...Holism (System Thinking) VS. Reductionism Marion Johnson Wilmington University November 5, 2013 Table of Content Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Reductionism 3 Holism 4 System Thinking 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Holism (System Thinking) VS. Reductionism The objective of this research paper is to examine and understand the concepts of holism and reductionism and how they both relate to System Dynamics (SD). This is a part of System Thinking System Thinking (ST) that results a lack of commercial take up. The examination of Reductionism and Holism as applied through System Dynamics (SD) is applied in a broad range of area such as medicine, philosophy, physics, and other different areas of academics. Applications of Reductionism and Holistic principles were examined and defined in this paper. From the basis that SD as a Holistic/Reductionist methodology is deduced from a more differentiated general holistic nature of System Thinking (ST). Holism defined: All-encompassing view based on the knowledge the nature, functions, and properties of the components, their interactions, and their relationships to the whole (Business Dictionary.com). Reductionism defined: Material world-view in which complex phenomenon is broken down into conceptual chunks small enough to be analyzed or measured. The basis of all analysis reductionism is useful in understanding inanimate things or simple systems...
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...Holism vs. Reductionism Anusha Gujjula Wilmington University Abstract The paper clarifies about the Holism and Reductionism. In order to take care of issues, at first the issue has been derived later the elements of that specific system must to be planned. As indicated by Churchman, (1979) there is a wide range of methods to analyze the complicated systems. Holism is the strategy to speak to the enormous systems as entire. Techniques have their advantages and disadvantages (Verschuren, 2001). Critical thinking is exceptionally essential, however it is additionally an extremely misconstrued science. This is the initial step, yet generally overlooked. At the point when the system is not doing the fancied capacity, then the issue is distinguished in the system (Churchman, 1979). Table of Contents Holism Vs Reductionism…………………………………………………………………………4 Reductionism…………………………………………………………………………………...4 Holism……………………………………………………………………………………….…5 Advantages of Holism on Reductionsm…………………………………………………………..6 Need of Holism over Reductionism……………………………………………………………….7 Conclusion 7 References 8 Holism Vs Reductionism Holism is referred as an alternate approach for system thinking, it’s not only identify the parts, but also helps in understanding the evolution of new entities from the old entities. So, Holism is referred as a better approach than reductionism in terms of systems thinking. Reductionism helps in detecting the parts, identifying the working conditions...
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...The specialist practice nurse is employed as a British Heart Foundation (BHF) Heart Failure (HF) nurse and is based in secondary care. Along with networking with a wide range of health care practitioners providing a seamless service between primary and secondary care her role also involves evidence-based care to clients with chronic heart failure (CHF). CHF is a complex syndrome that results from a structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to function as a pump. This results in the heart not being able to pump enough blood to meet metabolic demands of the body (Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST), 2005). The most common cause of HF is coronary artery disease, hypertension and valvular disease. It is a chronic condition, which may fluctuate, and result in repeated hospital admissions. The incidence and prevalence of heart failure is on the increase and with the current ageing population it is likely to continue along this trend. It is currently the most common cause of hospital admission in clients over the age of 65 years and accounts for 1 - 3 % of the National Health Service’ expenditure, the majority of which is associated with inpatient care (CREST, 2005). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2010) defined specialist practice as “...the exercising of higher levels of judgement, discretion and decision making in clinical care” and requires that specialist practice nurse is competent in clinical assessment and...
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...Title Name: Institutional Affiliation: Holism will refer to the idea that the system, physical and biological, should be viewed as one whole collection of parts. The way humans relate to the environment is a big determinant of the overall holistic health. Proven theories have shown that humans are not separate from the surrounding environment. We can check the relation of humans to the environment from three fundamental perspectives. It can take physical, chemical, or biological approaches. Chemical hazards in our environment have significant effects on the health. An example is tobacco smoke that forms the biggest known airborne chemical that has worsened the health status of very many people (HE & W, 2010). The effects can be measured in terms of death rates, ill-health such as cancer and chronic bronchitis, and other diseases of the heart. Airborne pollution arises from a variety of sources that include products of combustion in the industries. Combustion of petroleum products will generate nitrogen and carbon monoxides that pose a huge threat to human health. Many deaths have arisen from such form of poisoning in the environment. We can also study the effect of the environment on our health through analyzing biological agents. There are biological agents that produce health effects through direct infection, while others will take the non-effective forms and harm through allergic means. Bacteria in the environment, such as in water, will find their way into human bodies...
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...issue on study interacts with other related issues and not merely isolating it. Over time, it has been used to address various complex issues (Banson et al. 2014, p.173). Wicked problems are one of these issues addressed by it in a successful way. It is also useful in solving recurring problems which prove difficult to solve. Basically it is composed of various parts which are related either directly or indirectly. They all entail processes which produce outputs from inputs. It is not only dynamic but also holistic and seeks to produce results of the complex problems. Systems thinking is the only critical way to solve complex issues impeding sustainability challenges and develop quality solutions. Since its conception in 1920 by Jan Smuts Holism, it has developed and solved many issues (Gharajedaghi p.2013 558). Pollution is a complex issue which is intertwined in different processes and impacts in diverse ways. Thus, the topic is significance in pursuing ways to help solve the pollution. Ocean pollution also referred to as marine pollution is a wicked problem which has been increasing in complexity day in day out. This is because of the increasing population growth which stands at 7.2 billion worldwide (Noga & Wolbring 2013 p.3615). The increased industry establishment is directly proportional to chemical waste which settle in the oceans. It causes death of marine animals and plants hence poor marine ecology. The aim of this essay is to use the knowledge and skills acquired...
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...What did Bob Stiller do to make this venture successful? Bob Stiller took a holistic view to creating financial wealth and conscientious capitalism. Conscientious capitalism has three assumptions they are: (1) interconnectedness between individuals, businesses and global society; (2) wealth as a holistically understood state rather than solely a financial status; and (3) relevant time spanning multiple generations. Bob Stiller was able to create a culture within “GMCR” (Green Mountain Coffee Roasters) that focused on creating value that views profits as a means to achieve a higher purpose. Mr. Stiller focused on sustainable development to turn GMCR into a successful venture; his vision to create a business model that focused on economic growth, environmental protection, and social progress. The assumptions that are the founding principle of conscientious capitalism in my opinion are derived from the concepts of “sustainable entrepreneuring”. By interconnecting all stakeholders of GMCR with the use of their yearly summit at GMCR’s Java-U that aims to educate multiple levels of stakeholders of GMCR; everyone from suppliers, customers, roasters, packers, and call center operators on financial and marketing data. This creates a smarter work force and allows outside stakeholders to become educated on the business operations of GMCR. The better GMCR performs financial the more the company is able continue business practices that are “relevant to time spanning multiple generations”...
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...The main difference between the modern Western worldview and postmodern worldview is dualism. “A modern Western worldview has to opposing aspects (dualism) such as good-bad, big-small, sweet-sour, success-failure etc.” (Judith Allen Shelley, 2006, p. 34). It has the separation between good and evil. Good is represented with order and freedom. Evil is represented with chaos and enslavement. This worldview has the basis of reality divided into two camps. This dualistic worldview had an influence from Christianity and began to have a division between spirit and matter. There was a sharp distinction between natural and supernatural. More people focused on the supernatural realm. Later, during the Renaissance period people began to oppose supernatural and they were led to natural. The natural realm included humans, plants, animals, and matter. This type of worldview was found to be the basis of religions of Babylon, Sumer, Canaan, Greece, India, Germany, etc.” (Judith Allen Shelley, 2006, p. 34). A postmodern worldview basically rejects the idea of dualism. “This worldview rejects hierarchy and competition and welcomes a holistic view where humans have harmony with the environment” (Judith Allen Shelley, 2006, p. 36). Postmodern theories refers to a new paradigm. They assumed the world is made up of energies that can be manipulated and controlled. These two world views take on two different perspectives of the world. References Judith Allen Shelley, A. B. (2006). GCU Media...
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...Happy Women Salon & Skin Care and Facial was established on October 10, 2007. It was originally located in Old Al Ghanim and recently moved to Bin Mahmoud to strategically position itself in the heart of its market. With over 6 years of experience, the concept is to come up with a salon that will cater to every woman’s need, to provide services similar to the high-end and elite salon but in a lower or reasonable price. The company introduced organic and alternative products for spa based on its belief in the holistic approach of healing going beyond beautification and pampering, the company believes in wellness. The company operates as an exclusive ladies only salon located in Al Qud Street Bin Mahmoud Area (Old Badriya Signal near Walter Mart Grocery). It opens daily from Saturday through Thursday from 10am till 8pm and late on Fridays from 11am till 8pm. It offers complimentary tea or coffee, as well as ginger drink to customers availing the spa services. It uses the latest and the best beauty machines for hair coloring, deep conditioning hair treatment restoring healthy hair, facial and body sculpting. It offers organic alternatives for spa treatments. It has free Wi-Fi access, work by appointments although walk-in clients are welcome but do not guarantee an appointment and may also have to wait. Children not availing any services are welcome however for safety reason we do not encourage bringing kids in the salon but will try to keep them entertained. Boys 12 years...
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...Introduction In preparation for my interview with Marie I will use the Douglas and McColgan (1999) model of tuning in. This will allow me to view Marie’s case holistically and have an awareness of her situation on a number of levels such as, legislation, policies and procedures, tuning into my own feelings and Marie’s, the skills I will use and the values that will underpin my work. Legislation Three pieces of legislation relevant to this case are the Children (NI) Order 1995, The Human Rights Act (1998) and Mental Health (NI) Order 1986. Article 3 of the Children (NI) Order 1995 states that the child’s welfare is paramount. This article gives the courts and health trusts permission to put the needs of the children above all else. When working with Marie I must ensure I adhere to this order and keep her children’s welfare the priority. (White, 2002). There are a number of articles in the Human Rights Act that are relevant to Marie’s case: Article 8: the right to a private and family life, Article 5: the right to freedom and security and Article 3: no one should be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment. While I must work to uphold these rights, it is important I have an understanding of what circumstances or situations may warrant breaching these rights for example a disclosure about harm to Marie or her children. The Mental Health (NI) Order (1986) covers assessment, treatment and the rights of people with mental ill health. It outlines the process of voluntary and...
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...|BHMA ESSAY 2013 | |The importance of holism in medical care today | |and ways this can be promoted | | | |Kundan Iqbal | |Newcastle University | |“…every living person has his own peculiarities and always has his own peculiar, personal, novel, complicated disease…’TOLSTOY | The importance of holism The term ‘holism’ was coined by philosopher Jan Smuts in 1926, derived from the Greek hólos, meaning ‘whole’[1]. Aristotle captured the essence of holism in his Metaphysics when he stated ‘the whole is more than the sum of its parts’. Applied to healthcare, holism is the art and science of caring for a person in a way which considers all aspects of their body, mind, spirituality and emotional state in relation to “[other] individuals, the environment, or populations...
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...Robin Smith Advanced Composition for the English Major Karen Lawler 03/14/2016 Holistic Medicine Vs Conventional Medicine In this day in time, an increasing number of people are turning to a holism lifestyle. People are acknowledging the successfulness of holistic medicines. Holism combines experience and science, mind and body, and cross-cultural and traditional methods to diagnosis and treat patients. People are now opening their eyes to the many limitations that conventional medicines narrow view of the body. Conventional medicine focuses on dividing and sectioning the body and prescribing man-made chemicals to address the symptoms. These are the differences of conventional medicines and holistic medicines. "No single method or model of healthcare is capable of meeting the entire range of human needs at the time of illness and disease." (Sewell, 2008). Holism creates motivation by educating patients to take personal responsibility to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Holism instructs patients to learn effective ways to treat spiritual, physical, and mental conditions. Helping them to experience more joy and energy in being alive. "However, if care is approached through practices that are committed to holistic care there is a greater chance to influence healing and of people feeling better about themselves—both practitioner and patient." (Sewell, 2008). Conventional medicine focuses on the infectious origin of a disease and not the upkeep and construction of physiological...
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...Holism is the common term for the philosophical approaches emphasizing that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. According to the approach, the whole cannot be understood by analyzing its component parts. The components that help us see and hear the reality constitute the whole. When viewed from this aspect, the holistic approach also applies to the field of medicine. While the concept of holism was first defined in the 1890's; in 1926, in the medical field, J.Smut in his work titled "Holism and Evolution" stated that "the world has been managed by a holistic process, in which the forms of substance increase continuously and new wholes are being formed" (Demirsoy n) and explained by noting that medical holism has individualistic, societal and environmental aspects. Human is considered to be part of the universe, nature, and supernature, in which they exist. In this perception, the spirit and body are designed with disease and health. The value of integrity is a significant concept for self-improvement and health. Therapy and cure with the holistic approach date back to 5000 years ago. Hippocrates...
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...Terms and Definitions Worksheet SCI/362 – Environmental Issues and Ethics University of Phoenix University of Phoenix Material Terms and Definitions Worksheet Write brief descriptions for each of the terms below. If you use an outside source to define them, include the citation for the source. Scientific method | The scientific method is a process that is used to answer questions and solve problems. Although there are different variations of the scientific method, it contains 5 basic steps. (1) Recognize a question or an unexplained occurrence in the natural world. Once this question has been developed examine scientific literature to determine what is already known about the subject matter. (2) Develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess that will serve as a possible solution to the problem that is define in step (1). A good hypothesis is can be tested to either be approved or disapproved. The evidence that is presented that is factual is used to develop other alternative hypothesis which are also then tested and proved to be factual or disapproved. (3) Create and preform and experiment to test the hypothesis that was developed in step (2). This is done by collecting data through observation and careful measurements. This step never proves anything, instead is disproves each alternative hypothesis until only a reasonable hypothesis is left. (4) Analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion. This step is used to determine if the evidence supports the hypothesis...
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...Another example of holism is Daniel Pink’s “Left Brain Versus Right Brain.” The left brain cannot work by itself without the right brain; and vise versa. Because if you have been paying attention in your biology class, the left hemisphere controls your right side of your body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of your body (Pink). I’m just going to keep saying it to you. It will not work if you do not have the matching pieces! And yes, the two parts have to magnetize together to cooperate and work properly. You can’t just replace it with something else. They may be the same, but still completely the opposite. Let me be clearer about it. Let’s say you need baking soda for your cupcakes; but you don’t have any, so you replace it with baking powder (and...
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...another. The various approaches analyze the social research on the basis of three grounds: Thematic analysis, meta-narratives and mini-narratives and lastly, cause-effect analysis. The changing pattern of the philosophical foundations continuously enriches itself with new dimensions and views about social world. Approaches of philosophy of science in social research There are certain approaches of philosophy of science in social research- * Realism * Empiricism * Positivism * Post positivism * Idealism * Rationalism * Functionalism * Structuralism * Utilitarianism * Instrumentalism * Feminism * Materialism * Skepticism * Nomothetic and Ideographic * Solipsism * Atomism * Holism * Perspectivism * Relativism These are described below- * Realism: Realism is a perspective of social research which represents itself as a dominant indicator on International politics. Context makes the situation. * Ontology: Social reality is stratified into three domains: * the empirical observations are made up of experiences and events through observations; * the real events whether observed or not and the reality consists of the existing processes, powers * Power and causal mechanism that generate events * Epistemology Social reality can be viewed as a socially constructed world in which social elements are the products of social actors. The main aspects of realism are: * constructive realism;...
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