...A knight, cowboy, and a samurai were not just fighters, but also warriors that followed an unwritten code of conduct. A Japanese warrior who follows a code of chivalry is a Samurai. The origin of “The Tales of the Heike” was believed to be written down by priests as a collection of stories. The text is a reflection of the conflict between two clans the Genji and the Heike. The Heike clan holds all the power at the beginning, but by the final blow the Genji clan defeats the Heike clan. The story not only shows the struggle between the two clans, but also represents the code of Bushido that a Samurai followed in life. The text “The Tales of the Heike” gives examples of a Samurai that abides to “The Bushido Code: The Eight Virtues of the Samurai.” Four of those virtues practiced in the text are rectitude, benevolence, loyalty, courage. Rectitude is deciding one’s way of conduct without wavering like choosing to fight or dying. A samurai within the text named Atsumori reflects this virtue in his last moments of life. Atsumori and Kumagae are fighting, and Kumagae has pinned Atsumori down getting ready to strike. Kumagae tries to get Atsumori to tell him his name and to tell him that he will make sure prayers for his salvation are said, but Atsumori replies, “‘Just take my head and be quick about it!’” (1302). Atsumori embodies rectitude with him sticking by his way of conduct instead of choosing to see if he could get Kumagae to let him go and he chooses to die knowing that his time...
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...Artistic evolutions occur throughout the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, altogether spanning from 1185 to 1550. Both eras demonstrate interests regarding the past, Buddhist principles, and tradition but have different influences. Beginning the Kamakura period, the war between the Taira and the Minamoto families concludes in 1185, resulting in the significant work Tale of the Heike (Varley, 91). The Tale of the Heike reflects the developing value towards documenting and reflecting on the past, as well as ongoing nationalism (Varley, 91). It continues acting as a guideline for further historical documentation (Varley, 108). Buddhism also continues holding significance to society, with new medieval aesthetics and Kamo no Chomei's publication Hōjōki (Varley, 92; 93). The Buddhist path towards Amida Pure Land expresses light pessimism about negative life events and "deprived beauty" (Varley, 92; 93). One major negativity Buddhism expresses is...
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...A knight, cowboy, and a samurai were not just fighters, but also warriors that followed an unwritten code of conduct. A samurai a japanese warrior that is described in many tales their code of chivalry. The origin of the “The Tales of the Heike” was believed to be written down by priests as a collection of stories. The text is a reflection of the conflict between two clans the Genji and the Heike. The Heike clan holds all the power at the beginning but by the final blow the Genji clan defeats the Heike clan. The story not only show the struggle between the two clans, but also represents the code of Bushido that samurai’s followed in life. The text “The Tales of the Heike” gives examples of Samurai that abides to “The Bushido Code: The Eight Virtues of the Samurai.” Four of those virtues practiced in the text are rectitude, benevolence, loyalty, courage. Rectitude deciding one’s way of conduct without wavering like choosing to fight or dying. A samurai within the text named Atsumori reflects this virtue in his last moments of life. Atsumori and Kumagae are fighting and Kumagae has pinned Atsumori down getting ready to strike. Kumage tries to get Atsumori to tell him his name and to tell him that he will make sure prayers for his salvation are said, but Atsumori replies, “‘Just take my head and be quick about it!’” (1302). Atsumori embodies rectitude with him sticking by his way of conduct instead of choosing to see if he could get Kumagae to let him go he choose dying knowing that...
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...order to understand the development of Heian Culture and thus the dawn of Japanese culture, one needs to understand the sources available. One of the incredible things about the Heian era is the availability of primary sources that we have access to for study: diaries, books of poetry and literary works. Already, the imprint of the women in the Heian era leaps into the forefront of the research. In no other time period prior to the 16th Century did an entire class of women create such literature and poetry as the Heian noble women, and certainly not in such a publicly acceptable manner. While there were a few women poets and novelists in Europe during the same era, early medieval society did not encourage it. (See Appendix C for comparative timeline) In many European societies the freedom to read and write did not really become acceptable until a woman was widowed, particularly if she was of the royal or noble class (Bittle, 2002). This almost obsessive desire to chronicle their lives has made the works created by Heian woman vital resources in the preservation of Japanese early history. Calligraphy, music and poetry comprised much of the Heian woman’s education and with these she was considered able to hold her own with men and other women alike (Morris, 1994). “First you must study penmanship. Next you must...
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... The Daiitoku Myoo “King of Wisdom” was an important figure to the Heian period of Japan during the late 12th century and followed along with the idea of Buddhism and the continuation of Japanese styled art. During the development of Japan culture the Japanese went through many eras of changes in art and religion that led up and developed the Heian period. These eras were called the Jomon period which dated between 10,500-300 B.C. during this era clay ceramics were used especially in the northeastern portion of Japan, the Yamai period also used clay figurines. The Kofun Period was different because the “Government had developed centralized and could control the flow of resources from outlying regions to its center near Nara on the island of honshu”(Pearson Richards 5). They establishment of Haji made with a coil and slab technique. In the Asuka period they started importing three colored ware from china. However once Japan developed into the 8th century (Heian period) the establishment of dark color and green ware were seen in Japanese culture art work. Now what was the Heian period? There were to different era’s of this time the early Heian period and the late Heian era. The earlier stage of the Heian era is characterized by “attempts to the incorporate Chinese influence”(Shoten18). There was a distinct difference in the later Heian era regarding the style of the Japanese art. The works of the early Heian era were dominated by the iconography of Esoteric Buddhism. They were...
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...Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji was immensely popular among the author's contemporaries in Heian Japan. With the sound of flute and koto music over the pond and dragon boats under the harvest moon, this yearly festival at Daikaku-ji is as close as it gets to the courtly pastimes of Genji's day. Murasaki wrote the Tale in 54 separate books which were avidly read by well-bred ladies of the time, as we know from the memoir As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams (Sarashina Nikki), written by Lady Sarashina. There had never been anything like it. Up to that point, Japanese literature had consisted mostly of collections of poetry written in the borrowed Kanji script of China. Prose was limited to fairy tales and a couple of memoirs written in the new phonetic syllabary known as kana. No one had ever written a novel, let alone a novel with character development and a complex plot. The Heian period lasted from A.D. 794-1185. The emperor had moved the capital to Nagaoka from its previous location at Nara (then known as Heijo-kyo), to escape the overbearing influence of the Kegon sect of Buddhism. Ten years later, in 794, it was shifted again to Kyoto (Heian-kyo). It was a peaceful era with the emperor acting largely as a figurehead and centre of ceremonial activities while the real political power lay in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, the power behind the throne for 500 years. Heian Society The society depicted in the Tale is one of an elite group of aristocrats - perhaps...
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...Ancient Literature (until 764)- “Nara Period” (AD 710 to 794) * Kan’ji- Logographic Chinese Characters which is first writing system used by Japanese that was introduce by Chinese. * Kana- are syllabic Japanese scripts, a part of the Japanese writing system contrasted with the logographic Chinese characters known in Japan as kanji. * 3 Kana Scripts: * Man’yogana- (old syllabic) * Katakana- (modern angular) * Hiragana – (modern cursive) * IMPORTANT LITERATURES * Kojiki- ("An Account of Ancient Matters") (711-712) a historical record that also chronicles ancient Japanese mythology and folk songs. * Ō no Yasumaro (Died on August 15, 723) was a Japanese nobleman, bureaucrat, and chronicler. * Empress Genmei (Genmei-tennō 660 – December 29, 721), also known as Empress Genmyō, was the 43rd monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession * Urashima Tarō is a Japanese legend. * Nihon Shoki - sometimes translated as “The Chronicles of Japan”, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history. * Fudoki-refer to the oldest records called Kofudoki written in the Nara period. * Rikkokushi-is a general term for Japan's six national histories. * Shoku Nihongi-is an imperially commissioned Japanese history text. B. Classical literature (794–1185) “Heian period” -Golden era of art and Literature. * Kogo Shūi is a historical record of the Inbe clan of Japan written in the early Heian period (794–1185). * IMPORTANT LITERATURES...
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...The most Intense Transit periods Concerning what this period is set to bring you on a professional level I can already let you know that this Transit will be one of the most intense and beneficial periods of your entire career. This period will allow you to really take off and make great advances in your career and I have a lot of things to tell you about this period so let me start with this first piece of news... As I told you in my initial pre-reading for you, this period will mark a moment of victory on a professional level. What I sensed about you initially has largely been confirmed and it appears that this victory is in direct relation with new openings and a development towards foreign countries. To be a little more precise about this Transit, you will have a bright idea that you don't yet even suspect and this idea will become very important for you as it will be transformed into a veritable challenge which will help you distinguish yourself and to shine professionally. This idea concerns a project which you have had in mind for a long time now and which you care a great deal about or this may be an old idea in fact which resurfaces. At any rate, I can see that it is something you have already thought about but which hasn't come to anything yet because it quite simply hasn't been the right moment yet. Well, I can tell you that the moment WILL come during this period. I can also see that this project will greatly evolve in comparison to what you have in mind...
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...that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements. Date of the financial statements means the end of the most recent accounting period for which financial statements are being presented. It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of the loss. b. The amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. According to ASC 450-20-25-2, M International should accrue the liability for the loss contingency and disclose the liability within their year-end December 31, 2007 financial statements. ASC 450-20-30-1 determines what amount should be accrued and disclosed if both conditions are met in ASC 450-20-25-2. ASC 450-20-30-1 specifies that: If some amount within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, that amount shall be accrued. Therefore, M International should record the $17 million as the liability for the contingency because it is the most likely amount within the range of $15 million to $20 million. 2. For the year-end December 31, 2009, financial statements, should M adjust its liability? If so, what amount should be recorded; and should the amount of the adjustment be considered a 2009 event or a prior period adjustment? M International should adjust the liability it accrued for the contingency due to ASC 450-20-50-3, which states: Disclosure of the contingency shall be...
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...contentment. Because the desert did not provide the necessary food items to endure particular seasons, the O’odham for example traveled up the mountain in winter to a permanent water source such as a spring. In the summer months, the people would travel to arroyo mouths where they would construct brush dams to prevent flood runoff from ruining their varieties of corn, melons, tepary beans, squash and other crops. Harvest would therefore run around October and November months that would typically yield 1/5th of the O’odhams yearly food supply. When they were not seasonally traveling, the people of the desert would farm and gather wild foods such as cholla buds which nourished you before planting could start, pear fruits, mesquite, agave, and...
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... |Guardian | | | | |Employee Coverage |Employee Coverage | |$10.00 per pay period ($20.00 per month) for my coverage under the |$16.78 per pay period ($33.56 per month) for my coverage under the | |Group Health Insurance Plan. |Group Health Insurance Plan. | | | | |Employee and Spouse Coverage |Employee and Spouse Coverage | |$179.22 per pay period ($358.44 per month) for coverage of myself and |$34.27 per pay period ($68.54 per month) for coverage of myself and | |my spouse under the Group Health Insurance Plan. |my spouse under the Group Health Insurance Plan. | | | | |Employee and Child(ren) Coverage |Employee and Child(ren)...
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...day 51? 3. Given the project network and baseline information below, complete the form to develop a status report for the project at the end of period 4 and the end of period 8. From the data you have collected and computed for periods 4 and 8, what information are you prepared to tell the customer about the status of the project at the end of period 8? (See template below for Exercise 13-3) Ch13 Ex1,2,3,4 Templates EV.doc 1 of 6 10/10/2011 12:31 PM Earned Value Exercises Ch13 Ex1,2,3,4 Templates EV.doc 2 of 6 10/10/2011 12:31 PM Earned Value Exercises End of Period 4 Task Actual % Complete A B C D E Finished 50% 33% 0% 0% EV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ AC 300 1000 500 0 0 ____ PV 400 800 600 ____ ____ ____ CV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ SV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Cumulative Totals End of Period 8 Task A B C D E F Actual % Complete Finished Finished Finished 25% 33% 0% Cumulative Totals EV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ AC 300 2200 1500 300 300 0 ____ PV 400 2400 1500 0 ____ ____ ____ CV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ SV ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Ch13 Ex1,2,3,4 Templates EV.doc 3 of 6 10/10/2011 12:31 PM Earned Value Exercises 4. Given the following project network, baseline, and status information, develop status reports for periods 2, 4, 6, 8 and complete the performance indexes table. Calculate the EACf and the VACf. Based on your data, what is your assessment of the current...
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