...Environmental Injustice in Mississippi Lisa Matthews Something stinks in Mississippi, and it’s not the high number of hog farms that are in that state although those swine farms do have something to do with it. A recent study found something alarming and frankly sickening; the location of pig farms in correlation to neighborhoods that were primarily African-American and low-income families. Mississippi is one of the poorest states in the country, but due to its ample land the swine industry is one of its biggest suitors. When many of the nations large-scale packers went out of business, companies like Bryan Foods increased its packaging business in the state. The swine industry is booming in Mississippi. But what does that do for the residents who live near these farms? Think of the implications? Have you every driven by a swine farm? I have, and I want to get away from the area as quickly as possibly, I cannot imagine having to live near one. In the 1990’s Mississippi had just two swine farms that housed over 1,000 animals, but in a ten year period that number jumped to 60. That’s a lot of pigs! Citizens are concerned and rightly so. Research has proven that pork production can be harmful to the ecosystem and to humans. Hog waste is collected and stored in deep pits, cesspools and lagoons. Hog waste releases gasses that include: * Ammonia * Hydrogen sulfide * Volatile organic compounds * Particulates These contaminates can cause many health problems...
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...of jobs and 70% of GDP production in countries like India. Are these results perverse, i.e. contrary to the accepted or expected norm? Looking specifically at cities in Ghana and Pakistan, while economic policies must take some blame for the lack of industrialisation, the rise and perseverance of an informal sector results of the confrontational and antagonising policies taken against rural to urban migration, which itself was misunderstood by authorities. More recent research proves that while the informal sector remains as prominent, it is not incompatible with the development of industry. The traditional explanation of migration towards cities (rural-urban migration) is laid out by Lewis in a model that emphasises how the economy goes through structural change. The Lewis model assumes a dualistic economy, where a productive industrial/manufacturing sector sets wages WM at the marginal product of labour contrasts with an unproductive agricultural sector that follows an average product rule. Following classical economics, the industrial production process involves the input of capital such as machines to...
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...are in fact a trivial amount when considering the wealth within developed nations; he successfully draws our attention to the solution of “our” wealth in addition to the problem of “their” poverty. His suggestions for economic development hold the assumption that developing nations cannot be left to see their own economic result; therefore, charity-centric economic models are his ideal solution to global poverty. Though Sachs’ work successfully illustrates an innate economic interconnectedness between the developed and developing world in regards to the relationship between international organizations, government agencies, donors, and domestic citizens, he does not completely explore the implications of this interconnectedness on the success or failure of foreign development aid. Munk illustrates that Sachs does not adequately prepare for inherent problems such as failing legal devices, political incoherence, and inefficient capital accumulation. Further, Sachs does not sufficiently address the prevailing cultural, social and educational disparities and how this affects the implementation of Western economic models, as well as the lack of formal property rights systems in the legal sector of the economy, leading to the norm of using extralegal markets. Through Nina Munk’s observations of Sachs’ idealist, charity-centered approach to foreign development aid, the importance of inciting inclusive, culturally- compatible...
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...developed a near consensus among economists especially those linked to the Chicago School of Thought that laissez-faire capitalism was the dominant economic system and that deviation from it was untenable and unsustainable. The argument was that in order to achieve a modicum of development all countries must dedicate themselves to establishing fully liberalized economic, political and cultural systems in which the state plays a minimal role or simply put that of an adjudicator. The rise in what came to be popularly known as the free market economy owed/s much to the failure of the economic models based on extensive state intervention (this was particularly so after the Second World War) to deliver adequate levels of prosperity or security as was signified following the fall of the Soviet Union. As will be argued in this paper using theories from Peter Berger (1985) and Hernando De Soto this apparent logic, especially as far as it was provided as the panacea for rapid economic growth for newly independent African countries including Zimbabwe in the 1990s (Dr. Bernard Chidzero instigated and designed structural adjustment program) is profoundly perverse as much as was the case with the prescriptions coined under the modernization theory. It will be concluded in this paper that any move by the...
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...History 347 1/27/15 Native American Hunter/Gatherer/Fisher Peoples * Upon migration from Eurasia, all American indians were hgf. Most ag peoples supplemented diets with hgf * This substinence strategy structured many aspects of Indians lives and societies * Its effectiveness and long term viability were shaped by techno, demographics, and sociopolitical relationships Where did NA hunt gather and fish? * Everywhere * Heavy reliant * Pacific coast * Great lakes * Great plains How did hgf peoples obtain food? Some consequences * Mobility * Seasonality of food * Annual migration cycles * Wild plants and animals * Lack of domestication=reduced disease resistance * Acquired immunity * Genetic immunity How did this subsistence strategy structure society? * Clan size=small * Flat social structure=not hierarchical * Kinship unites bands * Loose affiliations * Gendered division of labor * Usufruct property rights=right to use, not to own How did Pawnee Indians rely on hgf lifeways? Where did Plains people come from? * Clovis peoples arrive on Plains 9,000 BC * Plains people/culture emerge from these early arrivals * Simultaneously other culture groups emerge across the Americas * Each defined by culture, language, geographic boundaries, etc How did the Plains peoples mode of production develop? * 9000 BC = Climate Warms * Bison hunting flourishes on...
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...National University of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy PP5145 Political Economy of Reform Special Term 2014 – 2015 (as at 8 April 2015) (Tentative) Instructor: Office: Phone: Email: Website: YEE, (Henry) Wai-Hang, Ph.D. Li Ka Shing Building 02-03 6516 5832 sppywh@nus.edu.sg http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/Faculty_Yee_Wai_Hang.aspx Class Hours: Office Hours: Monday 14:00 – 17:00; Thursday 14:00 – 17:00 By appointment Course Description Public managers need to master the skills of not only managing organizations but also managing projects, programs, and particularly larger-scale policy reforms. Good understanding of the political economy embedded in policy and administrative reforms are thus essential. This course examines the political-economic dynamics embedded in the reform process from an institutional perspective. It is a master–level course designed for practitioners in the field of public administration and public policy. It discusses strategies for achieving and enhancing reform outcomes. Theories and practices proposed by academics and practitioners will be drawn on as learning resources for the class. Class Format To achieve a high level of synergy and make the most out of our classroom meetings, I expect students to learn from both the instructor and one another in the class. Each of our class will be divided into 2 parts. In the first part, I will begin by giving a general introduction of the assigned readings. Then...
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...notes and issues The Full Spectrum of Real Estate Risk Analysis1 by Gary P. Taylor, MAI, SRA, and William E. Endsley he full spectrum of real estate risk analysis begins with the traditional banking infrastructures needed to fund property development and economic growth. The spectrum extends to the newer securitization products and property rating systems being developed to accelerate growth in mature economies. This spectrum also includes developing economies, economies in crisis, and economies in transition. Without a plan to spread rational and transparent capital development to every area of the world, economic uncertainty and threats to security will spread instead. Most importantly, the real estate spectrum includes a diverse group of citizens, governments, civil societies, and corporations that share power, often in inequitable ways. This paper looks at the role of the independent real estate valuer in examining the current distribution of the wavelengths that make up the continuum of real estate and capital markets. It examines the strands that make up this spectrum and offers suggestions for strengthening these individual strands and thereby amplifying the whole. Independent, ethical, and informed real estate valuers must analyze the full spectrum of real estate risks to protect the assets of a global public and help ensure an equitable sharing of economic power in the future. Spectrum Analyzers “Common spectrum analyzer measurements include frequency, power...
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...Pig From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Pig A domestic sow and her piglet. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Artiodactyla Family: Suidae Subfamily: Suinae Genus: Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Species See text A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig, its ancestor the wild boar, and several other wild relatives. Pigs are omnivores and are highly social and intelligent animals. Contents [hide] 1 Description and behaviour 2 Distribution 3 Diet and foraging 4 Relationship with humans 5 Species 6 Domestic pigs 7 Cultural and religious reference to pigs 8 Environmental impacts 9 Health issues 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Description and behaviour A typical pig has a large head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip.[1] The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is a very acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each foot, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft ground.[2] The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.3 in each jaw, giving...
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...A Short History of the Washington Consensus John Williamson Senior Fellow, Institute for International Economics Paper commissioned by Fundación CIDOB for a conference “From the Washington Consensus towards a new Global Governance,” Barcelona, September 24–25, 2004. The term “Washington Consensus” was coined in 1989. The first written usage was in my background paper for a conference that the Institute for International Economics convened in order to examine the extent to which the old ideas of development economics that had governed Latin American economic policy since the 1950s were being swept aside by the set of ideas that had long been accepted as appropriate within the OECD. In order to try and ensure that the background papers for that conference dealt with a common set of issues, I made a list of ten policies that I thought more or less everyone in Washington would agree were needed more or less everywhere in Latin America, and labeled this the “Washington Consensus.” Little did it occur to me that fifteen years later I would be asked to write about the history of a term that had become the center of fierce ideological controversy. The first section of this paper describes what I recollect about the background to my background paper for the 1989 conference. The second section retraces much more familiar ground, summarizing the ten points that I included in the Washington Consensus. This is followed by an account of the reception given to the term, and the analysis....
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...AMRITA BUSINESS SCHOOL, BENGALURU | MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS | MARKET RESEARCH PROJECT | | | Contents LIST OF TABLES 2 INTRODUCTION 2 WHY MICROFINANCE? 3 MICRO FINANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS 4 THE EMERGENCE OF PRIVATE MICROFINANCE INDUSTRY 4 MICRO FINANCE IS ALL AROUND US 5 LITRETURE REVIEW 6 SUMMARY OF Y. H. MALEGAM COMMITTEE REPORT 2011 14 Why Malegam Committee Report was Set up? 15 Key recommendation 16 PROFIT AND NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION 21 Differences between for-profit MFI’s and non-profit MFI’s 23 For Profit MFI 23 Non Profit MFI 24 METHODOLOGY 25 CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND ASSET ALLOCATION 25 DEPTH AND BREADTH OF OUTREACH 27 EFFICIENCY 28 PRODUCTIVITY 29 QUALITY OF THE PORTFOLIO 31 ANALYSIS OF NUMBER OF ACTIVE BORROWERS 33 PROFITABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 35 CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES 36 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Table of Comparision 12 Table 2 Comparison of Debt Equity Ratio 25 Table 3 Debt Equity Ratio 26 Table 4 Comparison of Depth and Breadth of MFIs for the year 2012 with 2010 27 Table 5 Comparison of Depth and Breadth of MFIs for the year 2011 with 2010 27 Table 6 Operating Expense / Loan Portfolio 28 Table 7 Industry Standard for Operating Expense / Loan Portfolio 29 Table 8 Productivity of MFI’s for the year 2010 29 Table 9 Productivity of MFI’s for the year 2011 30 Table 10 Industry standards for year 2010 30 Table 11 Quality of portfolio for the year 2010 31 Table...
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...Project Report On Informal Marketing East West University Informal Marketing: A study on informal entrepreneur in Dhaka city Project Report Course code: BUS-498 Submitted to: M. Sayeed Alam Assistant professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Submitted by: Humaiun Kobir Id: 2008-3-10-008 Department of Business Administration Date of submission: April 20, 2013 Letter of Transmittal April 20, 2013 M. Sayeed Alam Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Dear Sir: I am the students of in your section. You gave me a project to submit a report on “Informal Marketing”. I am very much happy to say you that I have made it for you. During the preparation of this assignment I have learned something extra in practical. I would once again like to express my sense of gratitude towards you for giving us this opportunity, and sincerely hope that this report would give you immense satisfaction. I will always be available to respond to any queries that you may have in this regard. Sincerely yours, ——————— Humaiun Kobir Acknowledgements I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my most honorable teacher, my direct supervisor, M. sayeed Alam, Department of Business Administration, East West University for his mastermind direction, dexterous management, adept analysis, keen interest, optimistic counseling and incessant. It is also a great pleasure for me to offer my deepest...
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...strategy+business The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart from strategy+business issue 26, first quarter 2002 © 2002 Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. All rights reserved. e-Doc The Fortune at the of the Bottom Pyramid by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart SECURITY AND S T R AT E GY content strategy & competition Low-income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the world’s wealthiest companies — to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor. 1 With the end of the Cold War, the former Soviet Union and its allies, as well as China, India, and Latin America, opened their closed markets to foreign investment in a cascading fashion. Although this significant economic and social transformation has offered vast new growth opportunities for multinational corporations (MNCs), its promise has yet to be realized. First, the prospect of millions of “middle-class” consumers in developing countries, clamoring for products from MNCs, was wildly oversold. To make matters worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises have greatly diminished the attractiveness of emerging markets. As a consequence, many MNCs worldwide slowed investments and began to rethink risk–reward structures for these markets. This retreat could become even more pronounced in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States last September. The lackluster nature of most MNCs’ emergingmarket strategies over the past decade...
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...The Fortune at the of the SECURITY AND S T R AT E GY Bottom Pyramid by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart content strategy & competition Low-income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the world’s wealthiest companies — to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor. 1 With the end of the Cold War, the former Soviet Union and its allies, as well as China, India, and Latin America, opened their closed markets to foreign investment in a cascading fashion. Although this significant economic and social transformation has offered vast new growth opportunities for multinational corporations (MNCs), its promise has yet to be realized. First, the prospect of millions of “middle-class” consumers in developing countries, clamoring for products from MNCs, was wildly oversold. To make matters worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises have greatly diminished the attractiveness of emerging markets. As a consequence, many MNCs worldwide slowed investments and began to rethink risk–reward structures for these markets. This retreat could become even more pronounced in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States last September. The lackluster nature of most MNCs’ emergingmarket strategies over the past decade does not change the magnitude of the opportunity, which is in reality much larger than previously thought. The real source of market promise is not the wealthy few in the developing world, or even the emerging middle-income...
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...strategy + business issue 26 The Fortune at the of the SECURITY AND S T R AT E GY Bottom Pyramid by C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart content strategy & competition Low-income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the world’s wealthiest companies — to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor. 2 With the end of the Cold War, the former Soviet Union and its allies, as well as China, India, and Latin America, opened their closed markets to foreign investment in a cascading fashion. Although this significant economic and social transformation has offered vast new growth opportunities for multinational corporations (MNCs), its promise has yet to be realized. First, the prospect of millions of “middle-class” consumers in developing countries, clamoring for products from MNCs, was wildly oversold. To make matters worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises have greatly diminished the attractiveness of emerging markets. As a consequence, many MNCs worldwide slowed investments and began to rethink risk–reward structures for these markets. This retreat could become even more pronounced in the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States last September. The lackluster nature of most MNCs’ emergingmarket strategies over the past decade does not change the magnitude of the opportunity, which is in reality much larger than previously thought. The real source of market promise is not the wealthy few in the developing world...
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...Microfinance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2010) Community-based savings bank in Cambodia. There are a rich variety of financial institutions which serve the poor. Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. More broadly, it is a movement whose object is "a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers."[1] Those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. Microfinance is a broad category of services, which includes microcredit. Microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients. Although microcredit is one of the aspects of microfinance, conflation of the two terms is endemic in public discourse. Critics often attack microcredit while referring to it indiscriminately as either 'microcredit' or 'microfinance'. Due to the broad range of microfinance services, it is difficult to assess impact, and very few...
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