...The impact of HIV/AIDS on women globally or in the United States University Of Maryland University College Section I: Introduction and Statement of Purpose The AIDS and HIV virus is an extremely perilous disease that sees no race, no caste, no color, no gender, no nationality, no background and not even a specific age. It can affect anyone, at any time. AIDS stands for what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus makes the body's immune system to break down and become in effective in fighting illness and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief, a person does not just become affected with the AIDS virus immediately. AIDS is basically caused by a pre virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome. A substance in human body, known as the anti bodies, that fights infection in a person become infected once HIV is transferred into a human. The virus is most frequently transferred through bodily fluids and internationally majority of the infections occur through sex between men and women. AIDS basically results from heterosexual intercourse and so the age group which is a primarily affected by this disease is the one which is most sexually active, people from fifteen to fifty years of age. Moreover, there is a strong connection between TB and AIDS. Many individuals are affected with TB, without the disease being active. However, once the individual becomes infected with HIV, it causes the TB to become active which was once dormant. AIDS was initially recognized...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE & AIDS ESTIMATES REPORT 2011-2015 National AIDS/STI Control Programme Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health. Accra, Ghana. National HIV Prevalence & AIDS Estimates Report National HIV Prevalence & AIDS Estimates Report 2011-2015 March 2012 National AIDS/STI Control Programme Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health Accra, Ghana National HIV Prevalence & AIDS Estimates Report ©National AIDS/STI Control Programme 2012 ©Ghana Health Service 2012 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the NACP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines of which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the NACP in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. National HIV Prevalence & AIDS Estimates Report Contents Page II III IV 1-2 3-7 8- 16 18-27 28-30 Acknowledgments List of Tables Introduction Background of Estimation and Projection Process Estimation Process and Method Results Appendices Notes National HIV Prevalence & AIDS Estimates Report I Acknowledgment T he Technical Report was produced...
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...Zambia, my country of birth where I spent a significant part of my childhood, got its name from the Zambezi River, the largest river flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is a landlocked country located between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Holmes & Wong, 2009, p. 7). Zambia’s population has been steadily increasing from 7.8 Million in 1990 (City Population Zambia, 2007) to 12.9 million in 2009 (US Department of State, 2009). At the forefront of Zambia’s economy is its ability to mine for great natural resources such as emeralds, aquamarines, amethyst and tourmalines (Dickovick, 2008, p. 320). It also produces 6% of the world’s copper, making it the fourth largest producing copper nation (Holmes & Wong, 2009, p. 44). Lusaka, the city I grew up in and the capital city of Zambia is one of the fastest growing cities in central Africa. Lusaka has changed dramatically from the time I left in 1990 to the time I visited it a few years ago. The changes in society, economic infrastructure and human condition have been dramatic. Zambia has changed so much over a span of 19 years. All the activities that I remember doing with my family and friends, such as safaris and picnics at the Kafue River, on the weekends and holidays have been closed. The zoo which used to be filled with amazing wildlife, which I frequently visited, does not exist anymore. All the animals which once resided there died or escaped because they were not fed properly or looked after...
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...JORIND (9)1 June, 2011. ISSN 1596-8303. www.transcampus.org/journals. www.ajol.info/journals/jorind PSYCHO-CULTURAL VARIABLES PREDICTING ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS’ TOWARDS HIV COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA. Olujide Adekeye, Augustine Ebiai and Sussan Olufunmilola Adeusi Department of Psychology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria E-mail: oadekeye@covenantuniversity.com, aebiai@yahoo.com, funmiswayas@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess attitude of young people (n=287, mean=20.5 years) towards testing for HIV/AIDS. The participants completed a standard socio-demographic questionnaire, indicating sexual behaviour, cultural beliefs and practices, attitude to HCT, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level were used to analyze the data. The study indicates that most participants have poor knowledge of HCT centres in their communities, but had a fairly high knowledge level of HIV. The findings of this study include that there is a significant difference in the disposition to HCT between respondents who have experienced sexual intercourse and those who have not (t = 3.866, df = 285: p<0.05) and between male and female respondents (t = 4.775, df = 285; p< 0.05). The study also shows that knowledge of HIV/AIDS was the strongest predictor of attitude of young people towards HCT ( = 0.547; t = 3.458 p<0.05), closely followed by cultural practices ( = 0.324; t = 2.740 p<0.05)...
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...and Testing Campaign in the Ga-Motupa Community in Limpopo Mushwana Sipho Simeon An assignment submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Philosophy (HIV & AIDS Management) at the University of Stellenbosch Africa Centre for HIV &AIDS Management Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences Supervisor: Gary Eva March 2011 Declaration I hereby declare that the entire work contained in this document is my original work and I have not previously submitted the same work to the same or another institution for another qualification. All sources used are herein acknowledged and referenced. Date: 22 January 2011 Copyright©2011 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Abstract The National Department of Health and The South African National AIDS Council (SANAC) jointly agreed to launch a massive campaign for HIV Counselling and Testing. The campaign was launched as an effort to step up and supplement and modify the programmes that are already running in the country, to fight HIV and AIDS. The campaign is known as the National HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign and it is based on the National HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign Strategy of SANAC (2010). The study aimed to investigate the impact of the campaign in terms of awareness levels of the benefiting groups as well as the challenges experienced...
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...INTERNATIONAL HIV/AIDS ALLIANCE In 2009, 33 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. About 5 million of them had access to treatment (UNAIDS, 2010). The international HIV/AIDS alliance is a network of organizations throughout the world that is dedicated to combating the spread and the effects of HIV and AIDS. This work analyzes the issues faced by Alliance and addresses some strategic recommendation. The history, development, and growth of the organization over time The international HIV/AIDS Alliance was created in 1993. It is a result of discussions within a group of donor agencies and international organizations on how to give more support to community groups in developing countries that were carrying out work around HIV (Alliance, foundation, 2009). The Alliance has its head quarter (the international secretary) in Brighton, UK. Through its Linking Organization (LOs) the Alliance has been helping to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Latin America. There were about 32 LOs in 2009 throughout the world. These LOs are supporting 1270 community and NGOs across the globe. The alliance strategy in 2006 was to significantly scale up the universal access to comprehension HIV/AIDS services. By 2010 the Alliance had reached 2.3 million adults and children globally. A 75% growth compare to 2007. With an income of more than US$ 63 million in 2007, the alliance reached US$ 72.7 million in 2008 (a 12% increase).of these, 81% were restricted...
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...HIV: a growing epidemic Introduction HIV in black urban America has been a growing epidemic since HIV was first discovered in 1981. There have been countless efforts to treat this disease and still there is no cure. HIV is known as the human immunodeficiency virus “it is a retrovirus (A retrovirus has an RNA genome and a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Using the reverse transcriptase, the virus uses its RNA as a template for making complementary DNA which can integrate into the DNA of the host organism)” (medicine net.com). According to medicinenet.com, 2011within weeks of infection, many people will develop the varied symptoms of primary or acute infection which typically have been described as a "mononucleosis" or "influenza" like illness but can range from minimal fever, aches, and pains to very severe symptoms. The most common symptoms of primary HIV infection are fever, aching muscles and joints, sore throat, and swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the neck. Placing a halt on the spread of HIV infection through various activities with the indefinite conclusion of knowing, and taking initiative to prevent infection. Target population Dade County’s urban population consists of Caribbean natives’ from Jamaica, Haiti, Africa, Bahamas and native born Americans. Focusing on the Black urban population in Miami Dade County, according to dadehealth.org, 2011statistics recorded are 1 in 44 blacks are living with HIV/AIDs as of 2009; statistical data for 2010 has not been acquired...
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...International Marketing The main problem for Brazil, India, Britian, and Japan is getting their countries to accept the fact that their country is suffering or on the verge of an HIV/AIDS epidemic and needs to take action to help their citizens protect themselves. The most common way promoters of safe sex want to promote is through condoms because it is the cheapest route. The principal decision makers in this case are the countries and what they want to do to help the public. India only recently started allowing commercials on safe sex and AIDS. They are facing the fact that many believe that individuals won’t contact this disease and many cultures do not accept infidelity. These issues are uncontrollable. Other issues that are uncontrollable are the acceptance of the people and making them learn. We can show them countless videos and give them resources, but at the end of the day it is all up to the individual to make the final decision. I believe these countries are well on their way. They have made successful strides in promoting throughout countries. They just need to spread faster and wider. For example, in India they are mainly promoting in Tamil Naidu. They should work on spreading to all of India. The biggest marketing problems marketers are facing are the governments. Some governments do not have enough money to give free health care or resources and some governments won’t accept the problem such as India. Brazil has looked for subsidizing their condoms and resources...
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...Ethics: HIV/AIDS Name Institutional Affiliation Date HIV/AIDS for over three decades has been a global epidemic affecting all races, genders and ages. The prevalence of the calamity has not been limited by any borders as it has traversed the entire world to emerge as a global threat. Despite the emergence of other health epidemics such as Ebola and lately the Zika virus, HIV has remained not only as a giant slayer but also as a multitude slayer killing millions of victims since its inception into the earth’s surface. HIV is categorised as a virus, and it attacks the human immune system thus decreasing the ability of the human body to fight diseases while suppressing the multiplication of unwanted or dangerous cells such as cancer cells (Stolley & Glass, 2009). The origin of HIV/AIDS nonetheless is not without controversies with various theories as to how the condition emerged in existence. Despite the existence of the many controversies, there is the wider belief that HIV has its origins in the nation of the Democratic Republic of Congo specifically in Kinshasa around the 1920s. The most common answer to the origin of HIV/AIDS by scientists is that it originated from primates of a non-human kind in the form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa (Crawford, 2013). While it is believed that the virus had other sub-groups that equally gained human infectivity, the prevalent global catastrophe is associated a particular strain which is the HIV-1 that emerged in...
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...HIV Mandatory Testing for Pregnant Women HIV is an important issue among the world, and it has attracted a lot of people’s attention. Besides, it also bring a lot of problems to the society. Nowadays, many people debate that should pregnant women take HIV mandatory testing. It means whether or not every female should take HIV mandatory testing when they are pregnant, and it is forced for them. Many people support that because they think taking HIV mandatory testing can reduce the rate of HIV infection for newborn, and many people disagree that because they think that would be disrespectful behavior for female’s privacy. In the book “HIV Testing and Counselling in Prisons and Other Closed Settings: Technical Paper”, the author stated “WHO [] estimates that only about 10 percent of persons living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries know their HIV status (WHO/UNAIDS, 2007). In many of these countries, access to HIV testing remains limited. Many high-income countries also estimate that a significant number of people living with HIV are not aware of their HIV status (OSI, 2007)”. It means that fewer people know their HIV condition, and they have low recognition to care about HIV. In addition, most people do not pay much attention to HIV problems in the society, and it would be a large risk for newborn HIV transmission. Faced with this condition, people would like to take some actions to release this terrible condition, and they want to find some methods to solve this problem...
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...com Instructor: Dr. Boyd Johnson Organization Overview AIDS ATLANTA, Inc. is a non-profit 501(c) 3, which was incorporated in Georgia. AID Atlanta Inc. is a small organization by revenue operating in the Non-Profit & Professional Orgs. Industry. AIDS ATLANTA purpose is to provide financial and supportive services to those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and to create awareness and prevention education programs in the community which has yet to overcome the challenges of stigma, discrimination and denial of the epidemic. AID Atlanta, Inc. has been saving and transforming lives since its inception in 1982. The agency was founded as a grass-roots response to the devastating and fatal impact HIV/AIDS was having on the Atlanta community. AID Atlanta quickly began expanding to offer a broader range of services, and has since grown to be the largest and most comprehensive AIDS Service Organization in the Southeast United States (www.aidatlanta.com, 2011). Role of Board of Directors Nonprofit boards generally have the duties of selecting and working with the Executive Director, amending bylaws, approving the annual budget and long-term strategic plans, and ensuring its own succession. There are 24 members on the Board of Directors, with 6 Department Heads Directors of Aid Atlanta. The Executive Director presently is Cathy Woolard. The Executive Director has executive management responsibility for all aspects of Aid Atlanta including operations, fundraising, financial management...
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...What is HIPAA's confidentiality laws for HIV and AIDS Melinda Royalty HCR220 Ashley Spencer January 18, 2015 What is HIPAA's confidentiality laws for a patient with HIV or AIDS? Are the regulations and laws different for these patients? These are important questions for the patients that are screened and have come back with a positive diagnosis. It is always important to know what your rights as a patient are. Many people don't know that the regulations and laws are no different for a patient with HIV or AIDS, but for patients with these two conditions their treatment is more complex and is handled differently than most other cases. They have a higher confidentiality rate than say somebody with cancer because of the discrimination that the patient could face if their diagnosis was known by the public. Why do HIV and AIDS patients have a higher confidentiality rate, because these patients are at a higher risk of being discriminated against than most other patients. (HRSA, N/A) For these patients their day to day lives can be turned upside down if their diagnosis is publicly know. Patients with HIV or AIDS can face discrimination against them by the health care field, some housing authorities, and within their place of employment. (HRSA, N/A) When HIV was first discovered there was such a widespread fear of it because nobody knew how it was spread. This lead to many people with this condition to be fired from their place of employment...
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...2014 HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It can lead to immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. It is caused by the HIV entering the uninfected body and stats to destroy CD4+cells which are there to help the body fight infection and disease (Webmd.com, 2014). Once you have HIV, you have it for life. More than 1.1 million people in United States alone are living with HIV and 1 out of 6 font even know it. About 50,000 people are infected with HIV each year (Cdc.gov, 2014). It is more commonly see in the gay community particularly young black males. In 2011 an estimated that 15,529 people had died. (Aids.gov, 2014) HIV is spread by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV, sharing needles and less commonly by being born to an infected mother, blood transfusions or being stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle (Aids.gov, 2014). HIV has three stages of symptoms (Early, Latency, and Progression to AIDS). Early stage of HIV happens in the second to fourth week after being infected. It is the body’s natural defense mechanism to fighting off an invader. Symptoms are flu like and can be easily put off to other illnesses. Symptoms like fever, sore throat, rash, fatigue, aches and pains. These symptoms can last from a few days to several weeks. Clinical latency stage is when the virus is continuing to develop without producing symptoms. Even though the individual is symptom free they are still able to transmit HIV to others. The last stage is the progression to AIDS when the...
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...be discussing the media campaign on HIV/AIDS. The word AIDS is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus called HIV. However, this particular disease can damage your immune system and HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight the organisms that cause disease. On the other hand, this paper will show the campaign description in a very clear and organize way in which will give a brief view on the facts of the campaign surrounding. Furthermore, this paper will be discussing on the research and analysis of the strength and weaknesses of the media campaign on HIV/AIDS and also what are the success and failure in and out of that particular campaign. This part is essential because it provide a lot useful information on the media campaign on HIV/AIDS. In addition, the last part of this paper will consist the conclusion and recommendation of the campaign on HIV/AIDS. The part conclusion is basically the sum up of all of this paper on media campaign from introduction to research analysis and when comes to recommendation is where this paper will discuss on how will we able to improve on the campaign in the future in the sense of goals, strategies or even tactics. (G. Pirozz, 2013) 2. Campaign Description HIV and AIDS is one of the biggest challenges we face as a country. The rate of the infection is rapidly increasing and more and more people are getting ill and dying from AIDS. Furthermore, AIDS affects millions of South Africans...
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