...The French Revolution James Henderson HIS 104 World Civilizations II Instructor: Christopher Davies December 2, 2012 The French were going through some difficult times during the 17th century. The people of France wanted change and church leaders did not want change. Whit the Age of Exploration explorers form France were branching out and they were gathering new information about cultures, trade, and religion. Ideals from Enlightenment help the French in their revolution for change. Many Historians have looked at the causes for many years and each one added new light to the situation the French were in. Edmond Burk was the first historian to study the French revolution he suggested that Philosophers were the root cause of the revolution (Cranston, 1989). Everything these people believed in came from the political theorist and this was called Enlightenment. What was said, what was thought, and what was advocated came from Enlightenment (Cranston, 1989). However, the theorist did not share the same ideas. The French Revolution went through many different phases unlike the English and American Revolutions (Cranston, 1989). The first phase was called Montesquieu. In this phase the Montesquieu claimed liberal constructional monarchy was best (Cranston, 1989). The second phase is called the republican phase. In this phase more science and technology took hold. The French Kings did not want to have any part of it (Cranston, 1989). The French Kings wanted to keep...
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...The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte The great French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte had initially capitalized on the changes of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. But over time, Napoleon's lust for power overcame his good economic, political and military accomplishments, and his transformation into a selfish dictator led to his fall. Napoleon was born on 15th August 1769 at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, he was the second son (having 7 siblings) of a lawyer who had minor connections to the aristocracy and was far from wealthy (Dugdale). His family was radical in outlook and as a young man he strongly identified with his Corsican heritage. Thanks in part to his mother’s adultery with the French military governor Comte de Marbeuf he began his military education at Brienne military academy and later in 1784 at the Military school in Paris, and he worked hard to complete his studies in a further year rather than the required three years (Dugdale). This was the natural choice of service for the young Bonaparte as he was gifted at science and mathematics, which were essential skills for any artillery officer of the time (Dugdale). The young Napoleon spent much of the next 8 years in Corsica supporting the Corsican rebel Pasquale Paulo who had been a patron of Napoleon's father. When the revolution broke out the Bonaparte family fled to France and Napoleon became opposed to Pasquale. He would quite likely have...
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...to French Republican Art History 2: Revolutions December 15, 2011 Towards the end of the 18th century, Immanuel Kant and many other influential philosophers during the Enlightenment stated that people should be rational in their approach to life, including politics, economics, and society. Rationalism was one of the main themes of the Enlightenment, and it played an important role in the French Revolution. One aspect of rationalism that was important in the French Revolution were rational symbols of power. However, these rational symbols of power ultimately were disfavored in revolutionary France in favor of more enduring artistic symbols of the Revolution. Although the revolutionaries also sought to regenerate French society through rational symbols of power, their use of Roman, Greek and republican art, were the most enduring symbols of a new French society because of their stronger portrayal of liberty, fraternity and equality. The rational symbols of power that the revolutionaries sought to introduce into French society included the revolutionary French Republican calendar, the revolutionary French Republican clock, and the metric system. For the reasons noted below, each of these symbols ultimately were not accepted in French society. Even though the revolutionary French Republican calendar, one of the important rational symbols, did have a strong basis in reason, it lacked public support and was not enduring because of its weak connection with the new French society...
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...In 2010, 335 out of 557 members of the French National Assembly voted to approve a bill that would ban the wearing of a traditional Islamic full veil in public. One member voted against the bill, and the other 221 members abstained from voting, so when the bill went to the Senate for a final vote, they already had a seemingly good grasp on the support level they would get if the law were passed. On April 9, 2011, however, a group of 61 protestors against the law had to be taken away in police vans and detained. While the majority of the French population is not affected by this law, a small group of Muslim women (and a pool of potential tourist) are. In 2009, French President, Nicholas Sarkozy made a statement claiming that religious face veils were “not welcome” in France because they goes against the country’s secular values ("French Senate Bans Burqa: Bill awaits President Nicholas Sarkozy’s signature" September 14, 2010). This essentially sparked the discussion and consideration of a banning on religious face veils, namely traditional Muslim burqas and niqabs. The rationale behind the banning is that it not only goes against the countries secular values of equality and dignity, but it also “imprisons women” and causes a safety issue for the citizens of the country (Ristici April 11, 2011). While freedom of religion and religious expression is practiced in France, the law under which the ban exists was passed with the reasoning that it made the nation’s citizen to feel threatened...
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...against Picasso. There is simply no way around the man. But why? Firstly, Napoleon had a very large canvass to work on. The French revolution was a truly remarkable event. It began as an essentially liberal revolution, but was hijacked (as revolutions so often are) by homicidal fanatics: Robespierre and his fellow Jacobins. When Napoleon seized power in a nearly botched but nevertheless bloodless and generally welcomed coup, he became the leader of a nation that was beset on all sides by the old monarchies of Europe, desperate to snuff out this terrifying, king-killing, unthinkable republic in its midst. The French people were equally desperate to retain their new and bitterly hard-won freedoms from the essentially feudal rule of the Bourbon kings and the Ancien Régime. A significant sector of society was also keen to keep its hands on the financial benefits that they had accrued by buying up, at a very good price, the lands and estates previously owned by the monarch, the aristocracy and the church. Napoleon found himself at the head of nation that was predisposed to welcome his proven military skills, which could be usefully deployed in the defence of France and its newfound freedoms. But then Napoleon proved himself to be much more than merely a successful general. Saviour of the Revolution Napoleon’s rise to pre-eminence in France had been due to his astonishing ability, as a young general in France’s revolutionary ‘citizens’ army, to protect France’s...
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...called Perspective. Several months later, the newly merged organization decided to scrap Perspective in favor of Vigilance. The Perspective team members were disappointed, but understood the rationale for the change in direction. The Vigilance core teams were introduced to each other virtually and had been working with each other via teleconferences. These teleconferences were frequently cancelled by Didier Amrani, the project manager, without notice and without him having sought input from the rest of the team as to whether there were issues they wanted to discuss. Didier strongly controlled the way meetings were run by restricting the kinds of information that was exchanged and the ways in which it was exchanged. Also, the other French team members seemed to be in accordance to Didier’s behavior. When there was discussion, many...
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...continually growing smaller and people are more connected with each other more than ever before. This is contributed to globalization; which for our purposes is defined as the increasing speed and ease that capital, services, goods, technologies, people, information, cultures, and ideas cross borders at. This paper will be analysing the effects of globalization on many aspects of France. Historically, France has opposed globalization and this disdain started gaining ground during the early 1990s as Europe was becoming integrated. The French feared globalization because they wanted to preserve their own rich culture, and because they saw globalization as another form of americanization and wanted no part of that. An example of this would be in 1999 when “a forty-six-year-old sheep farmer named José Bové was arrested for dismantling the construction site of a new McDonald’s restaurant in the southern French town of Millau. He acted, he argued, in protest against U.S. retaliatory trade sanctions against European products (notably, French cheese) and the uncontrolled spread of free market globalization. By attacking McDonald’s, and getting himself photographed in handcuffs in the process, the publicity conscious Bové was striking out at the symbol of U.S.-inspired globalization, a perceived threat to French identity and culinary traditions” (Gordon, 1). José Bové tried to stand up against a global corporation who was eating away at french culture, his ideals struck a chord and he became...
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...In the National Gallery ”In the National Gallery” is a short story by Doris Lessing form 2007. The themes in the story are that older are more patient than younger, a person can be attracted by another without showing it, and you must follow the time otherwise it can become ugly. The narrator is first person point of view “She was the boss girl in this group, even if nit officially a head girl or monitor” (page 3, line 43). The narrator has an objective sight, but the narrator reflects and interprets what he sees. Therefore gets the reader a subjective view on the text. Because it is his thoughts we read. “Her eyes focused, on the great brilliant horse, so close, towering there on the golden canvas, on his hind legs.” (page 4, line 102) The French girl did not say anything about the horse; therefore can the narrator not tell what the French girl thinks about the horse. We only get the narrator thoughts therefore the narrator becomes unreliable. Strubbs horse is a symbol of the older man. “But then a man sat down, on the other side of the bench’s arm and he leaned forward, elbows on knees, and locked hard at the horse” (Page 1, Line 19). Before had the horse an important role in the society. Every great leader in history has sat on a horseback, because it was a strong, powerful, and fast. Now we only use the horse as a hobby. When the older man was young he was a strong and marvellous man. He cut pick up a sixteen-year-old girl when he just where twelve years old. ”She...
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...many historical actions have been misguided with half-truths and whole lies. My teachings have revolved around bettering inferior lands with generosity and a duty to teach a better way of life. An event that exemplifies dominance through violence and belief of superiority was that of the 19th century overtaking of Algeria by France, better known as the Pacification of Algeria. The event began in the late 1830s and continued well into the 1840s when Algeria was finally annexed to France in 1848. The French military was ordered to pacify the country of Algeria using any means necessary to push out the native Algerians. This in turn opened the doors to French expansion into this Northern African Country. An army of 108,000 French troops tracked down Algerians, tortured, humiliated, and killed them, or ejected them from their lands and villages. The crimes related with this violent process cannot be understated and escalated in severity in 1845. As French troops continued their devastating display through the country,...
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...This tactic was again something heavily used by many European nations because the country would be protected in a well-rounded manner. French forces would not be exposed to the elements that they were not accustomed to or thrown in with the “savage” people they were trying to control. Moreover, the French would receive information and an understanding of their colony that they would not have without someone from the other side. It was to their advantage that there is a vast amount of ways politically to have Algerians working with them and against their own people. It can be an attribute to how the balance between the colonized and colonizer took a dramatic shift. However, this tactic of using Algerians against other Algerians could only work...
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...Black Robe Introduction There were several clashes of cultures between the European and the Native Americans during the 17th century. The film, ‘Black Robe’ depicts some of the differences in culture and beliefs between the French and the native Indians. The film attributes an event that took place during the war between the French funded Algonquin and the British and Dutch funded Iroquois tribe. The film features Father Laforgue a Jesuit priest. This essay will discuss the various challenges that Father Laforgue faces (as portrayed by the film) while trying to spread Christianity to the Native Americans due to the cultural differences. Discussion The film begins by showing how the French settlers were struggling to convert the local tribe of Algonquin (with whom they were collaborating) to Christians with no success. In turn, the leader of the French settlers decided to send one of their Jesuit priest to try saving and accomplishing their failed mission in converting the local tribes into Christianity. The Jesuit priest selected was father Laforgue. He was accompanied by an assistant named Daniel (who was not a member of the Jesuit priests) and a number of locals from the Algonquin tribe. On the way to the village of Huron, Daniel fell in love with one of the locals. This was not an ambiguous occurrence to the locals; however, father Laforgue did not feel at ease with the issue because he was a member of the Catholic Church male congregation that practiced celibacy. While...
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...and Contrast His/110CA-U.S. History to 1865 02/11/2014 Charles Slater Compare and Contrast In 1607, 104 men survived a journey which would bring them to the American coast. They sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and up a river which they would later name the James. ("America History", 2007). There where many things that were revealed that caused the failure of some colonies and the success of others. From disease to greed and all the other ups and downs that molded America today. Major differences between the British colonies and the French colonies where the greed and the way the two colonies performed actions that made them fruitful in all the endeavors they were making their goals. Take for intense when the British first came over their goals weren’t clearly set out and endorsed by companies that did not well equip the people they sent over very well, which made it so colonist were very unprepared and met catastrophe. The goals that the British companies had set where small colonies, based for trade and they wanted fur and other agricultural items. The British had little to no regard for the Indians land and saw it as property that could be bought and sold, The British also believed that the land was their God given right and it was their job to use the land. They did trade with the Indians but didn’t see the major uses for the local understanding. The French on the other had came over and set a major problem for the British. The French colonist actually...
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...The French love affair with London Will the British and the French ever understand each other? “Rosbifs” are well known as the discoverer of binge drinking, they are awful cook and hypocritical. On the other side of the Channel, the “Froggies” are uppity, unclean and always on strike. Both keep clichés going and issues of dispute are not lacking as the debate between Sarkozy and Cameron at one of the last European convention demonstrated. Jean Guiffan has supported in Histoire de l’anglophonie en France (2004) that almost 15% of the French people declared not to trust their neighbours across the Channel. On the other hand, they demonstrate respect for each other when they walked hand-in-hand through les Champs-Elysées to celebrate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale in 2004. Part of our common history would make us think that French and English people do not get along but the French community in London is one of the most extensive and well established around Great Britain. At first sight, some cultural differences may simply be too wide to bridge. It is not easy to ignore the ancient rivalry when the station of the Eurostar in London is called Waterloo. William the Conqueror, Jean of Arc, the Hundred Years’ War, the Napoleonic Wars, and the race for colonies: from the cradle, French and English people feed their hard feelings. For example, “Son of British” was a common insult in Middle Ages in France (Zeldin, 2002). Anglophobia was an heirloom handed down from generation...
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...novel, only slightly marred by MacLennan's over-idealistic nationalism. The Canada that MacLennan presents, a country in which a citizen is either French-Canadian or English-Canadian (or a rare hybrid) never really existed, but the political climate prompted by this illusion is still with us. MacLennan's novel is one of the most sympathetic (and readable) literary chronicles of the tensions and misunderstandings that gave birth to modern Quebec. --Jack Illingworth “Two solitudes”, which was written by Hugh McLennan at 1945, was his most famous novel. The Author, Hugh MacLennan was born in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, 1907. There are about seven novels, travel books and uncountable essays that mediate between the European cultural heritage and American vigor and idealism. “Among his many honors, he won five Governor Generals Awards.” And finally, Hugh MacLennan died in Montreal in 1990. It was a literary allegory for English and French Canadian from 1917 to 1939. The author divided this novel into 4 parts. “It is set during World War I, and a cast of “archetype” characters relay the story, being representations of French Canadians or Catholics or Businessman during this time period.” The novel’s plot was focus on the life of the fictional character named Paul Tallard, who is struggling between the differences of his English and French Canadian identities. According to the analysis that I found on the Internet, someone said that “There is only one sentence in the whole novel containing...
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...many requirements in order to fall under neoclassical. Phaedra and Tartuffe both embodies this idea in their own kind of way. There always had to be Five Acts and the play was also told in French Rhyme, that’s why some of the English translations seems like it doesn’t rhyme. It has three unities, time (24 hours only), place (same place), and action (only one plot). I will go in to greater detail on how each play does keeps to these requirements. “Poetic Justice” the evil guy gets what he deserves, and the forbearances of mixing comedy and tragedy, are major contraption on these neoclassical requirements. The plays have to feel real in neoclassical plays. Phaedra and Tartuffe both have perfect examples that show off how these plays are neoclassical. Each play must have 5 acts, that all must be done in one scene. In Tartuffe it was all done in Orgon house. In Phaedra it was done all in the royal palace at Trezene. Everything must be take place in a 24 hour span, it started when Orgon was talking about marrying his daughter to Tartuffe, then he gets arrested the following day by the king. In Phaedra it all starts when Hippolytus is talking about leaving in order to search for his father and then ending when everyone is pretty much dead and when Theseus pardons Aricia and adopts her as a his daughter. These rules must be followed to an exact or the play would not be pure. There must be one plot line, in Tartuffe, he is trying to achieve the estate of Orgon by cunning and acting...
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