...The Reformation Movement Research Paper History 117 1. During the 1830s to the 1850s indicated a period when people were beginning to get a sense of reformation regarding American idealism of a democratic and free society. The core goal to end slavery became the central focus to a group known as abolitionists. Formed by a limited amount of men and women both white and black, the abolitionists came most from the North with hardly any from the South. The beliefs of the abolitionists to end slavery in the mid eighteen hundreds, came from not only their understanding of freedom and citizenship which meant equal rights for all persons regardless of their skin color or racial background, but the fact African Americans had not received any rights, and had used slaves as a source of income. Abolitionists indicated “African Americans should be recognized as American citizens and incorporated into the nation”[1], since American society intended for everyone living in the United States to be citizens. Black and white abolitionists who tried to end slavery were William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, and Frederick Douglas. 2. The movement of the abolition of slavery started to intensify as both northern and southern individuals gathered to voice their hostility towards slavery by using the public sphere. Abolitionists focused mainly on changing the views of the public on slavery by publishing pamphlets, gathering signatures...
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...Thomas Dr. Forrest-Carter ENG 3302-01 05 December 2011 The Research Essay Commencing in 1837, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were established to serve the educational needs of African Americans. Cheney University of Pennsylvania marked the beginning of educational opportunities for blacks. Prior to the time of their establishment, and for many years afterwards, blacks were generally denied admission to predominately white institutions (PWI). As a result, HBCUs became the principle means for providing postsecondary education to black Americans. In an address made by former U.S. President George Bush, he stated: “At a time when many schools barred their doors to black Americans, these colleges offered the best, and often the only, opportunity for a higher education” (“HBCUs and Higher Education Desegregation”). Historically Black Colleges and Universities provide valuable educational opportunities for African Americans. Although there have been continual controversies concerning the place and role of these institutions within the larger framework of higher education, over the years changes have occurred in the functions and perceptions of these establishments (Roebuck and Mury 1). In Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as an institution whose principal mission was and is the education of black Americans (“About HBCUs”). Even after the abolition of slavery in 1865, the African American population was...
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...segregating or discriminating against blacks, as in public places, public vehicles, or employment. The term Jim Crow was thought to have originated around 1830 from a white minstrel show performer named Thomas Rice put black material on his face and performed a jig singing “Jump Jim Crow.” The character was created from a crippled, elderly black man singing and dancing. People say that Jim Crow owned a slave that gave inspiration for the act. The skit was incorporated into the act and then became a part of the minstrel scene in America. (1), (2), (3) Thomas Rice was one of the first performers to wear blackface makeup in a song and dance routine that turned out to be a success and took him to places like Louisville to Cincinnati to Pittsburgh to Philadelphia and to New York in 1832. Jim Crow was later a stock character in minstrel shows with Jim Dandy and Zip Coon. His blackface characters were Sambos, Coons, and Dandies. White audiences were open to portrayals of blacks as singing, dancing, grinning fools. Around 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used to refer to blacks, althought not to be as offensive as nigger, but close to coon or darkie. Minstrel shows clearly helped the spread of Jim Crow as a racial slur. This use of the term only lasted half a century. Nearing the end of the 19th century, the word Jim Crow was less likely to be used in reference to blacks but used to describe the oppressive laws and customs in reference to blacks. Rice performing in the minstrel...
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...History of Men’s Basketball and the influence On American Society Will have on College Sports Abstract Basketball is an organized team sport which consists of 5 players from each team competing against each other. The object of the game is to shoot a round ball into a circular basket. Basketball can be played in an organized manner or at a park or local gym for recreational purposes. Over the past 100 years the game of basketball has grown from a peach basket to highlight slam dunks. As time has passed by, the rules and the way the game is played has changed. New rules were implemented to make the game more enjoyable and create more of a competitive balance for all those who play. Players were given titles for the position they played like for example, the tallest player on the team was called the center. While the shortest player on the team or the person who dribbled the ball the best was called the point guard. The history of basketball has correlated with the history of the US during the 20th century. As the game and the country began to evolve, the game of basketball became the 2nd most played sport in the world behind soccer. Some of the major events in American history in the 20th century such as Brown vs. Board of Education impacted the growth and development of basketball in the beginning. Although, whites and blacks both played basketball, they did not play with or against each other until the 1950s on a pro level. Basketball was the only...
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...The Reformation Movement Research Paper History 117 1. During the 1830s to the 1850s indicated a period when people were beginning to get a sense of reformation regarding American idealism of a democratic and free society. The core goal to end slavery became the central focus to a group known as abolitionists. Formed by a limited amount of men and women both white and black, the abolitionists came most from the North with hardly any from the South. The beliefs of the abolitionists to end slavery in the mid eighteen hundreds, came from not only their understanding of freedom and citizenship which meant equal rights for all persons regardless of their skin color or racial background, but the fact African Americans had not received any rights, and had used slaves as a source of income. Abolitionists indicated “African Americans should be recognized as American citizens and incorporated into the nation” , since American society intended for everyone living in the United States to be citizens. Black and white abolitionists who tried to end slavery were William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, and Frederick Douglas. 2. The movement of the abolition of slavery started to intensify as both northern and southern individuals gathered to voice their hostility towards slavery by using the public sphere. Abolitionists focused mainly on changing the views of the public on slavery by publishing pamphlets, gathering signatures...
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...Black Feminism Michelle Smith African American History Winter Quarter 2010 Purdue University Instructor: Professor Wilkens Introduction When the Black Feminist movement was developed, it was a revolution for black women. It gave them power, liberation, and a voice to overcome the emasculating efforts of white male power (Harrold, Hine, and Hine, 2009). When I first began this research, I discovered that Black Feminism is too broad of a topic to elaborate on as a whole. This paper defines the term “Black Feminism. It will explore two published articles that report on the theory and practice of how black feminism is making waves and what role of education in the development of the Black Feminist Thought from 1860 to 1920. This paper will examine when the National Black Feminist Organization was founded and lastly, how two outstanding women who made an impact in the Black Feminist Movement. According to Encyclo (n.d.) online encyclopedia the definition of black feminism is “A strand of feminist thought which highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women. Black feminists reject the idea of a single unified gender oppression that is experienced evenly by all women, and argue that early feminist analysis reflected the specific concerns of white, middle-class women.” In other words, black feminist argue that the liberation of black women entails freedom for all people since it would require the end of...
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...profile. In order to figure out if Wikipedia is a reliable or an unreliable source to get information from for a college level paper, I will be checking an article on the All Blacks rugby team for a reasonable amount of information on the team, and their accomplishments. I will be looking at the accuracy of that information, and the validity of the references that are listed for the article in Wikipedia about the All Blacks. The All Blacks are a rugby team from New Zealand that has had a lot of success over the hundred years they’ve been...
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...and subject that deals with and is devoted to the study academic subject.  Black studies is critical due to the fact that so many supposed authorities on black studies only know half of our history themselves. We must go deeper and start right from the beginning and critical dissect, study and “peel back the layers“ that are continuously evolving in thought and practice of African and African American people. Dispora is the dispersing of people from their original homeland, in this case African people. African diaspora is the dispersing of communities throughout the world as a  result of the movement of peoples from Africa, predominantly to America, the Caribbean and South America,...
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...The history of racism 1 The History of Racism Christina Pacheco Strayer University September 4, 2011 The history of racism 2 Racism is hatred of or prejudice against another race. I believe that Racism of the African American race begin in 1619, which also was the start of slavery. Racism has effected education, has caused poverty and has taken many innocent lives. There are many who call themselves Christians but hate the African American Race. There are many who dealt with this ugly reality racism, but still kept their dignity. Unfortunately, many African Americans are unable to attend college because of racism. There are many people who are decision makers as far as granting scholarships, however, they deny African American youth scholarships. I have a cousin that was unable to get an scholarship, made A's and because she was African American she was denied. The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) and Thurgood Marshall College Fund (TMCF) helps African students to attend college. The UNCF is an American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically black colleges and universities. In contrast, TMCF support students...
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...African-American College Students: Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation Rheon Gibson Northern Illinois University Abstract In this report, I discuss the importance of African-American college students in higher education realms and why the topic appeals to my interests. I will also identify trends in research questions, methodology, and research findings; regarding three identified themes; Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation. In addition, I will provide the reader with an evaluation/critique of the existing literature, including; 1) contributions of literature to the field, 2) overall strengths, 3) overall weaknesses, 4) missing elements, and 5) what are the next steps for research. African-American College Students: Personal History, Struggles, and Graduation Introduction Importance to the Field Educational attainment amongst African-Americans is a crucial concept that not only affects African-American communities but it also affects society as a whole. Education provides a solid foundation for individuals to experience personal growth, increase one’s socioeconomic status, and obtain professional careers and licensures. Obtaining higher education does not begin upon admission to an accredited college or university; instead, it begins when one is first introduced to the educational system. This introduction can be in Kindergarten, Pre-K, the first year of home school, or wherever the first fundamental steps of acquiring a higher knowledge of comprehension...
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...Black Panther Party Origin The Black Panther Party was a group with the sole intention of Self-Defense. In fact their original name was the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The time period that the party was formed was during the mid 1900’s, specifically October of 1966 (Baggins). To begin there were two original founders for the Black Panther Party, and they were Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. Huey Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana. Newton was an illiterate high-school graduate, but ended up succeeding in teaching himself how to read before the attended Merritt College in Oakland. Then he continued his educational endeavor by attending the San Francisco School of Law. Attending the Merritt College was more life changing than he expected because that is where he met Booby Seale for the first time. Bobby Seale was born in Dallas, Texas. Seale served in the U.S. Air Force during his youth, and then attended Merritt College. Seale’s radicalism began in 1962, when he first heard Malcolm X speak, and since then he was a changed man. Following the World War II many cities like Oakland and others throughout the West and the North began to see change. Migration among black families began to happen, which resulted in a new generation of young African-Americans. The migration caused questioning that eventually resulted in a search for a new political system to benefit minorities and create a more equal society. African-Americans fled to the suburbs along with...
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...diversity to focus and combat inequality, it uses the word in conjunction with race as a method of profit (capital gains). In the end, it wasn’t meant to proliferate attention of minorities and equality, but to exploit these individuals. The broader concerns of this topic connects to how corporate diversity is a form of “modernized” diversity in which it also affects other topics such as education. The court case of UC v. Bakke in 1978 (Melamed, 86). examines “educational diversity.” The court case was between Bakke and UC in regards to dealing with human differences and college acceptance. It was ruled that colleges cannot use other races to break up white majorities as its racist. This is problematic in the sense that colleges can choose to be mono-racial (maintain white race majority) because they can use their “diversity” as a weapon against actual attention to inequality of different races in college just like corporate diversity....
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...How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? For centuries, African Americans have played and continue to play a significant role in American history. While today, African American no longer face the laws of segregation and discrimination, they continue to fight for equality and civil rights. This continued fight is one of a long past with several triumphs and tragedies all which are an integral part of history. This essay will discuss how African Americans worked to end slavery, segregation, discrimination, freedom, and isolation. It will also discuss what led to the civil right implementation and how it was executed. Equal rights for African Americans have been contentious, and fought for decades. They have fought to impede ethic discrimination, gain equal opportunity and their civil rights since slavery in the 1600s. When slavery started in 1620s, African Americans only made up about 3 to 4 percent of the population in America. Although the number grew slowly at first, by the end of the 17th century, the population of African American slave grew to well over 650,000. (Becker, 2000) In America, slave labor became the key component in agriculture and booming capitalist economy of the 17th & 18th centuries. (County, 1999) In the beginning, Africans were exchanged for food and place as “indentured servants” by the Dutch. This practice was also true for many poor Englishmen who were...
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...the cashier. She walks to the back of the store to retrieve the item she came for. She hears the door open and she turns around to see who entered the store. It is the same black male that she noticed in the parking lot. The black male begins to make his way to the back of the store. The woman’s nerves spike again and she hastily grabs what she came in to get and high tales it to the cashier. After she is checked out she bolts out of the store and back to her car, where she speeds out of the parking lot without looking back. This type of racism is not at all uncommon. All the black male wanted to do was buy the items he came for and leave, all while minding his own business. This type of racism occurs more often than not. America has come a long way from segregation back in the sixties, but college campuses still have a long way to go. According to Steele, college campuses all across America are experiencing racism (22) . The racism experiences can range from minimal things like the story above, or they can become more serious where black students have taken up protests to stop college racism. According to Steele’s research incidents of on-campus “intergroup conflict” have occurred at more than 160 colleges in the last two years (22). The most notorious is the October 1986 beating of a black student at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst after an argument about the World Series turned into a racial bashing (Steele 21). Steele has spent the majority of his adult...
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...In Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates, he describes Howard University as Mecca a place of guidance for his life.During his time in college he came across with many kinds of African people who made him believe that power was restore to them by seeing students diversity.He was admitted in the institution where his grandfather worked and family members who assisted graduated from Howard.Throughout his time in the institution he learned more of the history of African American lives.For most of the part he expressed his ideals through his favorite readings because it allow him to explore more about black history. Coates describes that classrooms were not for him because he was not interested in his classes , and he was only to be in the libraries were he enjoyed reading to expand his vocabulary and learning. In addition, I find it interesting how he explains Mecca becomes part of his body and how he figures out his identity in college. For example he says“And really what it showed me is, even within what seems like a narrow band, which is to say, you know, black life, is in fact quite cosmopolitan, is in fact a beautiful”.In Howard he learned a lot of many cultures and religion that allow him to thinking critically . It became something good...
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