...Discuss how views about the Benin plaques have changed, and how this has been reflected in their presentation in museums. In considering the question as to how views about the Benin plaques have changed and how these views are subsequently reflected in their presentation in museums, it might be helpful to consider the definition of art objects and how their interpretation can change when moved from one context to another. Understanding what we conceive as ‘art’ is an ever-changing abstract concept that requires knowledge of the contextual circumstances of its creation. In order to understand the implications in which the Benin bronzes are contextualised and how the display of these artefacts is approached from both anthropological and artistic view point I seek to examine the way in which the Benin Bronzes are interpreted. My evidence will be gathered using Nigerian historian Joseph Eboreime’s description of the Horniman Museums Africa collection and ethnographers Charles Read and Ormonde Daltons interpretation of the British Museums African Galleries using readings 2.6 and 2.7 of AA100 cultural encounters book 3 as well is referring to plates 3.2.22, 3.2.24, 3.2.25 and 3.2.26 of the AA100 illustration book. Regarded as some of the most important cultural symbols of the African continent, the Benin bronzes are highly acclaimed artefacts that have been subject to a great deal interest in the world of art history. Following the seizure of the Benin Bronzes by British forces...
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...1 African Kingdoms I. General Overview a. The single most important development in the history of northwestern Africa was the use of the camel as a transport vehicle. In ancient times, the Egyptians and Carthaginians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa, even though west Africa was rich in gold, precious metals, ivory, and other resources. b. The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara, which in Arabic simply means "The Desert." Around 750 AD, under the influence of Islamic peoples, northern and western Africans began to use the camel to transport goods across this forbidding terrain. c. Camels do several things exceptionally well: they can carry unbelievably heavy loads for impossibly long distances and they can keep their footing on sandy terrain. It was as if someone had invented sand ships and its effect on western African culture was just as profound as if they were sand ships. d. The most important developments occurred in the Sahel area just south of the Sahara; the Sahel provided southern terminal points for the goods being shipped across the Sahara. The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms. SLIDE: African Empire Chronology SLIDE: Key terms SLIDE: Map of Africa II. Sahelian kingdoms a. The largest African cities and kingdoms were located in the Sahel, a desert and savannah region south...
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...MKT 382 | International Marketing | THE COUNTRY NOTEBOOK A GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN Name of Country : Benin Name of the Company: Pran Products: food items Date of Submission: 19/12/2012 Company Overview Pran Foods Limited “PRAN” is currently one of the most admired food & beverages brand among the millions of people of Bangladesh and other 82 countries of the world where PRAN Products are regularly being exported. ‘PRAN’ started its operation in 1981 as a processors fruit and vegetable in Bangladesh. Over the years, the company has not only grown in stature but also contributed significantly to the overall socio-economic development of the country PRAN is currently producing more than 200 food products under 10 different categories i.e. Juices, Drinks, Mineral Water, Bakery, Carbonated beverages, Snacks, Culinary, Confectionery, Biscuits & Dairy. The company has adopted ISO 9001 as a guiding principle of its management system. The company is complaint to HACCP & certified with HALAL which ensures only the best quality products are reaches to the consumers table across the Globe. Mission “ TO GENERATE EMPLOYMENT AND EARN DIGNITY & SELF RESPECTFOR OUR COMPATRIOTS THROUGH PROFITABLE ENTERPRISES.” Vission “Improving Livelihood” PRAN takes a comprehensive approach to all kinds of agro processed food products, considering all of the ways their lives can be enriched through ensuring hygienic and...
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...The continent of Africa has faced many challenges throughout history. The challenges Africa and African states have faced have had a significant impact on how the world sees this continent. In particular, the transatlantic slave trade affected many African states and people in West Africa. The transatlantic slave trade had affected many African societies and states in various ways. The reason for slave trade was due to the improper climate of European land for the production of sugar. Sugar in Europe was a rising commodity that Europeans did not have the labor and land for. When the Europeans were on route to Asia for spice trade, the weather would blow their ships to the west coast of Africa. Knowing that the Europeans were in not in Asia, they set to explore the continent of...
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...Introduction The neglect, for a long time, of African contribution to modern diplomacy, by scholars and the failure to forcefully project the history and image of Africa, exposed the continent to uncharitable, disparaging and judgemental comments by Eurocentric historians who denied African history. However, the notion in certain quarters that Africans were not capable of engaging in any systematic and sophisticated art of diplomacy is to a large extent not true. (Adegbulu, 2011) Foreign Relations in Global Perspective. Diplomacy is the fundamental means by which foreign relations are conducted and a foreign policy implemented, far from being the invention of capitalism or of the modern nation state, is found in some of the most primitive communities and seems to have evolved independently by peoples in all parts of the world. The basic object of diplomacy is to enable men to live with their neighbours, a feat which requires a measure of accommodation to the interests of others. Above all, they are the questions of peace and war, and then such matters as the conclusion and observance of treatise, the making, maintenance and breaking of alliances, the establishment of boundaries, the development and protection of trade and the payment of tribute. The means by which these are pursued need to be adjusted to changing circumstances, but the employment of accredited agents (diplomatists) to represent and to negotiate on behalf of a state or society seems to be...
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...Slavery was devastating to the people because of the racial differences and people were treated like animals. In the article The Time Machine (1846): A slave auction in New Orleans and West African country struggles to come clean on its role in slavery the slaves are auctioned off, and sold off like animals. Slavery is a worldwide problem that affects individuals negatively regardless of how they become someone's property.There are numerous facts that can be compared and contrasted about slavery. Start here African Americans continue to be treated like animals, even through the many changes, it has become a desirable part of many countries and families history. In the “Time Machine,” the slaves had the look of cattle being sold” (NewsELA,...
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...Atlantic Slave Trade In the mid-1400s, Portuguese ships sailed down to West African coast to avoid the Islamic North Africa that has monopolized the trade of sub-Saharan gold, spices, and other commodities that Europeans wanted. During these voyages there were many maritime discoveries that were unknown to European’s traditional limit of navigation, south of Cape Bojador, which with time will make it easier for them to navigate the Atlantic. At the beginning, Portuguese were only in the search of gold and other commodities, but with time their interest also went to the African people. Lancarote de Lagos, a Portuguese navigator, sailed in the Senegal River and captured a group of Africans and carried them off into slavery. During this period, race was not a major factor to be carried into slavery. Slaves were composed of many individuals of different ethnicities who were captured after a war, had a debt, and other situations. The Atlantic slave trade was set in motion mostly for the production of sugar. Nowadays, the production of such a benign thing such as sugar to have caused a massive slave trade is really hard to understand. However in those days sugar was not taken for granted. European’s ever-growing sweet tooth was the driving force for the development of the Atlantic world. Because the work of growing sugar was so burdensome, free workers would not do it willingly and that is why the industry came to depend upon slave labor. Starting in 1492 when Christopher Columbus...
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...IMICRO-FINANCE OF MOBILE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES IN BENIN CITY BY DADA ADEYINKA PSC0709051 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FACULTY OF management SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF BENIN BENIN CITY. DECEMBER, 2015. MICRO-FINANCE OF MOBILE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES IN BENIN CITY BY GLORY PSC0709051 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC) DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN DECEMBER, 2015. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the exercise here by described in the research work was carried out behind the Faculty of Physical Science, University of Benin, under my supervisor. ____________________ ____________________ Dr. B.E. Iyorzor Date Project Supervisor ____________________ ____________________ Dr. E.O Aiyohuyin Date Head of Department DEDICATION I dedicate this project to Almighty God who has always giving me the grace and privilege financially and otherwise to do this project and to my lovely family, who gave me moral courage in the cost of writing this project. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This completion of this work would not have been possible if not for the support which I received from many people. My thanks...
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...HISTORY OF AFRICAN ART The earliest known form of African Art is rock paintings, drawn by the nomadic people of southern Africa and the Sahara. Of those paintings, some of the earliest have been excavated in Namibia in strata between 19,000 and 26,000 years old. The paintings are on portable pebbles and stones and are depictions of rhinoceros, half-human and half-animal forms. Surviving paintings and engravings on rock shelters are younger but more difficult to date accurately. Some probably date to Stone Age up to about 10,000 BC .The paintings show people dancing, skinning animals, medicine men performing rituals, animals being hunted, hands, bows and arrows and geometric patterns. The earliest 3D art come from Nigeria dating from 700-500 BC onwards. This is the famous ‘Nok’ sculpture, terracotta human and animal figures excavated from the tin mines near the village of Nok where pottery figures were first found. One extraordinary group of terracotta is the exception in a mainly West African story, in that they come from South Africa where they are the earliest known sculptures. They has seven heads, found at Lydenburg in the Transvaal.Modelled in brutally chunky style, they date from about the 6th C AD. Powerful terracotta figures in traditional style continue to be made in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, contemporary with the superb carved wooden figures which survive from the two centuries. There is archeological evidence that metallurgy existed as early as 3000...
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...History Main article: History of Lagos Lagos was a war camp for members of the Benin Empire, who referred to it as Eko.[5][6] The Yoruba still use the name Eko to refer to Lagos. Lagos, which means "lakes", was a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese. The present day Lagos state has a high percentage of Awori, who migrated to the area from Isheri along the Ogun river. Throughout history, it was home to a number of warring ethnic groups who had settled in the area. During its early settlement, it also saw periods of rule by the Benin Kingdom.[9] Portuguese explorer Rui de Sequeira visited the area in 1472, naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo; indeed the present name is Portuguese for "lakes". Another explanation is that Lagos was named for Lagos, Portugal - a maritime town which, at the time, was the main centre of Portuguese expeditions down the African coast, and whose own name is derived from the Latin word Lacobriga. Lagos was formally annexed as the British Lagos Colony in 1861. This had the dual effect of crushing the slave trade and establishing British control over palm and other trades.[10] The remainder of modern-day Nigeria was seized in 1887, and when the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was established in 1914, Lagos was declared its capital, continuing as such after the country's independence from Britain in 1960. Along with migrants from all over Nigeria and other West African nations were the returnee ex-slaves known as Creoles, who came...
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...Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 64 No. 6 pp. 547ñ552, 2007 ISSN 0001-6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS SCHUM AND THONN (EUPHORBIACEAE). *FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Abstract: The plant of Phyllanthus amarus is used as diuretic and to lower blood pressure in traditional medicine practice. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Intravenously administered aqueous doses (5 mg to 80 mg/kg) of the extract to anaesthesized normotensive male rabbits produced a significant fall in mean diastolic, systolic and mean arterial pressures in a graded dose response manner. The dose of 5 mg/kg produced the least hypotensive effect, causing a fall in mean diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressure of 13.3 ± 3.1, 19.7 ± 5.4, and14.3 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively, while the dose of 80 mg/kg produced the greatest fall in mean diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressure of 49.7 ± 7.9, 45.5 ± 9.5, and 48.00 ± 6.5 mmHg, respectively. The extract had a greater blood pressure depressant effect on the diastolic blood pressure than on the systolic blood pressure. The highest dose of 80 mg/kg caused 62.5% fall in diastolic blood pressure, compared to the 33.2% fall in systolic blood pressure caused by the same dose....
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...Jazz Mason 2/21/2013 AFAM The Urban Heritage of West Africa Africa is a vast country with an infinite amount of history, resources, and life. Africa also holds the roots of our family and ancestors more specifically, West Africa. West Africa is the 2.5 miliion squares miles of land that most of the black people of America originate from. West Africa is nearly the size of the United States and stretches from the countries of Chad to Senegal. The urban heritage of West Africa is endless in the numerous cities and town that dot the area. West Africa is dominated by people, in Nigeria alone there are an estimated 100 million people. There are numerous countries in Africa including Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Togo and a few others. Today there are nearly 180 million inhabitants of West Africa. The area is rich with resources and agriculture is plentiful. The area is not all grasslands and deserts as we are taught and assume, its filled with millions of people and culture. More than ¾ of West Africa is vast grasslands similar to those in North America. These grasslands are usually watered by river systems which makes the land extremely fertile. According to the book, The Urban heritage of West Africa, “the flood plains of the western Niger River are nearly the size of Portugal and intensely cultivated.” Other river systems include the mighty Volta, the Benue, Senegal, Gambia and many other smaller rivers which agriculture thrives...
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...A Horrific 19th Century Slavery: The Afro-Americans’ Unrevealed Truth (The Long Song and The Known World) A Term Paper Submitted to: Marie Anne Balanni English Teacher Submitted by: Nikka Ocampo Student INTRODUCTION Why most people in the ancient times are slave victims? Why do slavery happens in the past? This is what I wanted to discover in my research. When we talk of slavery, it refers to a condition in which individuals are owned by others, who control where they live and at what they work. Slavery had previously existed throughout history, in many times and most places. The ancient Greeks, the Romans, Incas and Aztecs all had slaves. To be a slave is to be owned by another person. A slave is a human being classed as property and who is forced to work for nothing. Andrea Levys’ novel entitled “The Lost Song” and Edward T. Jones’ “The Known World” revealed to us the plight of being a slave rooted from their ancestral family and own personal experience as a slave. The two books have the same plot that unraveled the world of human existence happened in 19th century where forced labor centered in the sugar cane plantation. The main characters have a slight difference because the first one is directly the slave victim and the latter is born slave but became a slaver, owning a slave he bought. The Lost Song is set in the time of slavery and it is a story about a person’s life and the times they lived through. July a black house slave, is the main character that tells her...
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...forced to practice Catholicism. They fused their beliefs with the Catholic deities as a disguise in order to practice what they actually believed. The amalgamation of Yoruban beliefs and Catholicism due to the oppressive conditions of the plantation created what is now known as Santeria. The Yoruba speaking people were made up of a number of different regions located in West Africa, “… the peoples of the ancient Yoruba city-states, a conglomeration of numerous and diverse tribal groups united by a common language and belief system linked to those of the neighboring kingdoms of Benin and Dahomey (today the Republic of Benin)…(pg 30 crele religions of the caribbean.) The epicenter of the empire was the city of Ile-Ife, which through oral tradition and mythology it is said to be the origin of the Yoruba people. Olodumare, the Supreme Being sent Oduduwa to guide humans. Throughout the Yoruban people’s history the kings who took the throne legitimized their power through lineage to Oduduwa. The Yoruba people believed in a religious system by the name of The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade spanned from the 16th century to around the mid-19th century. A large number of Yoruba slaves were sent to Cuba towards the 19th century. Much internal conflict in the Yoruba land region caused instability and created a large market for capturing and selling slaves. During the early 19th century the fall of the Oyo Empire and constant warfare produced a lot of slaves. Cuba was a Spanish colony, but...
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...Art theory 1 & History of Art and Design 1 Introduction to African Art Africa is a vast continent, with many cultures distinct from one another, so that various different styles can be identified. Sculpture While paintings and engravings are most frequently found in savanna areas, sculpture is most prevalent in the forests of West Africa, in particular the Congo Basin. Tradition is one manner in which a culture may be preserved. This is visible in a great deal of traditional African art. The preservation of one’s specific culture is a strong motivating force behind the production of African sculptures that are described as “tribal”. Because the art is meant to communicate the identity of a specific society, to promote the strength and longevity, such sculptures do not change their style very frequently. Therefore, artists work within a certain canon. This canon is determined by tradition, providing the artist with guidelines for the creation. It would, for example determine the proportions of the figure, its posture, etc. Such traditional sculptures therefore have developed a certain language: the viewer knows that certain parts mean certain things – e.g. lines on the face (scarification marks or tattoos) and the stylized hairstyle that specific society, etc. This specific language has been created over the decades, and allows the artist to communicate coherently. This coherent communication is vital, as art is intended primarily to fulfill a social function. It becomes a...
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