Bering strait- earliest settlers to the new world came from Bering Strait.
Paleo-Indians- earliest combinations of N. tribes * Survived largely by hunting, fishing, and collecting edible plants.
Archaic Era- period beginning approximately 9,000 years ago lasting an estimated 6,000 years. * It was marked by more intensive efforts by ancient societies to shape the environment to enhance food production.
Incas- Peru, S. America, very complex political system. * Kept record of deaths and births
Mayas- Yucatan peninsula, Central America, and written language and calendar.
Aztecs- México, Central America
Largest language groups 1. Algonquin- largest spoken language 2. Iroquois- upper New York State 3. Muskogeon- southern most regions of the east coast

League of five nations- see notes
Effects of Europeans on Native Americans- * Goods- metal, cloth, reintroduced horses, food, Negative- diseases
Effects of Native Americans on Europeans * Goods- corn and how to preserve foods Negative- diseases
Influence of Islam on early European trade-
Impact of Islam on earl African tribes- Muslim introduced the concept of slavery and dominated the slaves in the Mediterranean * Slavery was not based on race but on the losing side
Impact of Roman Catholic Church on Europe prior o age discovery
Catholicism- extracted money from every individual around the world * Henry the 8th disagreed with the pope b/c he had power also * most powerful institution than the king * Henry the 8th created his own church; cut all ties with the catholic church * It was the same as the catholic church only that king Henry was the hea
Portuguese explorers impact on New World- first European country to set out an exploration * They explored the continent of Africa * When exploring they were looking for trade
Christopher Columbus- * Ships- Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria * 1st voyage arrived at the Bahamas * 2nd took him to the Caribbean (Haiti) * 3rd voyage took him to the Northern Coast of South America * Columbus opened a way to other explorers
Conquistadors- Spanish explorers and conquers who soon seized control of the islands of the Caribbean
Montezuma- wax the leaders of the Aztecs
Challenges to European work force- see notes
St. Augustine1565- Spanish first permanent settlement in Florida
John Cabot- Italian that sailed for England, goal was to find a Northwest Passage but did not find it.
Sir Thomas more- wrote book named Utopia * Served as a key counselor in early 1500’s but after he refused to accept the king as head of the Church of England, he was tried for treason and beheaded.
Mercantilism- theory of empire that advocated strict regulation of trade between colonies to benefit the mother country and England. * The basis of mercantilism was freedom from too much government regulation
Impact of Reformations on Europe- see notes
Martin Luther- 1517 German Monk * Attacked catholic doctrine and practice * Argued that only faith could lead to salvation * Catholic reformation * Internal changes * Accepting protestants
John Calvin- * founder of Calvinism (doctrine of predestination) * God knows who is going to be saved and who isn’t * Some Calvinist were persecuted

Huguenots- French Calvinists and were also protestant * Many French Calvinists were persecuted by the French king and pope left for new world

Puritans- English (non-church of England) * Sought purification of elaborate worship in the state church * Many were members of parliament
Separatists- English (Protestants) * Sought religious freedom in the new world
English reformation- see notes
James from Scotland * Dealt with puritans * Made a deal to set up a committee to translate the bible( king James Bible)
Charles I- English king * Church of England the whole idea was to avoid Catholicism
Humanists- encouraged a greater attention to a study of man influenced Europe to seek settlement elsewhere * Focused on study of mankind’s abilities * Outgrowth of enlightment
Spanish Inquisition- catholic leadership sought to punish non-Catholics, Jewish, Muslims in Spain
Columbia exchange- Atlantic world trade system * On both sides of the Atlantic North/ South America
Plantation- English settlement in a foreign land dedicated to producing agricultural products for export.
Privateer- state- sponsored piracy, usually directed against Spanish treasure fleets returning from the Americas
French and Dutch rivalry in the Americas- 1st French settlement in new world, Quebec Canada
Samuel de Champlain 1608
Henry Hudson- Englishman
New Netherlands and New York- the Dutch called the colony New Netherlands but Englishman Henry Hudson changed it to New York
Wall Street- wall of defense against others * Built by Dutch
Jamestown Settlement 1607- 1st English settlement in 1607, Virginia
Queen Elizabeth I- befriended Sir Walter Raleigh
Spanish Armada- plan was to invade England and destroy Europe’s most powerful protestant monarchy * Spanish considered their ships invincible but English ships were a lot smaller and became masters of the sea
Phillip II- king of Spain took actions against England’s support for Spain’s enemies on the continent
Sir Walter Raleigh- was the director of the English attempted a settlement called “Roanoke” colony * Raleigh decided to return to England for supplies and women after three years he came back but nobody was there (it was like they had never been there before) * Roanoke did have women * Malaria * Indians attack
Barbados-became a sage heaven for blacks because they were refused in Georgia
Navigation Acts * Sir Edmond Andros was hired to enforce the Navigation Acts * Was imposed on colonies by English king 1. Closed colonies to all trade except with English ships 2. All goods sent from England to colonies had to pass through English- taxation 3. Duties imposed on coastal trade among all the English colonies

Glorious revolution- bloodless revolution that led to the ascension of William and Mary, which was widely seen as vindication for English liberty.
James II Deposed- the English king was kicked out by parliament which led to the ascension to William and Mary
Salem Witch Trials1692- * Where? Salem village, Massachusetts * Who? Bridget Bishop – 1st convicted witch- hanged * Elizabeth (Betty) Parris * Abigail Williams * Ann Putman, Mercy Lewis, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott, Marry Warren * Tituba (Caribbean Slave)- blame it on her b/c she was a slave and might have been a witch * Sarah Osborn * Cotton Mather- respected minister * Why? It was a hysteria that spread from Europe * What? Wave of witchcraft hysteria * 1692- 9 people hanged * 1 person crushed with rocks * 2 dogs hanged * 7 died in jail
Enlightment-international philosophical movement that extolled the virtues of reason and science and applied the insights to politics and social reform. * Less emphasis in god
Great Awakening- religious revival that wanted a more emotional style of worship.
To bring back religion since the enlightment movement focused more on reason and science.
George Whitfield- American colonial preacher during the great awakening
Anglicization-American colonization desire to emulate the virtues of reason and science and applied the insights to politics and social reform.
Virtual representation- theory of representation in which legislators did not serve their localities but rather the whole nation.
Old lights- opponents of the Great Awakening; they preferred a traditional form of worship
New lights- supporters of the Great Awakening and its more emotional style of worship
Jonathan Edwards- Atlantic Slave Trade- passage of African slaves to the New World
Middle passage- narrowing passage across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas in which slaves endured meager proportions and unsanitary conditions
Southern and northern slavery-
Northerner colonies-(New England) * Longer life expectancy * Fresher water * Less disease * Women more independent on husband * Less incidents of pre-marital pregnancies
Southern Colonies- (Chesapeake Bay) * Salt contaminated water * Shorter life expectancy * More disease * Less sable family life (slaves-intermixed with slave owners) * Women less dependent on husband * More incidents of pre-marital pregnancies.
Stone Rebellion- South Carolina * Slave uprising * Many slaves led to “Florida” and Caribbean
Middle ground- cultural and geographical region of the Great Lakes in which the Indians and the French negotiated with one other for goods and neither side could impose their will on one another
Roanoke settlement- was island colony lost in 1587
Virginia Dare- 1st English baby born in new world
Womanless Jamestown colony-it was a total male settlement
Captain John Smith- put work order on the community * Encouraged settlers to steal food from the Indians
Starving time 1609-1610- survivors were forced to eat dogs, cats, rats, mice, and sometimes human corpses (took bodies from tombs)
Lord De La Warr- English governor of Jamestown * Brought a lot of supplies * Brought idea of communal system to colony * If you weren’t doing something for the community you were punished but system did not work.
Tobacco- need for labor to grow tobacco * Market able crop
John Rolfe- tobacco planter * Sponsored endured servants
Pocahontas- was an Indian princess who married John Rolfe * Came to know the Christian faith
Headright system- system to encourage additional immigrants by giving 50 acres to any man who would pay his own fare to Virginia and 50 additional acres for each person he brought with him.
House of Burgesses- body of representatives * Higher type of body the senate and House of Representatives
Restoration- in 1660 Charles II became of King of England, restoring the monarchy to power after the civil war and Cromwellian rule.
English Whigs- upper class of Englishmen, who wanted parliament to have more power than the king.
Arrival of first Africans in the Americas- * Spanish (1565)- St. Augustine * English (1619)- Virginia
George Calvert- Lord Baltimore helped established the colony in Maryland * Purpose was to make a safe haven for Catholics but ended up inviting Protestants to help popular the colony * legal title carried with enormous political power, giving its possessor almost king like authority Proprietary- English over his domains.
William Buckley- governor of the colony of Virginia for 30 years * Large landowner * Berkley had a trade with local Indians * Western movement stifled by Gov. Berkley
Bacon’s rebellion 1676- governor Berkley refused to send militia to new settlers * was not against the Indians but towards Berkley because of corruption and favoritism * Bacons forces won- passed new laws were able to buy new land * West Virginia becomes its own state ( lower class) * East (upper class)
Plymouth settlement- unable to obtain a royal charter reason why the colony did not become permanent and instead became part of Massachusetts Bay Colony
William Bradford- governor of Plymouth Colony who was elected by the people * Ruled Plymouth Colony almost without any interference from England
Mayflower 1620- * 37 Puritans * 67 non Puritans * Supposed to land in Virginia but accidently landed in Plymouth Rock
Plymouth Rock-Mayflower was supposed to land on Virginia but accidently end Plymouth Rock
Mayflower Compact- 41 people signed the agreement for protection * Early form of self government * Contract based on majority will or rule
Squanto, Samoset, Massasoit- * Squanto could speak English
First thanksgiving- they apparently had fish * Plymouth plantation- William Bradford established Plymouth Plantation but later became a target of the king but puritans did not want a king.
Massachusetts Bay colony- situation for puritans in England became intolerable * King Charles I persecuted non-Anglicans * King granted charter unaware of company’s religious inclinations * Eventually company sold to puritan investors
John Winthrop- governor of Massachusetts Bay colony * A calling by god to keep the colony as a refuge
Rhode Island AND Roger Williams- * Roger only one who reaches out to Quakers * Established a religiously free colony * As a member of Massachusetts Bay Colony he sought an allegiance to the Church of England * Colonist had taken land from local Indians * Roger was called to be deported back to the England; he escaped and set up a colony in Rhode Island at providence
Ann Hutchison – was a part of Massachusetts Bay colony * Wife of a prominent merchant began holding religious meetings in her home * Questioned the theological purity of the colony’s leading ministers * Charged for violating the fifth commandment by refusing to honor and obey the ministers * Claimed that god spoke directly to her by and immediate revelation * Puritans believed that god spoke to his chosen people only by the bible * Was convicted and banished from Massachusetts bay colony * She headed south to Rhode Islam, where she and her followers sought refuge before eventually setting on what is now Long Island * Statue in Mass. In her honor
Antinomianism
* Took Calvinist to the extreme * Holy life was not a sign of salvation * Anne Hutchison * Truly saved but bother to obey the labor either man or god
King Phillip’s war 1675- local Indian tribe led by a son of Massasoit * Wampanoag’s * Nickname king Phillip * In this war the Indians were defeated in the last serious challenge to white settlement in the new England area * King Philipp was tried and hanged by white colonist for murder of whites and members if his own tribe
Metacomet- Indian leader
Praying Indians- pro colonist * Helped set up the capture of an Indian leader Metacomet
Beginning of original thirteen colonies-1630’s * English settlers established 6 of the 13 original colonies * King Charles is busy so he doesn’t know about the colonies 1. Virginia 2. Massachusetts 3. Virginia 4. Connecticut 5. Maryland 6. Rhode island new Hampshire
English civil war- 1642 was between the cavaliers and the roundheads * Cavaliers- supporters of King Charles I * Roundheads- supporters of parliament * Roundheads won and King Charles was beheaded
Oliver Cromwell- new ruler/ leader but not king of England * Military leader during the English Civil War * Strict puritan religious man * Did not allow people to dance or attend theater
New England Confederation 1643- fear from colonies because of king * New England colonies formed a confederation made of * Bay colony * Plymouth colony * Connecticut river valley colony * New haven colony
Charles II- king Charles chartered new colonies
7. Carolina-named after King Charles II * A large group of land * The southern region was aristocratic * The northern was settled with farmers * That’s why Charles divided the colony * There was a constitution * Believed in concerning negro slaves
8. New York- conflict between the Dutch and England * Charles II gives his brother land between the Connecticut and Delaware river * *the territory was in conflict because Dutch claimed that they had settled in first * Dutch purchased the land from Indians * Was settle by French, Scandinavian, also a number of slaves
9. New Jersey-
10. Pennsylvania-
New York colony sir john Berkley sir George Carteret- they settled in New York * Carteret named a colony New Jersey for brother of Charles II * Berkley named the Hudson river
Quakers- Society of Friends, who believed each individual, possessed a divine spark of grace, and inner light that could lead to salvation. * Did not believe in the concept of predestination and original sin * Pennsylvania began to know as the safe haven of Quakers.
William Penn- had been given land by his father and when father died he named after him. * William was leader and founder of Quakers * Believed that the land was owned by the Indians and compensated them * Was well respected by Indians
Holy experiment- William peen wanted Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment” in which Quakers would live in harmony, with those of other faiths.
Delaware- named and founded by Lord de la Warr
Colony of Georgia- founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe * The last English colony on the main land of what would become the U.S. * When colony was settled blacks (free or enslaved) were excluded from settling in Georgia * Settled by safe haven for prisoners from England